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Background: Tinea capitis (TC) or scalp ringworm is common in pediatric population with reported rates of infection ranging from 4% to 15 % .T.rubrum is rarely reported in countries with a temperate climate . There is always hair loss with varying degrees of scaling and erythema [1-3]. Objectives: To identify the role of soil, plant & sewage in transmission of ringworm of scalp infection. This study was carried out on Kosti basic school students who suffering from ringworm of scalp (fungal infection) in White Nile state at Sudan in 2020. Methodology, Data Analyses and Results: Due to preservation of this fungal infection among school children in Kosti basic school students, a total of fifty specimens collected from different sources to determine the source of this infection in the area of study, twenty five students who suffering from ring worm of scalp and twenty five from soil, sewage, water and trees in the period between January – December -2020.The samples collected by scraping the scalp by surgical blade and removing the hair with needle and forceps from the peripheral lesion and gathered in filter paper and closed tightly,10% KOH was used to clarify and keratinized tissues. Trees samples were collected by washing the tree’s leaves and with all soil, sewage, water were collected into container. All samples were cultured on sabouroad dextrose agar medium for one week at room temperature. After growth, lactophenol cotton blue staining was used to identify depending on the colonial morphology under microscope and tolook for color, septate, aseptate hyphae, macro, micro conidia and spores. The results showed that there was 68% of isolates from soil, sewage, water and trees were matched to scalp isolates. The soil is significant one of these when Chi-square (X2) was used (P value = 0.027) that means, the source of infection among students may be due to soil transmission. Conclusion and Recommendation: Our results highlight the epidemiology of fungal infection of Kosti basic school students. Further studies are necessary to verify these findings considering the relatively high rate of fungal infection to cover all expected area with similar observation.

Microbial species can act in synergy to circumvent environmental stress conditions and survive. In addition, biofilms are a serious public-health issue globally and constitute a clinical emergency. Infection persistence, increased morbidity and mortality, and antibiotic resistance are consequences of poly-microbial synergy. Due to inherited complexity and synergy between numerous species, newer antimicrobial agents of increased efficacy and tolerability are needed. In this unique medical case, a chronic (9 year) multi-bacterial scalp infection was differentially diagnosed from other inflammatory skin disorders by prolonged microbiological culture. The bacterial species found seem to have caused lesions of visible biofilm not documented previously in the medical literature. This complicated infection was treated successfully and rapidly with the combined topical application of the active halogen compounds N-chlorotaurine, N-bromotaurine and bromamine T, which is in contrast to the previous failed systemic and topical therapeutic approaches. This study strengthens the case for the use of active halogen compounds against multi-bacterial infections of the skin in the future, without the occurrence of resistance.

Introduction Tinea capitis is a scalp infection caused by different fungi. Etiological diagnosis is based on suggestive clinical findings and confirmation depends on the fungus growth in culture. However, it is not always possible to perform this test due to lack of availability. The association of clinical and dermatoscopic findings in suspected cases of tinea capitis may help the identification of the etiological agent, facilitating precocious, specific treatment. Materials and method We report a prospective descriptive analytical study of 34 children with tinea capitis. We performed a trichoscopic examination of all patients; only six children were able to have the mycological culture. Results Trichoscopy was abnormal in all 34 patients; it showed hair shaft abnormalities and, in some cases, scalp disorders too. We found that the comma and corkscrew appearance was found in microsporic tinea capitis, V-shaped hair was mainly seen in inflammatory tinea capitis, scales and follicular keratosis in non-inflammatory tinea capitis, and crusts and follicular pustules in inflammatory tinea capitis. Finally, erythema was seen in trichophytic and inflammatory tinea capitis. Conclusion We propose a classification of trichoscopic signs of tinea capitis. This classification will enable rapid diagnosis and prediction of the type of fungus before mycological culture, thus a faster and more adapted management. Our study shows the importance of trichoscopy in the diagnosis and monitoring of tinea capitis. We suggest further prospective studies with a larger number of patients with tinea capitis, having performed mycological culture, to confirm this classification.

Necrotizing fasciitis is a severe, rapidly progressive infectious process characterized by rapid spread and extensive tissue destruction. This condition stems from a variety of sources, may affect any area of the body, and requires rapid diagnosis and aggressive intervention. We present a rare case of odontogenic infection progressing to acute cervicofacial necrotizing fasciitis of the scalp and neck.

Titanium mesh cranioplasty is routinely used worldwide for skull defect patients given its advantages, such as stability and biocompatibility. However, there are very few reports concerning the treatment of implant-associated scalp infection, which is one of the most common complications. The aim of the study is to retrospectively evaluate a novel operation technique for the treatment of titanium mesh-associated scalp infection post-cranioplasty, namely partial titanium mesh explantation (PTME). A retrospective study was conducted in all patients who underwent surgical treatment for implant-associated scalp infection from January 2012 to September 2016 in our hospital. In total, 17 patients were selected for study analysis among 231 patients who underwent cranioplasty. The treatment success rate of PTME was 85.7%. There was no statistically significant difference in demographics and characteristics except for follow-up length of time between the PTME group and TTME (total titanium mesh explantation) group (Non-paired Student's t-test, P=0.037). While, The PTME group exhibited a significantly reduced skull defect area post-operation compared with the TTME group (Non-paired Student's t-test, P=0.002). Moreover, post-PTME skull area also exhibited a significantly reduced skull defect area compared with the pre-cranioplasty area in the same patient (Non-paired Student's t-test, P=0.006). Compared with traditional surgical treatment of implant-associated scalp infection, PTME combined with strict debridement and antibiotic therapy can cure implant-associated scalp infection. Moreover, PTME could preserve sufficient titanium mesh for brain protection and cosmesis.

Candida is a large genus of yeast, consisting of about 150 species, among which C.albicans is the most prevalent fungal species of the human microbiota. C. albicans is the most important fungal opportunistic pathogen that can cause infection when the host becomes debilitated or immunocompromised. We report a case of a scalp infection by C.albicans in a patient without an obvious immunocompromised state.

Cranioplasty (CP) is considered a low-risk operation in the field of neurosurgery following decompression craniectomy. Nevertheless, CP is still burdened by surgical complications, among which early or late infections are the most common outcome-threatening ones. Most of infection cases occur within a week after CP. Except that, implant-associated scalp infection is the most common complication, and leads to implant removal in many patients with refractory and recurrent infection. The authors reported a patient presenting with epidural infection about 3 months after titanium implant and cured by anti-infective treatment for 2 weeks.

Tinea capitis is the most common pediatric superficial dermatophyte infection. The causative species vary, as for instance, Microsporum canis predominates in Europe, while Trichophyton tonsurans predominates in North America. Tinea capitis does not respond well to topical therapy alone, thus oral therapy is requisite. The drug of choice is griseofulvin; however in some countries, it is no longer available. Fungal culture should be requested in the persistent, scalp lesion and trichoscopy can put forward a speedy diagnosis by its characteristic findings. Scalp dermoscopy or “trichoscopy” represents a valuable, noninvasive technique for the evaluation of patients with hair loss due to tenia capitis. It is simple, quick, and easy to perform.

Tinea capitis is a scalp infection caused by fungi. In Brazil, the main causative agents are Microsporum canis and the Trichophyton tonsurans. Etiological diagnosis is based on suggestive clinical findings and confirmation depends on the fungus growth in culture. However, it is not always possible to perform this test due to lack of availability. We reveal the dermoscopic findings that enable distinction between the main causative agents of Tinea capitis, M. canis and T. tonsurans. The association of clinical and dermatoscopic findings in suspected Tinea capitis cases may help with the differential diagnosis of the etiological agent, making feasible the precocious, specific treatment.

A 6-year-old Caucasian girl presented with a 4×5 cm pustular, weeping scalp lesion (figure 1) that had begun 10 days previously as an innocuous small itchy red spot, which had rapidly increased in size (figure 2). She had been systemically well with no fever or other skin lesions. Figure 1 Weeping, pustular scalp lesion at presentation. Figure 2 Initial appearance of …

The mortality and morbidity of cerebral abscess has greatly decreased since the widespread usage of antibiotics. Victims of cerebral abscess are often predisposed to many risk factors such as otitis, mastoiditis, sinusitis, immunodeficiency, blood infection and congenital defects. But cerebral abscess secondary to mild scalp infection is scarcely reported. We would like to report on a case of cerebral abscess secondary to the delayed diagnosis and management of a mild scalp infection. We will also discuss the possible mechanisms of intracranial spreading and draw a lesson that we can learn from it with a literature review. Mild scalp infection is a risk factor of cerebral abscess and we should not take it as insignificant. Timely and appropriate management is essential to avoid unintended outcomes.

Summary: Tkichophyton gallinae has been isolated from a case of Tinea capitis. This fungus hasnever been reported from Pakistan so far. Zusammenfassung: Trichophyton gallinae wurde yon einem Fall einer Tinea capitis isoliert. Dieser Pilz wurde nach bisherigen Berichten niemals in Pakistan gefunden.

Background All the current treatments of Parkinson’s disease can’t prevent the development of the disease. DBS is effective to improve the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease, but whether it can slow down the disease progression is still unclear. Casepresentation Here we report a case of a Parkinson’s disease with 27 years of disease course. He got the disease when he was 56 years old, and he could not walk in the 15th year after onset. After the DBS treatment, the patient’s symptoms improved, and he could look after himself in daily life. Because of scalp infection, in the 22nd year of the course of disease, DBS was taken out, but the symptoms of the patient are still better than those before DBS implanting for several years. He is alive till now. Conclusion This patient’s survival period is much longer than the general PD patients. DBS treatment may be the main reason for the delayed progression of disease and extended survival period. We speculate it may be associated with long-term DBS implantation which caused neural network remodeling and nerve protection.

We report a case of advanced basal cell carcinoma and cranial osteomyelitis. His skull bone seemed to be destroyed due to osteomyelitis, and the underlying dura was exposed with a unique color of the wound surface due to pigment-producing bacteria.

Purpose: To report a case of recurrent, multiple giant chalazia in a patient with hyperimmunoglobulinemia E (Job's) syndrome, a rare autosomal dominant disorder characterized by markedly increased immunoglobulin E levels and recurrent pulmonary and skin infections. Methods: A 50-year-old man was referred with a 4-year history of recurrent, multiple giant chalazia in all eyelids. Medications and surgical intervention produced only transient improvement. The patient also had a history of pulmonary and scalp infection. Results: Laboratory tests disclosed elevated plasma immunoglobulin E (> 500 IU/ml) and eosinophilia. As a result, based on clinical and laboratory findings, a diagnosis of hyperimmunoglobulinemia E (Job's) syndrome was made. Conclusions: Even though rarely, recurrent multiple giant chalazia may occur as an ophthalmic feature of the Job's syndrome. The hyperimmunoglobulinemia E syndrome should be suspected in any case of recurrent giant chalazia. Measurament of plasma immunoglobulin E and eosinophils, along with internal evaluation, are essential to establish a proper diagnosis.

Ten Malvaceae species were analysed for their seed and leaf gossypol content by HPLC. The results showed that gossypol is common in most of the Malvaceae family, but its concentration varies among the species and also among the varieties of the same specie. We found that Hampea integerrina Schldt., had two fold more gossypol in its seeds than Gossypium hirsutum L., from which the compound was initially isolated and its antifertility effect studied. The toxic effects of gossypol earlier observed against several parasitic protozoa and viruses makes these findings very important, since the Malvaceae specimens studied here have been used in traditional medicine against scalp infection, dysentery, gonorrhea and as antiseptic. On the other hand, it is also noteworthy that in Hibicus sabdariffa L., flower, traditionally used in refreshing drinks, no gossypol was detected in its seeds or leaves.

Objective To compare the performance and acceptability of a prototype suction fetal scalp electrode with that of a double helix spiral electrode. Setting An urban academic hospital in Johannesburg, South Africa. Design Randomised, by means of sealed opaque envelopes opened consecutively. Participants One hundred women in active labour with an indication for direct fetal heart rate monitoring. Intervention Application of a fetal scalp electrode to the presenting part. Outcome measures Performance of the electrodes with respect to application success, detachment, quality of the tracings, scalp trauma and women's preferences. Results Application of the suction electrode was unsuccessful in 15/50 (30 %) compared to 1/50 (2 %) with the spiral electrode. Detachment rates were similar. There were more tracings of average quality with the suction electrode (nine versus four). There were three instances of scalp bleeding at delivery with the spiral electrode. The suction electrode was preferred by more women and its application caused somewhat less discomfort. Conclusions The lower rate of successful application with the suction electrode needs to be weighed against the advantage of avoiding fetal scalp penetration. In particular, women's concerns about pain or harm to the baby from needle electrodes, the theoretical risk of viral transmission, and the risk of serious scalp infection must be considered. These factors favour the use of a suction electrode when direct fetal heart rate monitoring is required. Needle electrodes should be considered when suction electrode application is unsuccessful. Correction of practical problems experienced with the prototype suction electrodes used in this study may result in improved success rates.

From questions on page 106 . The answer is (D), kerion. This is a manifestation of tinea capitis, ringworm of the scalp. It can occur in more severe cases and in the very young, resulting in a boggy mass on the scalp with loss of hair. Diagnosis can be difficult as potassium hydroxide preparations can be negative in the presence of such inflammation; culture is frequently needed to prove scalp infection. Treatment must be in the form of an oral antifungal drug …

Summary: Patients with tinea capitis constituted 2.48% of all new dermatologcal cases seen in the period of over 4 years in two out-patient dermatological clinics in Northern Nigeria. Tinea capitis constituted 31 % of all dermatophytoses seen in that period and outnumbered fungal infections of glabrous skin, feet and nails. Dermatophytes were isolated from 181 out of 441 specimens. Fourteen different species were cultured, but 5 of them constituted 84% of all isolated. T. schoenleinii was the most frequent isolates (35%). M. audouinii, T. soudanense, T. mentagrophytes and T. tonsurans caused 17%, 12%, 10, and 10% of infections, respectively. T. tonsurans, T. venucosum, T. gallinae, T. megninii, M. vanbreuseghemii and E. floccosum were isolated for the first time from scalp lesions in Nigeria. T. schoenleinii, T. soudanense and T. mentagrophytes occurred almost exclusively in islamic rural Hausa-Fulani and in students of Koranic schools. M. audouinii showed a less ethnically restricted pattern and M. canis infections occurred only in town-dwellers from tribes other than the Hausa-Fulani. The standard of patients' hygiene and nutrition appears to be an important factor in determining the morphology of scalp infection since all 7 patients with favus-like scarring alopecia caused by dermatophytes other than T. schoenleinii were malnourished and hygienically neglected Koranic students. A thorough review of previous reports on tinea capitis from Nigeria is presented. Zusammenfassung: Von allen neuen Fallen, die in zwei dermatologischen Ambulatorien in Nord-Nigeria uber einem Zeitraum von uber 4 Jahren hinweg untersucht wurden, stellten die Patienten mit Tinea capitis einen Anteil von 2,48%. 31% aller in diesem Zeitraum gefundenen Dermatophytosen waren Falle von Tinea capitis, dies ubertraf den Anteil der mykotischen Infektionen an unbehaarter Haut, Fusen und Nageln. Aus 181 von 441 untersuchten Proben konnten Dermatophyten isoliert werden. 14 verschiedene Spezies wurden angezuchtet, davon waren 5 an 84 % der Falle beteiligt. T. schoenleinii wurde mit 35 % am haufigsten isoliert. M. audouinii, T. soudanense, T. mentagrophytes und T. tonsurans verursachten jeweils 17%, 12%, 10% und 10% der Infektionen. T. tonsurans, T. verrucosum, T. gallinae, T. megninii M. vanbreuseghemii und E. floccosum wurden zum ersten Mal von Kopfhautlasionen in Nigeria isoliert. T. schoenleinii, T. soudanense und T. mentagrophytes kamen fast auschlieslich bei islamischen Dorfbewohnern der Stamme Haussa und Fulani und bei Koran-Schulern vor. M. audouinii war weniger an die Stammeszugehorigkeit der Patienten gebunden und M. canis-Infektionen kamen nur bei Stadtbwohnern vor, die nicht zu den Haussa oder Fulani gehorten. Personliche Hygiene und Ernahnmgszustand der Patienten scheinen wesentlichen Einflus auf die Morphologie der Kopfhautinfektionen zu haben, denn alle 7 Patienten mit Favusahnlicher vernarbender Alopozie, die von anderen Dermatophyten als T. schoenleinii verursacht war, waren schlecht ernahrte und hygienisch vernachassigte Koran-Schuler. Es wird ein eingehender Uberblick fruherer Arbeiten uber Tinea capitis in Nigeria gegeben.

The authors present their experiences with 185 computed tomography (CT)-guided needle placement procedures in 146 consecutive patients. There was 100% accuracy in first-pass entry into the lesion using a needle guide; 100% success in drainage of intracranial abscesses; 100% success in palliative decompression of intracranial cystic lesions including tumor cysts; and 97% accuracy in histologic diagnosis of unknown lesions. CT-guided aspiration biopsy corrected clinically incorrect diagnoses and altered patient management in 23% of all cases biopsied. Tabulation of complications revealed 0% incidence of scalp infection, bone infection, dissemination of tumor, or dissemination of infection; 13.5% incidence of clinically insignificant postprocedural bleeding; and 0.5% incidence of serious postprocedural hemorrhage leading to death (one patient only). Transient hemipareses were observed in three of 22 procedures for implantation of 192Ir but in none of 163 procedures for aspiration biopsy alone.

This case presents the dilemma of a scalp infection emerging at the conclusion of soft-tissue expansion. Basic principles of wound infection would dictate that the foreign body (the inflatable prosthesis) be removed and that the infection be treated before inset of the flap. The prevention of possible loss of flap length due to skin contraction during treatment of the infection was avoided by stretching the flap over the intact scalp temporarily, thus maintaining its expanded status.

During the period from September 1974, to January 1975, we performed 276 deliveries, of which 54 per cent were internally monitored with a spiral type of fetal electrode. Eight of the infants monitored (incidence, 5.4 per cent) developed scalp abscesses. We had had no previous complications associated with the electrodes. An intensive investigation was conducted to detect the causative factor(s) of the fetal scalp infections. Case histories of the mothers and infants were scrutinized, instruments were examined, the environment and techniques were analyzed. A survey of maternal and infant complications during the period from September 1973, to August 1974, served as control. The findings indicated that a different type of coil electrode had been substituted for the brand we had used previously. The new coil electrode had a barb at the tip, presumably to prevent its falling out of the scalp. We discontinued the use of the coil which had become suspect and returned to the type we had used previously. We have not had another incidence of fetal scalp infection associated with intrapartum monitoring.

MEDICAL mycology has enjoyed a tremendous wave of popularity in recent years, especially among dermatologists. The appearance about 10 years ago of the epidemic (human) type of preadolescent tinea capitis in the United States and its subsequent rapid spread throughout the majority of its cities necessitated the adoption of culture methods as a routine in all diseases involving the scalp, in order that the prognostic, therapeutic, and epidemiologic status of each case could be correctly assessed. These extensive cultural studies have also disclosed a surprising number of cases of other varieties of scalp infection heretofore considered rare, and interesting variations in the geographical distribution of certain species of infecting fungi are becoming apparent. The present communication deals with the discovery that infection of the scalp by the fungus Trichophyton tonsurans is now by no means rare in the children of Texas and California and is even encountered occasionally

WE HAVE been conducting clinical trials with several experimental preparations in the treatment of tinea capitis. In March, 1950, a study was begun with asterol ® dihydrochloride. This antifungal material, the dihydrochloride of 2-dimethylamino-6-(b-diethylaminoethoxy)-benzothiazole, has been shown to be a potent fungicide both in vitro 1 and clinically, 2 with low sensitizing and low irritating properties. This report deals with those cases of Microsporum audouini scalp infection treated solely with a 5% asterol® dihydrochloride ointment in polyethylene glycol (carbowax®) 1500. The areas of fluorescence under Wood's lamp were measured and charted on special forms, and mycological cultures were taken of infected hairs. The patients were instructed to shave or close-clip the scalp hair, to rub the medicament thoroughly twice daily into the entire scalp, and to shampoo the head nightly with medicinal soft soap liniment. A stocking cap, boiled and changed daily, was to be worn at all times.

Although Trichophyton violaceum is a common cause of infection of the scalp, beard and nails in Russia, Poland, Italy and the Near East, it is of uncommon occurrence as a cause of tinea capitis in children in the United States. Its occurrence as a cause of tinea capitis in an adult is still rarer. A review of the dermatological literature has revealed only two case reports of this infection in the scalp of an adult in the United States. One was given in a study of 49 adult patients with tinea capitis. 1 The other was the report of a case in an 18 year old white woman who had the infection for at least two years. 2 I have seen two other cases of T. violaceum scalp infection, both of which occurred in children and both of which were cured only after roentgen ray epilation and neither of which

Howell et al.1reported two cases of scalp infection in adults caused by Trichophyton tonsurans in which the clinical lesions closely resembled chronic discoid lupus erythematosus. This paper reports four cases of chronic tinea faciei, due to different dermatophytes, simulating chronic discoid lupus erythematosus. Report of Four Cases Case 1.— The patient, a 65-year-old woman of dark complexion, complained of a symmetrical butterfly-like eruption on the nose and cheeks of eight years' duration. These lesions always flared up in summer when she was exposed to the sun. The patient also gave an eleven-year history of recurrent "inflammation" of the left foot accompanied by rise of temperature. She had been previously diagnosed as suffering from discoid lupus erythematosus and treated with gold injections without improvement. On inspection there were variously sized scaly red lesions with polycyclic, moderately well-defined, borders on the nose and cheeks. The central parts of the lesions showed

Trichophyton soudanense (Joyeux, 1 1912) is a frequent cause of tinea capitis in certain regions of Africa. Infections of skin and nails are less frequent. 2 To our knowledge, this is the first published report of a scalp infection by this dermatophyte in the United States; however, two reports of tinea corporis have been published. 2,3 Report of a Case A 6-year-old, American girl who had never left the Philadelphia area developed four pruritic, round areas of alopecia in the occipital area of her scalp. The plaques were slightly elevated, scaly, dull red, and 1- to 4-cm in diameter. The follicles contained black dots that were broken hairs containing spores 6 to 7 μ in diameter. There were enlarged lymph nodes in the posterior cervical and postauricular areas. Inoculation of broken hairs on Sabouraud's glucose agar yielded a folded, yellow to dried apricot colony surrounded by submerged mycelium. Results of

The case described in this paper seems to us to be of interest for three reasons: first, accurate and detailed records of myiasis produced by the larvae of Phormia regina Meig, are very rare; second, the entire clinical history of the patient is known, and, third, the fact that dermal myiasis is widespread throughout the country and may occur whenever there is the least opportunity for it to do so is well emphasized here. REPORT OF CASE A negress, aged 25, a prostitute, admitted to the unclean ward of the hospital, with a 4 + Wassermann reaction, for treatment of a scalp infection, presented scalp sores, with a heavy pus exudate, and dermatitis on the upper and outer lobes of the ears and on the mastoid area. This condition was due to an overdose of arsphenamine and was being treated by injections of sodium thiosulphate given intramuscularly. The backs of the lobes of

Introduction The curative effect of griseofulvin in tinea capitis caused by Microsporum audouini has been established by the few reports which have been published. Williams, Marten, and Sarkany1were the first to report such a cure; Blank and Roth2also included one patient with scalp infection caused by Microsporum audouini who was successfully treated with griseofulvin. Recently, a series of children with M. audouini infection of the scalp treated with griseofulvin has been reported from Washington, D.C.3Tinea capitis caused by dermatophytes other than M. audouini has also been treated successfully by griseofulvin.2-6The frequency, the anthropophilic aspect, and the resistance to all forms of therapy other than x-ray epilation make tinea capitis caused by M. audouini one of the most important of the dermatophyte infections. The present study was initiated to determine the optimum dosage and treatment schedule necessary to best manage tinea capitis produced