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Android is a popular choice for mobile operating systems. It was essentially designed for mobile touch-screen devices, such tablets and smartphones. Many programming languages are being used to design application for android operating systems. Android programming can be made incisive, cross-platform, and amusing with the help of Kotlin. Since the beginning, Java has been the main programming language for Android development and is still in high stipulation. Programming on a wider scale is made easier for android applications on Scala. It is a general-purpose, practical programming language. For creating rapid apps on any platform, Dart is a client-optimized programming language used for android application development. Here in this paper, we are going to scrutinize these languages based on several factors like implementation and effectiveness, cross-platform compatibility and android runtime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Specification languages for runtime verification are commonly rooted in formal languages, such as temporal logic, automata, or regular expressions. We argue that, for practical purposes, specification languages for monitoring should allow language features similar to those found in general purpose programming languages, in addition to providing specialized monitoring constructs. Using a realistic and large event-log, we compare two such programming-oriented monitoring language systems to a temporal logic-based monitoring system that was previously evaluated on the same log. The first programming-oriented language is a library in Scala developed for runtime verification. The other language is a scripting language, originally developed for fast static code analysis. We formulate the same reasonably complex properties as in the temporal logic case, using both methods, and compare the efficiency with which they can be checked against the large event log, and the ease with which the properties can be formulated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Type systems usually characterize the shape of values but not their free variables. However, many desirable safety properties could be guaranteed if one knew the free variables captured by values. We describe CC<:, a calculus where such captured variables are succinctly represented in types, and show it can be used to safely implement effects and effect polymorphism via scoped capabilities. We discuss how the decision to track captured variables guides key aspects of the calculus, and show that CC<: admits simple and intuitive types for common data structures and their typical usage patterns. We demonstrate how these ideas can be used to guide the implementation of capture checking in a practical programming language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Molti racconti fantascientifici di Primo Levi si basano su giochi di prospettive – contrapposte, rovesciate, innaturalmente ristrette. Una particolare forma di manipolazione prospettica è offerta dalle variazioni di scala. Attraverso l’analisi narratologica di due racconti fantascientifici, “Una stella tranquilla” e “Visto di lontano”, l’articolo esplora gli effetti ottenuti da Levi attraverso lo sfruttamento del concetto di scala, e riflette sulla visione di realtà e del nostro rapporto con essa che la tensione, variamente articolata, tra familiarità e straniamento contribuisce a costruire. In particolare viene suggerito che i giochi di scala non abbiano solo lo scopo di defamiliarizzare una rappresentazione, ma che provino allo stesso tempo a suggerire l’esistenza di profonde corrispondenze tra i diversi livelli. L’articolo indaga inoltre come il ruolo dell’esperienza, innegabilmente embodied (ossia radicata nel fatto di svilupparsi e realizzarsi attraverso un corpo dalla fisiologia e percezioni peculiarmente umane), interviene rispetto alla gestione delle variazioni di scala e degli effetti di straniamento.

Decentralized applications (dApps) consist of smart contracts that run on blockchains and clients that model collaborating parties. dApps are used to model financial and legal business functionality. Today, contracts and clients are written as separate programs-in different programming languages-communicating via send and receive operations. This makes distributed program flow awkward to express and reason about, increasing the potential for mismatches in the client-contract interface, which can be exploited by malicious clients, potentially leading to huge financial losses. In this article, we present Prisma, a language for tierless decentralized applications, where the contract and its clients are defined in one unit and pairs of send and receive actions that "belong together" are encapsulated into a single direct-style operation, which is executed differently by sending and receiving parties. This enables expressing distributed program flow via standard control flow and renders mismatching communication impossible. We prove formally that our compiler preserves program behavior in presence of an attacker controlling the client code. We systematically compare Prisma with mainstream and advanced programming models for dApps and provide empirical evidence for its expressiveness and performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the open-source runtime verification tool MESA (MEssage-based System Analysis), implemented in Scala, which supports concurrent monitors using the Actor model. Furthermore, the tool supports indexing (slicing) on the data values occurring in data-carrying events, for each individual monitor. The tool is generic in the sense that any monitoring system can be used for creating monitors. In this paper, we use the internal Scala DSL Daut for programming such data-parameterized state machines and temporal logic. To illustrate MESA/Daut, we present a case study that monitors flights from live U.S. airspace data streams, verifying that they conform to planned routes. With base in the case study, we then perform an extensive empirical study of the potential benefits from monitoring slices of a single property in concurrently executing actors. Due to the overhead of scheduling "small" actors (one for each slice or a small number of slices), it is not obvious that concurrent execution of such is beneficial. However, as a main result, we demonstrate that concurrent monitoring of slices to handle data-carrying events can provide considerable speed gains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Enthymema is the property of Enthymema, International Journal of Literary Criticism, Literary Theory & Philosophy of Literature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Archeologia Medievale: Cultura Materiale, Insediamenti, Territorio is the property of All'Insegna del Giglio s.a.s. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Italian Journal of Nursing (IJN) / Giornale Italiano di Infermieristica is the property of Collegio IPASVI MI-LO-MB - Ordine Professioni Infermieristiche MI-LO-MB and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The contribution starts from the reflection on the memorial as architectural theme and from the highlighting of the role played by commemorative monuments of the Second World War in the context of post-war reconstruction, then it develops the comparative reading of three un-built projects for memorials dedicated to the Resistenza. These artefacts are united by a strong abstract character and a deep confidence in the ability of architectural forms, understood in their most essential connotation, to evoke historical events and adequately represent the values they exemplify. They are analysed according to different ways in which they decline a common commemorative program and to the relationship they establish with the surrounding urban space.

Scala is a well-established multi-paradigm programming language known for its terseness that includes advanced type inference features. Unfortunately this type inferring algorithm does not support typing of recursive functions. This is both against the original design philosophies of Scala and puts an unnecessary burden on the programmer. In this paper we propose a method to compute the return types for simple recursive functions in Scala. We make a heuristic assumption on the return type based on the non-recursive execution branches and provide a proof of the correctness of this method. We implemented our method as an extension prototype in the Scala compiler and used it to successfully test our method on various examples. The algorithm does not have a significant effect on the compilation speed. The compiler extension prototype is available for further tests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUZIONE: Il carico dei caregiver è associato a un peggioramento della loro qualità di vita: aumentato rischio d'insorgenza di malattie cardiovascolari, ipertensione arteriosa, depressione e disturbi d'ansia vengono riportati in letteratura. Ad un aumento del carico assistenziale del caregiver è associata anche una precoce istituzionalizzazione del familiare. OBIETTIVI: Misurare i livelli di burden in un campione dei caregiver informali di pazienti cronici attraverso la creazione e validazione di una versione italiana modificata del Caregiver Strain Index. METODI: Lo studio ha previsto la traduzione e modifica del Caregiver Strain Index, in seguito somministrato ad un campione di convenienza di caregivers informali di pazienti cronici arruolato nei poliambulatori di un singolo centro ospedaliero. RISULTATI La scala ha un’ottima validità di contenuto (CVI-S=0.95) e di facciata e una buona consistenza interna (α di Cronbach=0.78). Il 75% del campione presenta una situazione di burden eccessivo (Me =8, IQR = [7; 9] cutoff 8). Valori più alti sono riportati nelle donne, nei soggetti con licenza media-inferiore e laurea, nei caregiver conviventi, in quelli che assistono più persone e in quelli i cui assistiti sono affetti da Parkinson (p

The rscala software is a simple, two-way bridge between R and Scala that allows users to leverage the unique strengths of both languages in a single project. Scala classes can be instantiated from R and Scala methods can be called. Arbitrary Scala code can be executed on-the-fly from within R and callbacks to R are supported. R packages can be developed based on Scala. Conversely, rscala also enables R code to be embedded within a Scala application. The rscala package is available from the Comprehensive R Archive Network (CRAN) and has no dependencies beyond base R and the Scala standard library.

Different approaches to defining data structures and creating programs in different ones are considered programming paradigms. The dependence of the imperative programming paradigm on low-level algorithms and operations. Ideas for the main variables of data structures are given and operations on their mutation. Approaches to the organization of algorithms in the programming language are described in Scala using these data structures. It is shown that in the declarative paradigm programming focus shifts from algorithms to mathematical expressions, and demonstrates how to use high – level operations to create a program for using algebraic expressions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The improvements in technology and computation have promoted a global adoption of Data Science. It is devoted to extracting significant knowledge from high amounts of information by means of the application of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning tools. Among the different tasks within Data Science, classification is probably the most widespread overall.Focusing on the classification scenario, we often face some datasets in which the number of instances for one of the classes is much lower than that of the remaining ones. This issue is known as the imbalanced classification problem, and it is mainly related to the need for boosting the recognition of the minority class examples.In spite of a large number of solutions that were proposed in the specialized literature to address imbalanced classification, there is a lack of open-source software that compiles the most relevant ones in an easy-to-use and scalable way. In this paper, we present a novel software approach named as SOUL, which stands for Scala Oversampling and Undersampling Library for imbalanced classification. The main capabilities of this new library include a large number of different data preprocessing techniques, efficient execution of these approaches, and a graphical environment to contrast the output for the different preprocessing solutions.

Abstract We present the development of CyBy 2 , a versatile framework for chemical data management written in purely functional style in Scala, a modern multi-paradigm programming language. Together with the core libraries we provide a fully functional example implementation of a HTTP server together with a single page web client with powerful querying and visualization capabilities, providing essential functionality for people working in the field of organic and medicinal chemistry. The main focus of CyBy 2 are the diverse needs of different research groups in the field and therefore the flexibility required from the underlying data model. Techniques for writing type level specifications giving strong guarantees about the correctness of the implementation are described, together with the resulting gain in confidence during refactoring. Finally we talk about the advantages of using a single code base from which the server, the client and the software’s documentation pages are being generated. We conclude with a comparison with existing open source solutions. All code described in this article is published under version 3 of the GNU General Public License and available from GitHub including an example implementation of both backend and frontend together with documentation how to download and compile the software (available at https://github.com/stefan-hoeck/cyby2).

Purpose. The authors aim to determine the differences between functional programming languages, to identify the capabilities of the most popular languages by comparing and analyzing them. To identify the main features, it is necessary to consider their data structures, as well as the application scope. The authors also aim to analyze and compare examples from various fields of language application using metrics of the program texts complexity. Methodology. The five most popular specialized functional languages are selected: Erlang, Lisp, F #, Scala and Haskel. An overview of the official documentation was conducted to obtain information on the capabilities of each language; their data structures and the application scope were studied. The experimental research base is formed from texts of the existing open source software systems and matched by similar applications and equal volume of text. Comparative analysis of sample programs is performed using Halsted metrics, which are calculated using specially designed software. The analysis of the received quality assessments is done graphically. Findings. Software has been developed to obtain Halsted metrics for program input texts in functional programming languages such as Erlang, Lisp, F # and Scala. The complexity of the Haskel programming language syntax did not allow the use of metrics to evaluate the text, so only a documentation review was performed. Benchmarking shows the differences between languages and outlines their use. The examples of different volumes from such areas of application as system programming tasks, graphing, mathematical calculations, AI systems, web programming, etc. were compared. Originality. The authors first conducted a comparative analysis of specialized languages using text complexity metrics, which made it possible to establish that Lisp has the smallest vocabulary and code length, Scala text has the most structured form, and F # and Erlang are marked with extra verbosity. Practical value. The findings and measurements will help in selecting the most effective functional programming language for solving specific problems, taking into account differences in applications. The developed software allows making measurements for various program texts when developing and maintaining complex software systems.

This article presents the results of a literature study related to the construction and operation of Java Virtual Machine, as well as performance tests of selected languages using the aforementioned runtime environment on the example of Java, Scala and Kotlin. Performance testing was carried out using two applications built using the Apache Maven archetype with the built-in Java Microbenchmark Harness library.

In Italy, problem gambling is a condition of significant importance from a public health perspective. The onset, development and maintenance of problem gambling are mainly attributable to a series of individual, erroneous perceptions, known in the literature as gambling related cognitions. The latter correlate both with the urge to gamble and with the functions of gambling as positive reinforcement and escape. Recently, two scales that are already available and used in other cultural contexts have been translated in Italian and validated in Italian samples, such as the Gambling Urge Scale (GUS), assessing gambling urge, and the Gambling Functional Assessment-Revised (GFA-R), assessing functions of gambling. The aim of the present paper is to illustrate the psychometric properties of the scales and provide materials and instructions for their correct use in the Italian context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the aim of increasing crop yields, guiding precision farming applications and for more sustainable disease management practices development of early diagnostics sensors for pathogens in agriculture is vital. A sensitive method of diagnosis which will detect the low concentration of pathogens in the initial stages of infection will allow early diagnosis and help in saving the crop. Microcantilever based biosensors are ideal devices for such kind of applications. This paper presents development of a highly sensitive dual mode operated sensor for agricultural pathogen detection. Micromolar concentartion of Ralstonia solanacearum antigen in liquid medium was detected optically by using the ultrasensitive Mecwins® SCALA platform while electrically using a Keithley source meter. Agricultural pathogen detection employing optical as well as electrical readout using a piezoresistive microcantilever platform in both static and dynamic modes of operation is reported here for the first time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Defense Sciences / Savunma Bilmleri Dergisi is the property of Turkish Military Academy Defense Sciences Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Agathon: International Journal of Architecture, Art & Design is the property of DEMETRA CE.RI.MED and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)