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2. On the timing properties of SAX J1808.4-3658 during its 2015 outburst

Author

Sanna, A., Di Salvo, T., Burderi, L., Riggio, A., Pintore, F., Gambino, A. F., Iaria, R., Tailo, M., Scarano, F., and Papitto, A.

Subjects
Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract

We present a timing analysis of the 2015 outburst of the accreting millisecond X-ray pulsar SAX J1808.4-3658, using non-simultaneous XMM-Newton and NuStar observations. We estimate the pulsar spin frequency and update the system orbital solution. Combining the average spin frequency from the previous observed, we confirm the long-term spin down at an average rate $\dot{\nu}_{\text{SD}}=1.5(2)\times 10^{-15}$ Hz s$^{-1}$. We also discuss possible corrections to the spin down rate accounting for mass accretion onto the compact object when the system is X-ray active. Finally, combining the updated ephemerides with those of the previous outbursts, we find a long-term orbital evolution compatible with a binary expansion at a mean rate $\dot{P}_{orb}=3.6(4)\times 10^{-12}$ s s$^{-1}$, in agreement with previously reported values. This fast evolution is incompatible with an evolution driven by angular momentum losses caused by gravitational radiation under the hypothesis of conservative mass transfer. We discuss the observed orbital expansion in terms of non-conservative mass transfer and gravitational quadrupole coupling mechanism. We find that the latter can explain, under certain conditions, small fluctuations (of the order of few seconds) of the orbital period around a global parabolic trend. At the same time, a non-conservative mass transfer is required to explain the observed fast orbital evolution, which likely reflects ejection of a large fraction of mass from the inner Lagrangian point caused by the irradiation of the donor by the magneto-dipole rotator during quiescence (radio-ejection model). This strong outflow may power tidal dissipation in the companion star and be responsible of the gravitational quadrupole change oscillations., Comment: 16 pages, 8 figures. Accepted for publication in MNRAS

Published
2017
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3. A possible solution of the puzzling variation of the orbital period of MXB 1659-298

Author

Iaria, R., Gambino, A. F., Di Salvo, T., Burderi, L., Matranga, M., Riggio, A., Sanna, A., Scarano, F., and D'Aì, A.

Subjects
Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract

MXB 1659-298 is a transient neutron star Low-Mass X-ray binary system that shows eclipses with a periodicity of 7.1 hr. The source went to outburst in August 2015 after 14 years of quiescence. We investigate the orbital properties of this source with a baseline of 40 years obtained combining the eight eclipse arrival times present in literature with 51 eclipse arrival times collected during the last two outbursts. A quadratic ephemeris does not fit the delays associated with the eclipse arrival times and the addition of a sinusoidal term with a period of $2.31 \pm 0.02$ yr is required. We infer a binary orbital period of $P=7.1161099(3)$ hr and an orbital period derivative of $\dot{P}=-8.5(1.2) \times 10^{-12}$ s s$^{-1}$. We show that the large orbital period derivative can be explained with a highly non conservative mass transfer scenario in which more than 98\% of the mass provided by the companion star leaves the binary system. We predict an orbital period derivative value of $\dot{P}=-6(3) \times 10^{-12}$ s s$^{-1}$ and constrain the companion star mass between $\sim$0.3 and $ 0.9 \pm 0.3$ M$_{\odot}$. Assuming that the companion star is in thermal equilibrium the periodic modulation can be due to either a gravitational quadrupole coupling due to variations of the oblateness of the companion star or with the presence of a third body of mass M$_3 >21 $ Jovian masses., Comment: 10 pages, 6 figures. Accepted by MNRAS

Published
2017
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4. Study of the accretion torque during the 2014 outburst of the X-ray pulsar GRO J1744-28

Author

Sanna, A., Riggio, A., Burderi, L., Pintore, F., Di Salvo, T., D'Ai, A., Bozzo, E., Esposito, P., Segreto, A., Scarano, F., Iaria, R., and Gambino, A. F.

Subjects
Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract

We present the spectral and timing analysis of the X-ray pulsar GRO J1744-28 during its 2014 outburst using data collected with the X-ray satellites Swift, INTEGRAL, Chandra, and XMM-Newton. We derived, by phase-connected timing analysis of the observed pulses, an updated set of the source ephemeris. We were also able to investigate the spin-up of the X-ray pulsar as a consequence of the accretion torque during the outburst. Relating the spin-up rate and the mass accretion rate as $\dot{\nu}\propto\dot{M}^{\beta}$, we fitted the pulse phase delays obtaining a value of $\beta=0.96(3)$. Combining the results from the source spin-up frequency derivative and the flux estimation, we constrained the source distance to be between 3.4-4.1 kpc, assuming a disc viscous parameter $\alpha$ to be in the range 0.1-1. Finally, we investigated the presence of a possible spin-down torque by adding a quadratic component to the pulse phase delay model. The marginal statistical improvement of the updated model does not allow us to firmly confirm the presence of this component., Comment: 12 pages, 5 figures. Accepted for publication in MNRAS

Published
2017
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5. Physics-informed neural networks for dense reconstruction of vortex rings from particle tracking velocimetry.

Author

Steinfurth, B., Hassanein, A., Doan, N. A. K., and Scarano, F.

Subjects
PARTICLE tracking velocimetry, VELOCITY measurements, VORTEX motion, VELOCITY, EQUATIONS
Abstract

Phase-resolved volumetric velocity measurements of a pulsed jet are conducted by means of three-dimensional particle tracking velocimetry (PTV). The resulting scattered and relatively sparse data are densely reconstructed by adopting physics-informed neural networks (PINNs), here regularized by the Navier–Stokes equations. It is shown that the assimilation remains robust even at low particle densities (ppp < 10 − 3 ) where the mean particle distance is larger than 10% of the outlet diameter. This is achieved by enforcing compliance with the governing equations, thereby leveraging the spatiotemporal evolution of the measured flow field. Thus, the PINN reconstructs unambiguously velocity, vorticity, and pressure fields, enabling a robust identification of vortex structures with a level of detail not attainable with conventional methods (binning) or more advanced data assimilation techniques (vortex-in-cell). The results of this article suggest that the PINN methodology is inherently suited to the assimilation of PTV data, in particular under conditions of severe data sparsity encountered in experiments with limited control of the seeding concentration and/or distribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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7. The protective effect of bergamot polyphenolic fraction on reno-cardiac damage induced by DOCA-salt and unilateral renal artery ligation in rats

Author

Carresi, C, primary, Cardamone, A, additional, Coppoletta, A R, additional, Macri, R, additional, Lorenzo, F, additional, Scarano, F, additional, Mollace, R, additional, Ruga, S, additional, Nucera, S, additional, Musolino, V, additional, Gliozzi, M, additional, Palma, E, additional, Muscoli, C, additional, Volterrani, M, additional, and Mollace, V, additional

Published
2024
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8. Timing of the accreting millisecond pulsar SAX J1748.9-2021 during its 2015 outburst

Author

Sanna, A., Burderi, L., Riggio, A., Pintore, F., Di Salvo, T., Gambino, A. F., Iaria, R., Matranga, M., and Scarano, F.

Subjects
Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract

We report on the timing analysis of the 2015 outburst of the intermittent accreting millisecond X-ray pulsar SAX J1748.9-2021 observed on March 4 by the X-ray satellite XMM-Newton. By phase-connecting the time of arrivals of the observed pulses, we derived the best-fit orbital solution for the 2015 outburst. We investigated the energy pulse profile dependence finding that the pulse fractional amplitude increases with energy while no significant time lags are detected. Moreover, we investigated the previous outbursts from this source, finding previously undetected pulsations in some intervals during the 2010 outburst of the source. Comparing the updated set of orbital parameters, in particular the value of the time of passage from the ascending node, with the orbital solutions reported from the previous outbursts, we estimated for the first time the orbital period derivative corresponding with $\dot{P}_{orb}=(1.1\pm0.3)\times 10^{-10}$ s/s. We note that this value is significant at 3.5 sigma confidence level, because of significant fluctuations with respect to the parabolic trend and more observations are needed in order to confirm the finding. Assuming the reliability of the result, we suggest that the large value of the orbital-period derivative can be explained as a result of an highly non-conservative mass transfer driven by emission of gravitational waves, which implies the ejection of matter from a region close to the inner Lagrangian point. We also discuss possible alternative explanations., Comment: Accepted for publication in MNRAS; 11 pages, 9 figures, 2 tables

Published
2016
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9. On the scalability of helium-filled soap bubbles for volumetric PIV

Author

Grille Guerra, A. (author), Scarano, F. (author), Sciacchitano, A. (author), Grille Guerra, A. (author), Scarano, F. (author), and Sciacchitano, A. (author)

Abstract

The scalability of experiments using PIV relies upon several parameters, namely illumination power, camera sensor and primarily the tracers light scattering capability. Given their larger cross section, helium-filled soap bubbles (HFSB) allow measurements in air flows over a significantly large domain compared to traditional oil or fog droplets. Controlling their diameter translates into scalability of the experiment. This work presents a technique to extend the control of HFSB diameter by geometrical variations of the generator. The latter expands the more limited range allowed by varying the relative helium-air mass flow rates. A theoretical model predicts the bubble size and production rate, which is verified experimentally by high-speed shadow visualization. The overall range of HFSB produced in a stable (bubbling) regime varies from 0.16 to 2.7 mm. Imaging by light scattering of such tracers is also investigated, in view of controversies in the literature on whether diffraction or geometrical imaging dominate the imaging regime. The light scattered by scaled HFSB tracers is imaged with a high-speed camera orthogonal to the illumination. Both the total energy collected on the sensor for a single tracer, as well as its peak intensity, are found to preserve scaling with the square of the diameter at object magnification of 10–1 or below, typical of PIV experiments. For large-scale volumetric applications, it is shown that varying the bubble diameter allows increasing both the measurement domain as well as the working distance of the imagers at 10 m and beyond. A scaling rule is proposed for the latter., Aerodynamics

Published
2024

10. Design of a Hydrogen-Powered Crashworthy eVTOL Using Multidisciplinary Analysis and Design Optimization

Author

Keijzer, D.M. (author), Simon Soria, C. (author), Arends, J.J. (author), Sarıgöl, B. (author), Scarano, F. (author), Castro, Saullo G.P. (author), Keijzer, D.M. (author), Simon Soria, C. (author), Arends, J.J. (author), Sarıgöl, B. (author), Scarano, F. (author), and Castro, Saullo G.P. (author)

Abstract

As of present the Urban Air Mobility market has been dominated by fully electric aircraft. However, hydrogen vehicles have remained relatively undeveloped in this segment, also because hydrogen poses additional design complexities and uncertainties concerning crashworthiness, fuel cell cooling, and low volumetric density. Nevertheless, hydrogen might yield advantages in mission performance owing to its superior gravimetric energy density and greater sustainability when compared to batteries. In this paper, the design procedure of a four-passenger long-range hydrogen eVTOL using Multidisciplinary Analysis and Design Optimization (MADO) is presented. Using MADO, the mission energy of the eVTOL was minimized while abiding by the constraints rooting from the use of hydrogen. Based on this design, the conclusion can be made that the implementation of hydrogen eVTOLs in urban air mobility is feasible whilst taking into account constraints resulting from the use of hydrogen at the preliminary design stage. This led to an aircraft which excels at longer range due to the increased scalability of hydrogen fuel, but having a weight penalty due to auxiliary equipment which hampers its performance and results in a large fuselage and maximum takeoff weight., Aerodynamics, Group Giovani Pereira Castro

Published
2024
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11. Signature of the presence of a third body orbiting around XB 1916-053

Author

Iaria, R., Di Salvo, T., Gambino, A. F., Del Santo, M., Romano, P., Matranga, M., Galiano, C. G., Scarano, F., Riggio, A., Sanna, A., Pintore, F., and Burderi, L.

Subjects
Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract

The ultra-compact dipping source \object{XB 1916-053} has an orbital period of close to 50 min and a companion star with a very low mass (less than 0.1 M$_{\odot}$). The orbital period derivative of the source was estimated to be $1.5(3) \times 10^{-11}$ s/s through analysing the delays associated with the dip arrival times obtained from observations spanning 25 years, from 1978 to 2002. The known orbital period derivative is extremely large and can be explained by invoking an extreme, non-conservative mass transfer rate that is not easily justifiable. We extended the analysed data from 1978 to 2014, by spanning 37 years, to verify whether a larger sample of data can be fitted with a quadratic term or a different scenario has to be considered. We obtained 27 delays associated with the dip arrival times from data covering 37 years and used different models to fit the time delays with respect to a constant period model.We find that the quadratic form alone does not fit the data. The data are well fitted using a sinusoidal term plus a quadratic function or, alternatively, with a series of sinusoidal terms that can be associated with a modulation of the dip arrival times due to the presence of a third body that has an elliptical orbit. We infer that for a conservative mass transfer scenario the modulation of the delays can be explained by invoking the presence of a third body with mass between 0.10-0.14 M$_{\odot}$, orbital period around the X-ray binary system of close to 51 yr and an eccentricity of $0.28 \pm 0.15$. In a non-conservative mass transfer scenario we estimate that the fraction of matter yielded by the degenerate companion star and accreted onto the neutron star is $\beta = 0.08$, the neutron star mass is $\ge 2.2$ M$_{\odot}$, and the companion star mass is 0.028 M$_{\odot}$. (Abridged), Comment: 13 pages, 9 figures. Accepted for publication in A&A

Published
2015
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14. Global and Local Conservation Priorities [with Response]

Author

Dinerstein, Eric, Scarano, F. R., Chaudhary, Pashupati, Mittermeier, Russell A., Gascon, Claude, Rajaobelina, Leon, Supriatna, Jatna, Silva, Jose Maria Cardoso Da, Rodriguez, Carlos Manuel, Zhi, Lu, Brandon, Katrina, Rodríguez, J. P., Taber, A. B., Daszak, P., Sukumar, R., Valladares-Padua, C., Padua, S., Aguirre, L. F., Medellín, R. A., Acosta, M., Aguirre, A. A., Bonacic, C., Bordino, P., Bruschini, J., Buchori, D., González, S., Mathew, T., Méndez, M., Mugica, L., Dobson, A. P., and Pearl, M.

Published
2007

16. Three-Dimensional Quantitative Flow Visualization Around a Thrust Reverser

Author

Hysa, I. (author), Tuinstra, Marthijn (author), Sciacchitano, A. (author), Scarano, F. (author), Schwartz, Nicholas (author), Harrison, Charles (author), Gebbink, Roy (author), Hysa, I. (author), Tuinstra, Marthijn (author), Sciacchitano, A. (author), Scarano, F. (author), Schwartz, Nicholas (author), Harrison, Charles (author), and Gebbink, Roy (author)

Abstract

Volumetric particle tracking velocimetry measurements are performed in a low-speed wind tunnel to study the flow around a 1:12-scale aircraft model with jet engines operating with thrust reversers. The engine jet and freestream flow velocity are varied to yield a jet to freestream velocity ratio of Vjet/V∞ ranging from 1.5 to 6. Measurements at such scale (0.5 m3) require the use of strongly scattering helium-filled soap bubbles as flow tracers, which are introduced in both the jet and the freestream flow. The tracer’s three-dimensional motion is determined using an array of cameras and a Lagrangian particle tracking algorithm. The mean velocity field reveals the jet inner structure as well as its interaction with the freestream, the ground board, the nacelle, the fuselage, and the horizontal and vertical tails. The experiments allow detection of exhaust reingestion as well as the aerodynamic interference with control surfaces at the tail segments in a single measurement volume. The results are in good agreement with conventional temperature rake measurements while adding details of the flow topology and of the large-scale unsteady flow fluctuations. Finally, the jet reversal characteristics with varying freestreams and nozzle pressure ratios are assessed, demonstrating the feasibility and versatility of volumetric velocimetry measurements for industrial aerodynamics., Aerodynamics

Published
2023
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17. Unsteady flow behaviour of multi-rotors in ground proximity

Author

Dekker, H.N.J. (author), Baars, W.J. (author), Scarano, F. (author), Tuinstra, Marthijn (author), Ragni, D. (author), Dekker, H.N.J. (author), Baars, W.J. (author), Scarano, F. (author), Tuinstra, Marthijn (author), and Ragni, D. (author)

Abstract

The unsteady flow behaviour of two side-by-side rotors in ground proximity is experimentally investigated. The rotors induce a velocity distribution interacting with the ground causing the radial expansion of the rotor wakes. In between the rotors, an interaction of the two wakes takes place, resulting in an upward flow similar to a fountain. Two types of flow topologies are examined and correspond to two different stand-off heights between the rotors and the ground: the first one where the height of the fountain remains below the rotor disks, and a second one where it emerges above, being re-ingested. The fountain unsteadiness is shown to increase when re-ingestion takes place, determining a location switch from one rotor disk to the other, multiple times during acquisition. Consequently, variable inflow conditions are imposed on each of the two rotors. The fountain dynamics is observed at a frequency that is about two orders of magnitude lower than the blade passing frequency. The dominant characteristic time scale is linked to the flow recirculation path, relating this to system parameters of thrust and ground stand-off height. The flow field is analysed using proper orthogonal decomposition, in which coupled modes are identified. Results from the modal analysis are used to formulate a simple dynamic flow model of the re-ingestion switching cycle., Wind Energy, Aerodynamics

Published
2023
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18. Aeropropulsive Performance Modelling of Over-The-Wing Propulsion at Incidence

Author

Dekker, H.N.J. (author), Tuinstra, M (author), Baars, W.J. (author), Scarano, F. (author), Ragni, D. (author), Dekker, H.N.J. (author), Tuinstra, M (author), Baars, W.J. (author), Scarano, F. (author), and Ragni, D. (author)

Abstract

A semi-emperical model is developed, able to capture the aeropropulsive performance characteristics of Over-The-Wing propellers at incidence. The model is based on an hypothesis on the interactions of the propeller- and wing-induced flow fields. Effects of these interactions on the both the thrust and lift are written in a form in which the dominant design parameters appear explicitly. Both the flow hypothesis and model results are validated using experimental data of a single Over-The-Wing propeller. It is shown that for moderate angles of attack, the propulsive thrust is reduced by the wing’s circulation. For angles of attack greater than the stall angle of the isolated wing, thrust is increased by the ingestion of low momentum flow. The propeller is not able to delay stall but induces flow over the wing, which is returned as reduced pressure over the suction side. The model predictions closely match the experimental results for thrust, but integral loading measurements of the wing are required to validate the lift predictions., Aerodynamics, Wind Energy

Published
2023
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20. Tire dependence for the aerodynamics of yawed bicycle wheels

Author

Jux, C. (author), Sciacchitano, A. (author), Scarano, F. (author), Jux, C. (author), Sciacchitano, A. (author), and Scarano, F. (author)

Abstract

The aerodynamic characteristics of a modern road cycling wheel in cross wind are studied through force- and planar PIV measurements in the TU Delft Open Jet Facility. The performance of the 62 mm deep rim is evaluated for three tire profiles, and yaw angles up to 24°. All measurements are executed at 12.5 m/s (45 km/h) freestream- and wheel-rotational velocity. The wheel's rim-tire section in crosswind is found to behave similar to an airfoil at incidence, ultimately resulting in a reduction of the wheel's aerodynamic resistance with increasing yaw angle magnitude. This phenomenon, also referred to as the sail-effect, is limited by the stall angle of the tire-rim profile. The stall angle is found to depend critically on the tire's surface structure. Larger stall angles, resulting in lower resistance, are obtained if the tire profile triggers laminar-to-turbulent boundary layer transition., Flow Physics and Technology, Aerodynamics

Published
2023
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22. Italien und die Auflösung der Österreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie

Author

Scarano F, SCARANO F., Institut für Zeitgeschichte Universität Hildesheim, and Scarano, F

Subjects
Ersten Weltkrieg, Italien Österreich-Ungarn
Abstract

Quando scoppiò la prima guerra mondiale dei posti di responsabilità in Italia pensava ad una dissoluzione dell’Austria-Ungheria. Il ministro degli Esteri Sidney Sonnino voleva indebolirla ed ottenere la supremazia nel mare Adriatico e il confine sicuro al Brennero ma era contrario ad una sua dissoluzione. Ancora il 25 ottobre 1917 in Parlamento ribadì questa posizione. Tuttavia dopo la disfatta di Caporetto il Presidente del Consiglio Orlando decise di puntare anche a questa possibilità, come d’altra parte chiedevano importanti esponenti politici e della stampa, e di reclutare anche truppe tra i prigionieri di origine ceca, rumena e slava dell’esercito nemico. In realtà vi erano tre diverse politiche italiane riguardo all'Austria-Ungheria: quella di Sonnino con l'obbiettivo di una vittoria completa, ma contraria allo scioglimento dell'Austria-Ungheria, del Ministro del Tesoro Nitti favorevole ad una pace di compromesso con grandi rinunzie alle aspirazioni territoriali italiane e la politica di Orlando che nella sua propaganda di guerra s'impegnò per lo scioglimento dell'Austria-Ungheria e la creazione di nuovi Stati, ma in realtà si mantenne aperte tutte e tre le possibilità a seconda dell'andamento della guerra. Solo il 3 ottobre 1918 il governo italiano ultimi tra gli Alleati riconobbe il Comitato Nazionale Cecoslovacco come governo legittimo e combattente al suo fianco. Als der erste Weltkrieg ausbrach, dachte an verantwortlicher Stelle in Italien niemand an eine Zerschlagung Österreich-Ungarns Außenminister Sidney Sonnino wollte sie schwächen und die Vorherrschaft in der Adria und der sicheren Grenze am Brenner erlangen, war aber gegen ihre Auflösung. Nochmals am 25. Oktober 1917 im Parlament bekräftigte er diese Position. Nach der Niederlage von Karfreit beschloss Ministerpräsident Orlando jedoch, auch diese Möglichkeit anzustreben, wie es wichtige Politiker und die Presse forderten; er befürwortete die Rekrutierung von Truppen unter den Gefangenen tschechischer, rumänischer und slawischer Herkunft. Tatsächlich hatten die Italiener gegenüber Österreich-Ungarn drei mögliche Arten des Vorgehens zu erwägen gehabt: die Politik von Sonnino mit dem Ziel eines umfassenden Sieges, aber gegen eine Auflösung von Österreich-Ungarn; diejenige von Schatzminister Nitti für einen Kompromißfrieden mit großen Verzichtsleistungen Italiens, und die Politik Orlandos, der sich zwar in seiner Kriegspropaganda für die Auflösung Österreich-Ungarns und die Schaffung der neuen Staaten einsetzte, aber in Wirklichkeit je nach dem Ausgang des Krieges sich alle diese drei Möglichkeiten offenhielt. Erst am 3. Oktober 1918 erkannte die italienische Regierung als letzte der Alliierten das tschechoslowakische Nationlkomitee als legitime Regierung und als kriegführend an ihrer Seite an

Published
2022

23. L'Italia e il problema sudtirolese da De Gasperi a Moro

Author

Scarano F, SCARANO F., A. Di Michele, A. Gottsmann, L. Monzali, K. Ruzicic-Kessler, and Scarano, F

Subjects
Italia e Sudtirolo 1945-1969, Alcide De Gasperi, Aldo Moro, Rapporti tra Austria e Italia, terrorismo sudtirolese
Abstract

Il problema sudtirolese nei suoi molteplici aspetti politici e diplomatici dal 1946 al 1969. Dal tentativo dei sudtirolesi di ottenere l’autodeterminazione nel 1945, agli accordi De Gasperi-Gruber, fino alla soluzione della questione nel 1969 grazie alla politica di Aldo Moro. Viene affrontato anche il drammatico periodo del terrorismo sudtirolese, l’azione del governo italiano per contrastarlo, le difficili trattative con l’Austria e il ruolo di altri importanti attori italiani, austrici e sudtirolesi come Antonio Segni, Amintore Fanfani, Mario Scelba, Bruno Kreisky, Silvius Magnago

Published
2022

24. Aeropropulsive Performance Modelling of Over-The-Wing Propulsion at Incidence

Author

Dekker, H.N.J., Tuinstra, M, Baars, W.J., Scarano, F., and Ragni, D.

Abstract

A semi-emperical model is developed, able to capture the aeropropulsive performance characteristics of Over-The-Wing propellers at incidence. The model is based on an hypothesis on the interactions of the propeller- and wing-induced flow fields. Effects of these interactions on the both the thrust and lift are written in a form in which the dominant design parameters appear explicitly. Both the flow hypothesis and model results are validated using experimental data of a single Over-The-Wing propeller. It is shown that for moderate angles of attack, the propulsive thrust is reduced by the wing’s circulation. For angles of attack greater than the stall angle of the isolated wing, thrust is increased by the ingestion of low momentum flow. The propeller is not able to delay stall but induces flow over the wing, which is returned as reduced pressure over the suction side. The model predictions closely match the experimental results for thrust, but integral loading measurements of the wing are required to validate the lift predictions.

Published
2023

27. Eulerian and Lagrangian Insights into a Turbulent Boundary Layer Flow Using Time Resolved Tomographic PIV

Author

Schröder, A., Geisler, R., Staack, K., Henning, A., Wieneke, B., Elsinga, G. E., Scarano, F., Poelma, C., Westerweel, J., Hirschel, Ernst Heinrich, editor, Schröder, Wolfgang, editor, Fujii, Kozo, editor, Haase, Werner, editor, van Leer, Bram, editor, Leschziner, Michael A., editor, Pandolfi, Maurizio, editor, Periaux, Jacques, editor, Rizzi, Arthur, editor, Roux, Bernard, editor, Shokin, Yurii I., editor, Dillmann, Andreas, editor, Heller, Gerd, editor, Klaas, Michael, editor, Kreplin, Hans-Peter, editor, and Nitsche, Wolfgang, editor

Published
2010
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30. Clinical features and comorbidity pattern of HCV infected migrants compared to native patients in care in Italy: A real-life evaluation of the PITER cohort

Author

Quaranta, M, Ferrigno, L, Tata, X, D'Angelo, F, Massari, M, Coppola, C, Biliotti, E, Giorgini, A, Laccabue, D, Ciancio, A, Blanc, P, Margotti, M, Ieluzzi, D, Brunetto, M, Barbaro, F, Russo, F, Beretta, I, Morsica, G, Verucchi, G, Saracino, A, Galli, M, Kondili, L, Mazzaro, C, Bertola, M, Benedetti, A, Schiada, L, Cucco, M, Giacometti, A, Brescini, L, Castelletti, S, Fiorentini, A, Angarano, G, Milella, M, Leo, A, Rendina, M, Salvatore D'ABRAMO, F, Lillo, C, Iannone, A, Piazzolla, M, Badia, L, Piscaglia, F, Benevento, F, Serio, I, Castelli, F, Zaltron, S, Spinetti, A, Odolini, S, Bruno, R, Mondelli, M, Chessa, L, Loi, M, Torti, C, Costa, C, Mazzitelli, M, Pisani, V, Scaglione, V, Trecarichi, E, Zignego, A, Monti, M, Madia, F, Attala, L, Pierotti, P, Salomoni, E, Mariabelli, E, Santantonio, T, Bruno, S, Cela, E, Bassetti, M, Mazzarello, G, Alessandrini, A, Biagio, A, Nicolini, L, Raimondo, G, Filomia, R, Aghemo, A, Meli, R, Lazzarin, A, Salpietro, S, Fracanzani, A, Fatta, E, Lombardi, R, Lampertico, P, Borghi, M, D'Ambrosio, R, Degasperi, E, Puoti, M, Baiguera, C, D'Amico, F, Vinci, M, Rumi, M, Zuin, M, Zermiani, P, Andreone, P, Caraceni, P, Guarneri, V, Villa, E, Bernabucci, V, Bristot, L, Paradiso, M, Migliorino, G, Gambaro, A, Lapadula, G, Spolti, A, Soria, A, Invernizzi, P, Ciaccio, A, Luca, M, Malinverno, F, Ratti, L, Amoruso, D, Pisano, F, Scarano, F, Staiano, L, Morisco, F, Cossiga, V, Gentile, I, Buonomo, A, Foggia, M, Zappulo, E, Federico, A, Dallio, M, Coppola, N, Sagnelli, C, Martini, S, Monari, C, Nardone, G, Sgamato, C, Chemello, L, Cavalletto, L, Sterrantino, D, Zanetto, A, Zanaga, P, Brancaccio, G, Craxi, A, Petta, S, Calvaruso, V, Crapanzano, L, Madonia, S, Cannizzaro, M, Bruno, E, Licata, A, Amodeo, S, Capitano, A, Ferrari, C, Negri, E, Orlandini, A, Pesci, M, Gulminetti, R, Pagnucco, L, Parruti, G, Stefano, P, Coco, B, Corsini, R, Garlassi, E, Andreoni, M, Teti, E, Cerva, C, Baiocchi, L, Grassi, G, Gasbarrini, A, Pompili, M, Siena, M, Taliani, G, Spaziante, M, Persico, M, Masarone, M, Aglitti, A, Calvanese, G, Anselmo, M, Leo, P, Marturano, M, Saracco, G, Quaranta M. G., Ferrigno L., Tata X., D'Angelo F., Massari M., Coppola C., Biliotti E., Giorgini A., Laccabue D., Ciancio A., Blanc P. L., Margotti M., Ieluzzi D., Brunetto M. R., Barbaro F., Russo F. P., Beretta I., Morsica G., Verucchi G., Saracino A., Galli M., Kondili L. A., Mazzaro C., Bertola M., Benedetti A., Schiada L., Cucco M., Giacometti A., Brescini L., Castelletti S., Fiorentini A., Angarano G., Milella M., Leo A. D., Rendina M., Salvatore D'ABRAMO F., Lillo C., Iannone A., Piazzolla M., Badia L., Piscaglia F., Benevento F., Serio I., Castelli F., Zaltron S., Spinetti A., Odolini S., Bruno R., Mondelli M., Chessa L., Loi M., Torti C., Costa C., Mazzitelli M., Pisani V., Scaglione V., Trecarichi E. M., Zignego A. L., Monti M., Madia F., Attala L., Pierotti P., Salomoni E., Mariabelli E., Santantonio T. A., Bruno S. R., Cela E. M., Bassetti M., Mazzarello G., Alessandrini A. I., Biagio A. D., Nicolini L. A., Raimondo G., Filomia R., Aghemo A., Meli R., Lazzarin A., Salpietro S., Fracanzani A. L., Fatta E., Lombardi R., Lampertico P., Borghi M., D'ambrosio R., Degasperi E., Puoti M., Baiguera C., D'AMICO F., Vinci M., Rumi M. G., Zuin M., Zermiani P., Andreone P., Caraceni P., Guarneri V., Villa E., Bernabucci V., Bristot L., Paradiso M. L., Migliorino G., Gambaro A., Lapadula G., Spolti A., Soria A., Invernizzi P., Ciaccio A., LucA M., Malinverno F., Ratti L., Amoruso D. C., Pisano F., Scarano F., Staiano L., Morisco F., Cossiga V., Gentile I., Buonomo A. R., Foggia M., Zappulo E., Federico A., Dallio M., Coppola N., Sagnelli C., Martini S., Monari C., Nardone G., Sgamato C., Chemello L., Cavalletto L., Sterrantino D., Zanetto A., Zanaga P., Brancaccio G., Craxi A., Petta S., Calvaruso V., Crapanzano L., Madonia S., Cannizzaro M., Bruno E. M., Licata A., Amodeo S., Capitano A. R., Ferrari C., Negri E., Orlandini A., Pesci M., Gulminetti R., Pagnucco L., Parruti G., Stefano P. D., Coco B., Corsini R., Garlassi E., Andreoni M., Teti E., Cerva C., Baiocchi L., Grassi G., Gasbarrini A., Pompili M., Siena M. D., Taliani G., Spaziante M., Persico M., Masarone M., Aglitti A., Calvanese G., Anselmo M., Leo P. D., Marturano M., Saracco G. M., Quaranta, M, Ferrigno, L, Tata, X, D'Angelo, F, Massari, M, Coppola, C, Biliotti, E, Giorgini, A, Laccabue, D, Ciancio, A, Blanc, P, Margotti, M, Ieluzzi, D, Brunetto, M, Barbaro, F, Russo, F, Beretta, I, Morsica, G, Verucchi, G, Saracino, A, Galli, M, Kondili, L, Mazzaro, C, Bertola, M, Benedetti, A, Schiada, L, Cucco, M, Giacometti, A, Brescini, L, Castelletti, S, Fiorentini, A, Angarano, G, Milella, M, Leo, A, Rendina, M, Salvatore D'ABRAMO, F, Lillo, C, Iannone, A, Piazzolla, M, Badia, L, Piscaglia, F, Benevento, F, Serio, I, Castelli, F, Zaltron, S, Spinetti, A, Odolini, S, Bruno, R, Mondelli, M, Chessa, L, Loi, M, Torti, C, Costa, C, Mazzitelli, M, Pisani, V, Scaglione, V, Trecarichi, E, Zignego, A, Monti, M, Madia, F, Attala, L, Pierotti, P, Salomoni, E, Mariabelli, E, Santantonio, T, Bruno, S, Cela, E, Bassetti, M, Mazzarello, G, Alessandrini, A, Biagio, A, Nicolini, L, Raimondo, G, Filomia, R, Aghemo, A, Meli, R, Lazzarin, A, Salpietro, S, Fracanzani, A, Fatta, E, Lombardi, R, Lampertico, P, Borghi, M, D'Ambrosio, R, Degasperi, E, Puoti, M, Baiguera, C, D'Amico, F, Vinci, M, Rumi, M, Zuin, M, Zermiani, P, Andreone, P, Caraceni, P, Guarneri, V, Villa, E, Bernabucci, V, Bristot, L, Paradiso, M, Migliorino, G, Gambaro, A, Lapadula, G, Spolti, A, Soria, A, Invernizzi, P, Ciaccio, A, Luca, M, Malinverno, F, Ratti, L, Amoruso, D, Pisano, F, Scarano, F, Staiano, L, Morisco, F, Cossiga, V, Gentile, I, Buonomo, A, Foggia, M, Zappulo, E, Federico, A, Dallio, M, Coppola, N, Sagnelli, C, Martini, S, Monari, C, Nardone, G, Sgamato, C, Chemello, L, Cavalletto, L, Sterrantino, D, Zanetto, A, Zanaga, P, Brancaccio, G, Craxi, A, Petta, S, Calvaruso, V, Crapanzano, L, Madonia, S, Cannizzaro, M, Bruno, E, Licata, A, Amodeo, S, Capitano, A, Ferrari, C, Negri, E, Orlandini, A, Pesci, M, Gulminetti, R, Pagnucco, L, Parruti, G, Stefano, P, Coco, B, Corsini, R, Garlassi, E, Andreoni, M, Teti, E, Cerva, C, Baiocchi, L, Grassi, G, Gasbarrini, A, Pompili, M, Siena, M, Taliani, G, Spaziante, M, Persico, M, Masarone, M, Aglitti, A, Calvanese, G, Anselmo, M, Leo, P, Marturano, M, Saracco, G, Quaranta M. G., Ferrigno L., Tata X., D'Angelo F., Massari M., Coppola C., Biliotti E., Giorgini A., Laccabue D., Ciancio A., Blanc P. L., Margotti M., Ieluzzi D., Brunetto M. R., Barbaro F., Russo F. P., Beretta I., Morsica G., Verucchi G., Saracino A., Galli M., Kondili L. A., Mazzaro C., Bertola M., Benedetti A., Schiada L., Cucco M., Giacometti A., Brescini L., Castelletti S., Fiorentini A., Angarano G., Milella M., Leo A. D., Rendina M., Salvatore D'ABRAMO F., Lillo C., Iannone A., Piazzolla M., Badia L., Piscaglia F., Benevento F., Serio I., Castelli F., Zaltron S., Spinetti A., Odolini S., Bruno R., Mondelli M., Chessa L., Loi M., Torti C., Costa C., Mazzitelli M., Pisani V., Scaglione V., Trecarichi E. M., Zignego A. L., Monti M., Madia F., Attala L., Pierotti P., Salomoni E., Mariabelli E., Santantonio T. A., Bruno S. R., Cela E. M., Bassetti M., Mazzarello G., Alessandrini A. I., Biagio A. D., Nicolini L. A., Raimondo G., Filomia R., Aghemo A., Meli R., Lazzarin A., Salpietro S., Fracanzani A. L., Fatta E., Lombardi R., Lampertico P., Borghi M., D'ambrosio R., Degasperi E., Puoti M., Baiguera C., D'AMICO F., Vinci M., Rumi M. G., Zuin M., Zermiani P., Andreone P., Caraceni P., Guarneri V., Villa E., Bernabucci V., Bristot L., Paradiso M. L., Migliorino G., Gambaro A., Lapadula G., Spolti A., Soria A., Invernizzi P., Ciaccio A., LucA M., Malinverno F., Ratti L., Amoruso D. C., Pisano F., Scarano F., Staiano L., Morisco F., Cossiga V., Gentile I., Buonomo A. R., Foggia M., Zappulo E., Federico A., Dallio M., Coppola N., Sagnelli C., Martini S., Monari C., Nardone G., Sgamato C., Chemello L., Cavalletto L., Sterrantino D., Zanetto A., Zanaga P., Brancaccio G., Craxi A., Petta S., Calvaruso V., Crapanzano L., Madonia S., Cannizzaro M., Bruno E. M., Licata A., Amodeo S., Capitano A. R., Ferrari C., Negri E., Orlandini A., Pesci M., Gulminetti R., Pagnucco L., Parruti G., Stefano P. D., Coco B., Corsini R., Garlassi E., Andreoni M., Teti E., Cerva C., Baiocchi L., Grassi G., Gasbarrini A., Pompili M., Siena M. D., Taliani G., Spaziante M., Persico M., Masarone M., Aglitti A., Calvanese G., Anselmo M., Leo P. D., Marturano M., and Saracco G. M.

Abstract

Background: Direct-acting antivirals are highly effective for the treatment of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, regardless race/ethnicity. We aimed to evaluate demographic, virological and clinical data of HCV-infected migrants vs. natives consecutively enrolled in the PITER cohort. Methods: Migrants were defined by country of birth and nationality that was different from Italy. Mann-Whitney U test, Chi-squared test and multiple logistic regression were used. Results: Of 10,669 enrolled patients, 301 (2.8%) were migrants: median age 47 vs. 62 years, (p < 0.001), females 56.5% vs. 45.3%, (p < 0.001), HBsAg positivity 3.8% vs. 1.4%, (p < 0.05). Genotype 1b was prevalent in both groups, whereas genotype 4 was more prevalent in migrants (p < 0.05). Liver disease severity and sustained virologic response (SVR) were similar. A higher prevalence of comorbidities was reported for natives compared to migrants (p < 0.05). Liver disease progression cofactors (HBsAg, HIV coinfection, alcohol abuse, potential metabolic syndrome) were present in 39.1% and 47.1% (p > 0.05) of migrants and natives who eradicated HCV, respectively. Conclusion: Compared to natives, HCV-infected migrants in care have different demographics, HCV genotypes, viral coinfections and comorbidities and similar disease severity, SVR and cofactors for disease progression after HCV eradication. A periodic clinical assessment after HCV eradication in Italians and migrants with cofactors for disease progression is warranted.

Published
2021

38. Tocilizumab for patients with COVID-19 pneumonia. The single-arm TOCIVID-19 prospective trial

Author

Perrone, F, Piccirillo, M, Ascierto, P, Salvarani, C, Parrella, R, Marata, A, Popoli, P, Ferraris, L, Marrocco-trischitta, M, Ripamonti, D, Binda, F, Bonfanti, P, Squillace, N, Castelli, F, Muiesan, M, Lichtner, M, Calzetti, C, Salerno, N, Atripaldi, L, Cascella, M, Costantini, M, Dolci, G, Facciolongo, N, Fraganza, F, Massari, M, Montesarchio, V, Mussini, C, Negri, E, Botti, G, Cardone, C, Gargiulo, P, Gravina, A, Schettino, C, Arenare, L, Chiodini, P, Gallo, C, Vitale, M, Trojaniello, C, Palla, M, Bianchi, A, De Feo, G, Miscio, L, Froldi, M, Menicanti, L, Cuppone, M, Gobbo, G, Baldessari, C, Valenti, V, Castelvecchio, S, Poli, F, Giacomazzi, F, Piccinni, R, Annnunziata, M, Biondi, A, Bussolari, C, Mazzoleni, M, Giachi, A, Filtz, A, Manini, A, Poletti, E, Masserini, F, Conforti, F, Gaudiano, G, Favero, V, Moroni, A, Viva, T, Fancoli, F, Ferrari, D, Niro, D, Resta, M, Ballotta, A, Poli, M, Ranucci, M, Tebaldi, A, Gritti, G, Pasulo, L, Gaglio, L, Del Fabbro, R, Alborghetti, L, Giustinetti, G, Columpsi, P, Cazzaniga, M, Capici, S, Sala, L, Di Sciacca, R, Mosca, G, Pirozzi, M, Franceschini, F, Roccaro, A, Salvetti, M, Paini, A, Corda, L, Ricci, C, Tomasoni, L, Nasta, P, Lorenzotti, S, Odolini, S, Foca, E, Roldan, E, Metra, M, Magrini, S, Borghetti, P, Latronico, N, Piva, S, Filippini, M, Tomasoni, G, Zuccala, F, Cattaneo, S, Scolari, F, Bossini, N, Gaggiotti, M, Properzi, M, Del Giudice, E, Marocco, R, Carraro, A, Del Borgo, C, Belvisi, V, Tieghi, T, De Masi, M, Zuccala, P, Fabietti, P, Vetica, A, Mercurio, V, Fondaco, L, Kertusha, B, Curtolo, A, Lubrano, R, Zotti, M, Puorto, A, Ciuffreda, M, Sarni, A, Monteforte, G, Romeo, D, Viola, E, Damiani, C, Barone, A, Mantovani, B, Di Sanzo, D, Gentili, V, Carletti, M, Aiuti, M, Gallo, A, Meliante, P, Martellucci, S, Riggio, O, Cardinale, V, Ridola, L, Bragazzi, M, Gioia, S, Valenzi, E, Graziosi, C, Bina, N, Fasolo, M, Ricci, S, Gioacchini, M, Lucci, A, Corso, L, Tornese, D, Nijhawan, P, Equitani, F, Cosentino, C, Palladino, M, Leonetti, F, Leto, G, Gnessi, C, Campagna, G, Cesareo, R, Marrocco, F, Straface, G, Mecozzi, A, Cerbo, L, Isgro, V, Parrocchia, S, Visconti, G, Casati, G, Ariani, A, Donghi, L, Tacconelli, E, Bertoldi, M, Cattaneo, P, Lambertenghi, L, Motta, L, Omega, L, Albano, G, Scarano, F, De Rosa, A, Buglione, A, Lavoretano, S, Gaglione, G, De Marco, M, Sangiovanni, V, Fusco, F, Viglietti, R, Manzillo, E, Rescigno, C, Pisapia, R, Plamieri, G, Maraolo, A, Calabria, G, Catalano, M, Fiorentino, G, Annunziata, A, Polistina, G, Imitazione, P, Mollica, M, Esposito, V, D'Abraccio, M, Punzi, R, Bianco, V, Sbreglia, C, Del Vecchio, R, Bordonali, A, Franco, A, Salsi, P, Fontana, M, Virzi, G, Ornella, C, Molteni, A, Gennarini, S, Gnudi, U, Ricci, M, Titolo, G, Mensi, G, Vuotto, P, Gasperini, B, Mancini, M, Pasquini, Z, Spanu, P, Clementi, S, Pierini, S, Bokor, D, Gori, D, Ciofetti, M, Caimi, M, Bettazzi, L, Allevi, E, Furiani, S, Capitanio, C, Mastropasqua, B, Fara, C, Pulitano, G, Matsuno, J, Porta, F, Dolfini, V, Beyene, N, Bezzi, M, Novali, M, Viale, P, Tedeschi, S, Pascale, R, Bruno, R, Di Filippo, A, Sachs, M, Oggionni, T, Di Stefano, M, Mengoli, C, Facchini, C, Daniele, D, Frausini, G, Mucci, L, Tedesco, S, Girolimetti, R, Manfredini, E, Di Carlo, A, Espinosa, E, Dennetta, D, Ticinesi, A, Meschi, T, Nouvenne, A, Claudio, N, Vitale, F, Saracco, M, Codeluppi, M, Fronti, E, Ferrante, P, Nespola, G, Francisci, D, Tosti, A, Carbonelli, C, Greco, A, Tinti, M, Stellini, R, Appiani, C, Reghenzi, P, Poletti, V, Ravaglia, C, Tacconi, D, Malcontenti, C, Sainaghi, P, Landi, R, Vassia, V, Rizzi, E, Bellan, M, Rossati, A, Castello, L, Mastroianni, C, Russo, G, Fabio, T, Serino, F, Brollo, L, Momesso, E, Turati, M, Monforte, A, Marchetti, G, Boni, F, Teopompi, E, Trenti, C, Boracchia, L, Minelli, E, Ghidoni, G, Matei, A, Caruso, A, Arcoleo, G, Camarda, G, Catalano, F, Spatafora, M, Bettega, D, Andreoni, M, Teti, E, Sarmati, L, Di Lorenzo, A, Celeste, M, Baratto, F, Monticelli, J, Criveller, P, Andrea, A, Anselmo, R, Castellano, M, Cappelli, C, Corvini, F, Zanini, B, Crippa, M, Ronconi, M, Costa, R, Casella, S, Brentana, L, Bernardi, L, Frascati, A, Panese, S, Presotto, F, Michieletto, L, Bernardi, C, Fusar, M, Agnoletti, V, Farina, M, Russo, Lavorini, F, Ginanni, R, Palmieri, F, Mosti, S, Amaglio, A, Cattaneo, A, Cirri, S, Montisci, A, Gallazzi, C, Cosseta, D, Baronio, B, Rampa, L, Maggi, P, Messina, V, Berlendis, M, Sabatti, M, Palumbo, M, Mazzone, A, Faggioli, P, Bussini, L, Fornaro, G, Volpato, F, Imperiale, D, Manno, E, Ferreri, E, Martelli, D, Verhovez, A, Giorgis, S, Faccio, L, Quadri, R, Negro, C, Converso, M, Bosco, F, Amadasi, S, Prandini, P, Cocchi, S, Manfrin, V, Del Punta, V, Mazzola, G, Sportato, G, Romagnoli, M, Cristini, F, Facondini, F, Perin, T, Boschi, A, Meschiari, M, Guaraldi, G, Modica, S, Moneta, S, Boccalatte, D, Marchetti, V, Ebbreo, G, Dale, M, Tura, P, Rizzoni, D, Boari, G, Bonetti, S, Marini, E, Daniele, I, Grossi, P, Delfrate, N, Bernhart, O, Spizzo, G, Mahlknecht, K, Volkl, T, Di Pietro, M, Trezzi, M, Monacci, C, Peris, A, Bonizzoli, M, Cavanna, L, Moroni, C, Stroppa, E, Savio, M, Gatti, F, Bartolaminelli, C, Petrosillo, N, Donno, D, Taglietti, F, Topino, S, Chinello, P, Galati, V, D'Offizi, G, Taibi, C, Cimolato, B, Moroni, F, Palagano, N, Pelagatti, L, Cristiana, S, Landini, G, Amitrano, M, Raimondo, M, Mangiacapra, S, Romano, A, Atteno, M, Blanc, P, Suardi, L, Pallotto, C, Casinelli, K, Uccella, I, Harari, S, Caminati, A, Lipani, F, Di Perri, G, Calcagno, A, Calleri, G, Montrucchio, C, Caputo, A, Cozzio, S, Donne, L, Bassetti, M, Malgorzata, M, Nicolini, L, Russo, C, Sepulcri, C, Beltramini, S, Mina, F, Puoti, M, Gandino, A, Langer, T, D'Amico, F, Rocchetti, C, Cettolo, F, Gabriele, F, Bocchi, P, Cioni, G, Cappi, C, Corcione, S, De Rosa, F, Scabini, S, Canta, F, Pinna, S, Pensa, A, Rocco, M, Cirasa, M, Spinicci, M, Mencarini, J, Zammarchi, L, Giovanni, C, Sciole, K, Bassi, F, Bianchi, M, Frigerio, S, Spaziani, S, Nucera, A, Rizzardini, G, Cossu, M, Antivalle, M, Carpinteri, G, Macheda, S, Labate, D, Bottiroli, M, Erne, E, Cristina, Z, Di Biase, V, Malberti, F, Montani, G, Poisa, P, Bettini, D, Cauda, R, Ciccullo, A, Riccardi, N, Angheben, A, Turrini, M, Clerici, R, Gardellini, A, Liparulo, L, Rossini, T, Ucciferri, C, Cipollone, F, Vecchiet, J, Nico, A, Marra, L, Leone, A, Sdanganelli, A, Palmiotti, G, D'Alagni, G, Santantonio, T, Caputo, S, Bottalico, I, Ponticiello, A, Di Perna, F, Bernardi, E, Beltrame, A, Bravi, S, David, M, Bernardi, P, Galante, D, Uccelli, M, Prestini, K, Drera, M, Zini, E, Peregrinelli, A, Blanzuoli, L, Benedetti, V, Calvi, R, Scaglione, N, Nallino, G, Bonazzi, M, Crespi, T, Masolin, T, Regazzetti, A, Cerri, M, Maffezzini, E, Piazza, M, Papetti, C, Filippi, C, Roveda, E, Cipolla, G, Scozzafava, M, Crepaldi, M, Henchi, S, Vanoni, N, Repossi, A, Vezzoli, M, Scorletti, E, Perugini, O, Pasini, S, Pacetti, V, Ferrari, L, de Paduanis, G, Del Duca, S, Dell'Ara, F, 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M., Bindoli S., Felicietti M., Canetta C., Scartabellati A., Accordino S., Ferrara M., Cocco L., Cirillo F., Pace E., De Caro M., Alberico M., Benigni G., Damiano T., Fusco P., Iuorio A., Torretta G., Racagni M., Muttini S., Sala G., Ghiringhelli P., Chiumiento F., Baccari L., Luca B., Bocchi F., Benatti F., Catellani J., Coppola M., Papi A., Bosco E., Lazzeri C., Cesira N., Puttini C., Carli T., Croci L., Corridi M., Arlotti M., Guerrini G., Cola L., Romanelli M., Bonifazi M., Gasparini S., Mei F., Cerutti E., Lacedonia D., Santoro A., Guidelli G. M., Greco S., Castellan A., Infantino G., Camici L., Frigieri F. C., Pavoni V., Migliori L., Rossetti B., Montagnini F., Mauro I., Genovese E., Capuozzo A., Vitiello L., Sirignano E., Gnesin P., Servillo G., Marinelli A., Pasero D., Casadio L., Babudieri S., Madeddu G., De Vito A., Ranghitta M., Passalacqua R., Antonio F., Gentile I., Buonomo A. R., Scotto R., Zappulo E., Dell'aquila G., Bianchetti A., Guerini F., Vallone A., Oppedisano P., Pusterla L., Giglio O., Sartori E., Zanardini C., Gatti P., Vincenzo V., Piconi S., Molteni C., Dognini G., Cosimo F., Guarneri L., Pulvirenti F., Mondino V., Traballi G., Iemoli E., Grisolia A., Giorgi R., Nucera G., Raffaelli V., Marino P., Negro E., Serati L., Silvia T., Iacobello C., Strano G., Boglione L., Catania A., Gipponi P., Di Cato L., Panaccione A., Vitale G., Crippa I. A., Giacomini M., Basile A., Andrea B., Tundo P., Buzzigoli S., Palmiero G., Magnaca A., Silva M., Ricci M., Crespi S., Pasquino B., Consales G., Bragantini D., Mastroianni F., Righetti G., Scarafino A., Bitetto M., Franzetti F., Piga S., Delmonte V., Carbonara S., Losappio R., Dejaco C., Mastroianni C., Del Bono V., Gilioli F., Barzan D., De Struppi S., Carlotto A., Guadagnin M. L., Girardis M., Bertellini E., Dentali F., Foresta G., Baratta A., Viviani R., Agrati A. M., Perego G. B., Montineri A., Manuele R., Bonfante S., Aquilini D., Prozzo A., Santopuoli D., Di Rosa Z., Alborghetti A., Peci P., Bakhtadze N., Pandini C. S., Ashofarir N., Casella G., Spagnolli W., Urru S., Marchesoni I., Caminiti G., Argilloni E., Danieli E., Ghirardi G., Antonioli C. M., Lipari A., Zavarise P., Kokaly F., Polati E., Gottin L., Lucernoni P., De Conti F., Marcon E., Pontali E., Vacca E. B., Saffioti C., Zunino A., Pognuz E. R., Berlot G., Saltori M., Tedesco A., Agostini C., Di Rosolini M. A., Marino F., Bellinzona G., Grassi W., Di Carlo M., Scimonello G., Nonini S., Mondino M., Mantovani L. F., Tenti E., Tropea C. M. G., Di Stefano D. E., Guelfi P., Dagna L., Morgana G., Montemurro L., Girelli D., Crisafulli E., Maroccia A., Cemuschi A. M., Bernasconi M., Zummo U., Barbato V., Bevilacqua S., Buonfanti G., Canzanella G., De Matteis G., Florio M., Martino M., Ribecco M. T., Romano F., Savio A., Sparavigna L., Curvietto M., Citarella M., Nava V., Maggioni P., Magni M., Iommelli C., Bianco A., Corsini R., Valli L., Ruggieri M. P., Mancini A., Melica T., Ferrari A., Cicognini D., Delliponti M., Zuccarini A., Ciani S., Raffaeli D., Donati L., Cannizzo S., Lui S., Santini L., Roncaglia E., Mighali P., Eisendle F., Cerino G., Citterio C., Di Nunzio C., Lamonica S., Resimini S., Sarteschi G., Pavei C., Battistini N., Gazzola E., Miceli M., Pontiggia S., Lonati V., Giannandrea G., Sortino C., Ravani S., Uggeri C., Jocolle G., Bare C., Baroni I., De Candia D., Fiorini B., Chierico K., Romeo F., Bottega R., Boccasile L., Corsaro A., Spadoni C., Ria E., Chiari S., Ercolino G., Dell'uomo V., Viri S., Minato M., Gazzola L., Dorina B., Gianelli D., Maspero S., Farinazzo M., Zanini P., Sangiovanni A., Del Giudice A., Dragonetti M. M., Bordignon S., Machiavelli A. M., Chiodelli G., Spatarella M., Zenoni D., Beretta F. N., Santilli G., Badagliacca R., Angileri M., Giannelli L., Campomori A., Maimone P., Fadda A., Faoro S., Pisterna A., Cacopardo B., Marino A., Pampaloni A., Celesia B. M., Cinnella G., Labella D., Caporusso R. R., Danzi M., Fiscon M., Malena M., Fendt D., Nardi S., Stobbione P., Savi M. L., De Monte A., Scala A., Liberato N. L., Luchi S., Vincenti A., Cabrini L., Pinelli G., Brugioni L., Potenza D., Numis F. G., Porta G., D'amico M., Iengo B., Angarano G., Saracino A., Blasi L., De Negri P., Angelici S., Farina A., Martino G. P., Bitti G., Tedeschi A., De Ponti S., Agostinone A., Parruti G., Consorte A., Frattari A., Filippelli A., Pagliano P., Masullo A., Sellitto C., Reta M., Rossi N., Raumer L., Andreassi S., Brancaleoni P., Carai A., Salerno A. M., Marinangeli F., Mariani R., Ciccone A., Meschini C., Santoboni G., Angrisani C., Micarelli D., Tarquini G., Fregoni V., Volta C. A., Cherubini A., Del Prete M. S., Ciarrochi E., Tasca F., Ballarin A., Bianchin A., Flocco R., Cuzzone V., Carpinteri M., Gallotti P., Torre F., Zannetti P., Crapis M., Venturini S., Barattini M., Gori G., Mastroianni A., De Stefano G., Gilio M., Rapisarda G., Gulisano L., Granata M. L., Saglimbene S., Montalto M. T., Grasso I., De Luca S., Magro G., Messina F., Scapino B., Abrate P., Francisco C., Pesce L., Navarra M., Agosti M., Pagani S., Piluso M., Ricioppo A., Tognella S., Rovere P., Vincenzi M., Ghirardi L., Generali D., Ingrosso M., Desiderio E., Molaro R., Vitiello S., Lancione L., Paone T. C., Meli A., Mainardi S., Rastellino V., Ursillo A., Grigoli P. D., Bovetto E., Stefanetto I. M., Mazzola F., Daniele A., Bisio C., Delnero P., Morando G., Nava A., Francesco L., Fiammengo F., Regis M., Roccatello D., Sabato E., Liccardi M. M., Bretto C., Lutri L., Castenetto E., Roberti G., Guidi M. F., Bini F., Zappa M. C., Trequattrini T., Rivitti R., Vigliarolo R., Succu A., Lilli M., Serao M., Giogre G., Ruggieri A., Flores K., Vairo G., Satira R., Lingua A., Spina R., Nicastri E., Maffongelli G., Barreca F., Scollet S., Franchi F., Fabbri C., Minuz P., Dalbeni A., Zanatta P., Gelormini D., Mandelli A., Galderisi F., Zoia E., Marchi M. R., Neves N. D. A., Carbone G., Di Caterino E., Petrone A., Usai C. A., Bandiera F., Monti R., Hofer A., Castiglione G., Angeletti C., Tarsia P., Veronese L., Artoni P. D., Larussa D., Fumagalli R., Brioschi P., Cerutti A., Pasquino P., Gilberto F., Cantadori L., Tomasoni L. R., Coppola N., Spolveri S., Pollastri C., Fico L., Principi T., Pierantozzi S., Fontana C. C., Lubrano G., Martinelli L., Navalesi P., Serra E., Cogi E., Manzi A., Furino E., Dasseni N., Gentilini C., Benatti E., Pignatti A., Aiello G., Milia M., Covesnon M. G., Brianti A., Francesco C., Ilaria B., Pagnozzi F., Mietta S., Rossi A., Maroni L., Borroni V., Bellintani C., Sgarabotto C., Bizzotto G., Bucci L., Spagnuolo G., Agostini M., Caria F. C., Testa F., De Palma R., Murdaca G., Zanolini G., Sala N., Righini E., Pontremoli R., Aondio G., Riccardi F., De Cristoforo M. G., De Michele F., Storti A., Perra R., Deidda S., Enrica C., Valastro F., Pierfranceschi M. G., De Gennaro F., Nardecchia A. L., Castellini M., Buetto G., Ippoliti G., Sicheri D., Bottoli M. G., De Arroyabe B. M. L., Versaci A., Pallotti G., Civita M., Grio M., Liuzzi N., Molino P., Pastorelli M., Ricchiardi A., Varbella F., Zeme A. D., Sighieri C., Portale G., Olivetti A., Pagnoni C., Moschini G., Boni S., Guerra A., Scudellari R., Vella S., Inchiostro S., Piazza O., Guarino S., Aldegheri G., Napoli G., Morettini A., Caldini E., Menicacci L., Pieralli F., Torrini M., Poggesi L., Visetti E. M., Mangano C., Visconti S., Maietta P., Banfi E., Cartella S., Venturi B., Nuceri A., Chiesa E., Pacentra E., Panzolato G., Giannotti M., Bianchi C., Pietrangelo A., Para O., Rutili M. S., Russo R., Lanfranco M., Scalabrino E., Tafuri A., Chiarello T., Perfetti E., Cancanelli L., Otero M., Pannella G., Bellucci F., Ferrero G., Vico C., Stillante M. S., D'andrea G., Amoroso F., Arcidiacono A., Bella A. M., Belsito A., Berte Y., Carubia G., Caruso M. G., Casella O., Chiereleson F., Costa C., De Franco D., Germana G., Messina A., Musumeci D., Noto C., Valenti M., Sorrentino C., Panico R., Schettino G., Piccoli J., Pepe A., De Rosa F., Ottaviano M., Marrazzo G., Raponi G., Diberardino S., Bausi S., Marini S. 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D., Ranucci M., Tebaldi A., Gritti G., Pasulo L., Gaglio L., Del Fabbro R., Alborghetti L., Giustinetti G., Columpsi P., Cazzaniga M., Capici S., Sala L., Di Sciacca R., Mosca G., Pirozzi M. R., Franceschini F., Roccaro A., Salvetti M., Paini A., Corda L., Ricci C., Tomasoni L., Nasta P., Lorenzotti S., Odolini S., Foca E., Roldan E. Q., Metra M., Magrini S., Borghetti P., Latronico N., Piva S., Filippini M., Tomasoni G., Zuccala F., Cattaneo S., Scolari F., Bossini N., Gaggiotti M., Properzi M., Del Giudice E., Marocco R., Carraro A., Del Borgo C., Belvisi V., Tieghi T., De Masi M., Zuccala P., Fabietti P., Vetica A., Mercurio V. S., Fondaco L., Kertusha B., Curtolo A., Lubrano R., Zotti M. G., Puorto A., Ciuffreda M., Sarni A., Monteforte G., Romeo D., Viola E., Damiani C., Barone A., Mantovani B., Di Sanzo D., Gentili V., Carletti M., Aiuti M., Gallo A., Meliante P. G., Martellucci S., Riggio O., Cardinale V., Ridola L., Bragazzi M. C., Gioia S., Valenzi E., Graziosi C., Bina N., Fasolo M., Ricci S., Gioacchini M. T., Lucci A., Corso L., Tornese D., Nijhawan P., Equitani F., Cosentino C., Palladino M., Leonetti F., Leto G., Gnessi C., Campagna G., Cesareo R., Marrocco F., Straface G., Mecozzi A., Cerbo L., Isgro V., Parrocchia S., Visconti G., Casati G., Ariani A., Donghi L., Tacconelli E., Bertoldi M., Cattaneo P., Lambertenghi L., Motta L., Omega L., Albano G., Scarano F., De Rosa A., Buglione A., Lavoretano S., Gaglione G., De Marco M., Sangiovanni V., Fusco F. M., Viglietti R., Manzillo E., Rescigno C., Pisapia R., Plamieri G., Maraolo A., Calabria G., Catalano M., Fiorentino G., Annunziata A., Polistina G., Imitazione P., Mollica M., Esposito V., D'abraccio M., Punzi R., Bianco V., Sbreglia C., Del Vecchio R. F., Bordonali A., Franco A., Salsi P., Fontana M., Virzi G., Ornella C., Molteni A., Gennarini S., Gnudi U., Ricci M. A., Titolo G., Mensi G., Vuotto P., Gasperini B., Mancini M., Pasquini Z., Spanu P., Clementi S., Pierini S., Bokor D., Gori D., Ciofetti M., Caimi M., Bettazzi L., Allevi E., Furiani S., Capitanio C., Mastropasqua B., Fara C., Pulitano G., Matsuno J. S., Porta F. D., Dolfini V., Beyene N. B., Bezzi M., Novali M., Viale P., Tedeschi S., Pascale R., Bruno R., Di Filippo A., Sachs M., Oggionni T., Di Stefano M., Mengoli C., Facchini C., Daniele D. N., Frausini G., Mucci L., Tedesco S., Girolimetti R., Manfredini E., Di Carlo A. M., Espinosa E., Dennetta D., Ticinesi A., Meschi T., Nouvenne A., Claudio N., Vitale F., Saracco M., Codeluppi M., Fronti E., Ferrante P., Nespola G. A., Francisci D., Tosti A., Carbonelli C. M., Greco A., Tinti M. G., Stellini R., Appiani C., Reghenzi P., Poletti V., Ravaglia C., Tacconi D., Malcontenti C., Sainaghi P. P., Landi R., Vassia V., Rizzi E., Bellan M., Rossati A., Castello L., Mastroianni C. M., Russo G., Fabio T., Serino F. S., Brollo L., Momesso E., Turati M. L., Monforte A. D., Marchetti G., Boni F., Teopompi E., Trenti C., Boracchia L., Minelli E., Ghidoni G., Matei A., Caruso A., Arcoleo G., Camarda G., Catalano F., Spatafora M., Bettega D., Andreoni M., Teti E., Sarmati L., Di Lorenzo A., Celeste M., Baratto F., Monticelli J., Criveller P., Andrea A., Anselmo Riccio, Castellano M., Cappelli C., Corvini F., Zanini B., Crippa M., Ronconi M., Costa R., Casella S., Brentana L., Bernardi L., Frascati A., Panese S., Presotto F., Michieletto L., Bernardi C., Fusar M., Agnoletti V., Farina M., Lavorini F., Ginanni R., Palmieri F., Mosti S., Amaglio A., Cattaneo A., Cirri S., Montisci A., Gallazzi C., Cosseta D., Baronio B., Rampa L., Maggi P., Messina V., Berlendis M., Sabatti M. C., Palumbo M., Mazzone A., Faggioli P., Bussini L., Fornaro G., Volpato F., Imperiale D., Manno E., Ferreri E., Martelli D., Verhovez A., Giorgis S., Faccio L., Quadri R. D., Negro C., Converso M., Bosco F., Amadasi S., Prandini P., Cocchi S., Manfrin V., Del Punta V., Mazzola G., Sportato G., Romagnoli M., Cristini F., Facondini F., Perin T., Boschi A., Meschiari M., Guaraldi G., Modica S., Moneta S., Boccalatte D., Marchetti V., Ebbreo G., Dale M., Tura P., Rizzoni D., Boari G. E. M., Bonetti S., Marini E., Daniele I., Grossi P. A., Delfrate N. W., Bernhart O., Spizzo G., Mahlknecht K., Volkl T., Di Pietro M. A., Trezzi M., Monacci C., Peris A., Bonizzoli M., Cavanna L., Moroni C., Stroppa E. M., Savio M. C., Gatti F., Bartolaminelli C., Petrosillo N., Donno D. R., Taglietti F., Topino S., Chinello P., Galati V., D'offizi G., Taibi C., Cimolato B., Moroni F., Palagano N., Pelagatti L., Cristiana S., Landini G., Amitrano M., Raimondo M., Mangiacapra S., Romano A., Atteno M., Blanc P., Suardi L. R., Pallotto C., Casinelli K., Uccella I., Harari S., Caminati A., Lipani F., Di Perri G., Calcagno A., Calleri G., Montrucchio C., Caputo A. 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R., Scotto R., Zappulo E., Dell'aquila G., Bianchetti A., Guerini F., Vallone A., Oppedisano P., Pusterla L., Giglio O., Sartori E., Zanardini C., Gatti P., Vincenzo V., Piconi S., Molteni C., Dognini G., Cosimo F., Guarneri L., Pulvirenti F., Mondino V., Traballi G., Iemoli E., Grisolia A., Giorgi R., Nucera G., Raffaelli V., Marino P., Negro E., Serati L., Silvia T., Iacobello C., Strano G., Boglione L., Catania A., Gipponi P., Di Cato L., Panaccione A., Vitale G., Crippa I. A., Giacomini M., Basile A., Andrea B., Tundo P., Buzzigoli S., Palmiero G., Magnaca A., Silva M., Ricci M., Crespi S., Pasquino B., Consales G., Bragantini D., Mastroianni F., Righetti G., Scarafino A., Bitetto M., Franzetti F., Piga S., Delmonte V., Carbonara S., Losappio R., Dejaco C., Mastroianni C., Del Bono V., Gilioli F., Barzan D., De Struppi S., Carlotto A., Guadagnin M. L., Girardis M., Bertellini E., Dentali F., Foresta G., Baratta A., Viviani R., Agrati A. M., Perego G. 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T., Romano F., Savio A., Sparavigna L., Curvietto M., Citarella M., Nava V., Maggioni P., Magni M., Iommelli C., Bianco A., Corsini R., Valli L., Ruggieri M. P., Mancini A., Melica T., Ferrari A., Cicognini D., Delliponti M., Zuccarini A., Ciani S., Raffaeli D., Donati L., Cannizzo S., Lui S., Santini L., Roncaglia E., Mighali P., Eisendle F., Cerino G., Citterio C., Di Nunzio C., Lamonica S., Resimini S., Sarteschi G., Pavei C., Battistini N., Gazzola E., Miceli M., Pontiggia S., Lonati V., Giannandrea G., Sortino C., Ravani S., Uggeri C., Jocolle G., Bare C., Baroni I., De Candia D., Fiorini B., Chierico K., Romeo F., Bottega R., Boccasile L., Corsaro A., Spadoni C., Ria E., Chiari S., Ercolino G., Dell'uomo V., Viri S., Minato M., Gazzola L., Dorina B., Gianelli D., Maspero S., Farinazzo M., Zanini P., Sangiovanni A., Del Giudice A., Dragonetti M. M., Bordignon S., Machiavelli A. M., Chiodelli G., Spatarella M., Zenoni D., Beretta F. N., Santilli G., Badagliacca R., Angileri M., Giannelli L., Campomori A., Maimone P., Fadda A., Faoro S., Pisterna A., Cacopardo B., Marino A., Pampaloni A., Celesia B. M., Cinnella G., Labella D., Caporusso R. R., Danzi M., Fiscon M., Malena M., Fendt D., Nardi S., Stobbione P., Savi M. L., De Monte A., Scala A., Liberato N. L., Luchi S., Vincenti A., Cabrini L., Pinelli G., Brugioni L., Potenza D., Numis F. G., Porta G., D'amico M., Iengo B., Angarano G., Saracino A., Blasi L., De Negri P., Angelici S., Farina A., Martino G. P., Bitti G., Tedeschi A., De Ponti S., Agostinone A., Parruti G., Consorte A., Frattari A., Filippelli A., Pagliano P., Masullo A., Sellitto C., Reta M., Rossi N., Raumer L., Andreassi S., Brancaleoni P., Carai A., Salerno A. M., Marinangeli F., Mariani R., Ciccone A., Meschini C., Santoboni G., Angrisani C., Micarelli D., Tarquini G., Fregoni V., Volta C. A., Cherubini A., Del Prete M. S., Ciarrochi E., Tasca F., Ballarin A., Bianchin A., Flocco R., Cuzzone V., Carpinteri M., Gallotti P., Torre F., Zannetti P., Crapis M., Venturini S., Barattini M., Gori G., Mastroianni A., De Stefano G., Gilio M., Rapisarda G., Gulisano L., Granata M. L., Saglimbene S., Montalto M. T., Grasso I., De Luca S., Magro G., Messina F., Scapino B., Abrate P., Francisco C., Pesce L., Navarra M., Agosti M., Pagani S., Piluso M., Ricioppo A., Tognella S., Rovere P., Vincenzi M., Ghirardi L., Generali D., Ingrosso M., Desiderio E., Molaro R., Vitiello S., Lancione L., Paone T. C., Meli A., Mainardi S., Rastellino V., Ursillo A., Grigoli P. D., Bovetto E., Stefanetto I. M., Mazzola F., Daniele A., Bisio C., Delnero P., Morando G., Nava A., Francesco L., Fiammengo F., Regis M., Roccatello D., Sabato E., Liccardi M. M., Bretto C., Lutri L., Castenetto E., Roberti G., Guidi M. F., Bini F., Zappa M. C., Trequattrini T., Rivitti R., Vigliarolo R., Succu A., Lilli M., Serao M., Giogre G., Ruggieri A., Flores K., Vairo G., Satira R., Lingua A., Spina R., Nicastri E., Maffongelli G., Barreca F., Scollet S., Franchi F., Fabbri C., Minuz P., Dalbeni A., Zanatta P., Gelormini D., Mandelli A., Galderisi F., Zoia E., Marchi M. R., Neves N. D. A., Carbone G., Di Caterino E., Petrone A., Usai C. A., Bandiera F., Monti R., Hofer A., Castiglione G., Angeletti C., Tarsia P., Veronese L., Artoni P. D., Larussa D., Fumagalli R., Brioschi P., Cerutti A., Pasquino P., Gilberto F., Cantadori L., Tomasoni L. R., Coppola N., Spolveri S., Pollastri C., Fico L., Principi T., Pierantozzi S., Fontana C. C., Lubrano G., Martinelli L., Navalesi P., Serra E., Cogi E., Manzi A., Furino E., Dasseni N., Gentilini C., Benatti E., Pignatti A., Aiello G., Milia M., Covesnon M. G., Brianti A., Francesco C., Ilaria B., Pagnozzi F., Mietta S., Rossi A., Maroni L., Borroni V., Bellintani C., Sgarabotto C., Bizzotto G., Bucci L., Spagnuolo G., Agostini M., Caria F. C., Testa F., De Palma R., Murdaca G., Zanolini G., Sala N., Righini E., Pontremoli R., Aondio G., Riccardi F., De Cristoforo M. G., De Michele F., Storti A., Perra R., Deidda S., Enrica C., Valastro F., Pierfranceschi M. G., De Gennaro F., Nardecchia A. L., Castellini M., Buetto G., Ippoliti G., Sicheri D., Bottoli M. G., De Arroyabe B. M. L., Versaci A., Pallotti G., Civita M., Grio M., Liuzzi N., Molino P., Pastorelli M., Ricchiardi A., Varbella F., Zeme A. D., Sighieri C., Portale G., Olivetti A., Pagnoni C., Moschini G., Boni S., Guerra A., Scudellari R., Vella S., Inchiostro S., Piazza O., Guarino S., Aldegheri G., Napoli G., Morettini A., Caldini E., Menicacci L., Pieralli F., Torrini M., Poggesi L., Visetti E. M., Mangano C., Visconti S., Maietta P., Banfi E., Cartella S., Venturi B., Nuceri A., Chiesa E., Pacentra E., Panzolato G., Giannotti M., Bianchi C., Pietrangelo A., Para O., Rutili M. S., Russo R., Lanfranco M., Scalabrino E., Tafuri A., Chiarello T., Perfetti E., Cancanelli L., Otero M., Pannella G., Bellucci F., Ferrero G., Vico C., Stillante M. S., D'andrea G., Amoroso F., Arcidiacono A., Bella A. M., Belsito A., Berte Y., Carubia G., Caruso M. G., Casella O., Chiereleson F., Costa C., De Franco D., Germana G., Messina A., Musumeci D., Noto C., Valenti M., Sorrentino C., Panico R., Schettino G., Piccoli J., Pepe A., De Rosa F., Ottaviano M., Marrazzo G., Raponi G., Diberardino S., Bausi S., Marini S. F., Giubellino E., Innocenti G., Gugliemi G., Maccari D., and Baciu I.

Abstract

Background: Tocilizumab blocks pro-inflammatory activity of interleukin-6 (IL-6), involved in pathogenesis of pneumonia the most frequent cause of death in COVID-19 patients. Methods: A multicenter, single-arm, hypothesis-driven trial was planned, according to a phase 2 design, to study the effect of tocilizumab on lethality rates at 14 and 30 days (co-primary endpoints, a priori expected rates being 20 and 35%, respectively). A further prospective cohort of patients, consecutively enrolled after the first cohort was accomplished, was used as a secondary validation dataset. The two cohorts were evaluated jointly in an exploratory multivariable logistic regression model to assess prognostic variables on survival. Results: In the primary intention-to-treat (ITT) phase 2 population, 180/301 (59.8%) subjects received tocilizumab, and 67 deaths were observed overall. Lethality rates were equal to 18.4% (97.5% CI: 13.6-24.0, P = 0.52) and 22.4% (97.5% CI: 17.2-28.3, P < 0.001) at 14 and 30 days, respectively. Lethality rates were lower in the validation dataset, that included 920 patients. No signal of specific drug toxicity was reported. In the exploratory multivariable logistic regression analysis, older age and lower PaO2/FiO2 ratio negatively affected survival, while the concurrent use of steroids was associated with greater survival. A statistically significant interaction was found between tocilizumab and respiratory support, suggesting that tocilizumab might be more effective in patients not requiring mechanical respiratory support at baseline. Conclusions: Tocilizumab reduced lethality rate at 30 days compared with null hypothesis, without significant toxicity. Possibly, this effect could be limited to patients not requiring mechanical respiratory support at baseline. Registration EudraCT (2020-001110-38); clinicaltrials.gov (NCT04317092).

Published
2020

39. Covid-19 and the role of smoking: The protocol of the multicentric prospective study COSMO-IT (covid19 and smoking in italy)

Author

Cattaruzza, M, Gorini, G, Bosetti, C, Boffi, R, Lugo, A, Veronese, C, Carreras, G, Santucci, C, Stival, C, Pacifici, R, Zaga, V, Gallus, S, Giulietti, F, Sarzani, R, Spannella, F, Del Donno, M, Tartaglione, S, Marrazzo, G, Pelaia, G, D'Agosto, V, Berti, A, Voller, F, Cardellicchio, S, Cresci, C, Foschino Barbaro, M, De Palma, R, Negrini, S, Sicbaldi, V, Serafini, A, Bisconti, M, Refolo, L, Landoni, G, Rovere, P, Veronesi, G, Faverio, P, Garavello, W, Pesci, A, Giacobbe, R, Martucci, P, Parrella, R, Scarano, F, Aiello, M, Chetta, A, Franco, C, Mangia, A, Carrozzi, L, Maggi Monzani, F, Pistelli, F, Russo, P, Sanna, A, Barreca, F, Conti, V, Rossi, E, Ruli, M, Ruli, S, Varzaneh, S, Principe, R, Guerrini, S, Sebastiani, A, Galluccio, G, Pezzuto, A, Ricci, A, Casali, E, Mastroianni, C, Pirina, P, Polo, F, Beatrice, F, Romagnoli, M, Baraldo, M, Cojutti, P, Graziano, E, Pecori, D, Tascini, C, Tinghino, B, Cattaruzza M. S., Gorini G., Bosetti C., Boffi R., Lugo A., Veronese C., Carreras G., Santucci C., Stival C., Pacifici R., Zaga V., Gallus S., Giulietti F., Sarzani R., Spannella F., Del Donno M., Tartaglione S., Marrazzo G., Pelaia G., D'agosto V., Berti A., Voller F., Cardellicchio S., Cresci C., Foschino Barbaro M. P., De Palma R., Negrini S., Sicbaldi V., Serafini A., Bisconti M., Refolo L., Landoni G., Rovere P., Veronesi G., Faverio P., Garavello W., Pesci A., Giacobbe R., Martucci P., Parrella R., Scarano F., Aiello M., Chetta A., Franco C., Mangia A., Carrozzi L., Maggi Monzani F. F., Pistelli F., Russo P., Sanna A., Barreca F. M., Conti V., Rossi E., Ruli M., Ruli S., Varzaneh S. E., Principe R., Guerrini S., Sebastiani A., Galluccio G., Pezzuto A., Ricci A., Casali E., Mastroianni C., Pirina P., Polo F., Beatrice F., Romagnoli M., Baraldo M., Cojutti P. G., Graziano E., Pecori D., Tascini C., Tinghino B., Cattaruzza, M, Gorini, G, Bosetti, C, Boffi, R, Lugo, A, Veronese, C, Carreras, G, Santucci, C, Stival, C, Pacifici, R, Zaga, V, Gallus, S, Giulietti, F, Sarzani, R, Spannella, F, Del Donno, M, Tartaglione, S, Marrazzo, G, Pelaia, G, D'Agosto, V, Berti, A, Voller, F, Cardellicchio, S, Cresci, C, Foschino Barbaro, M, De Palma, R, Negrini, S, Sicbaldi, V, Serafini, A, Bisconti, M, Refolo, L, Landoni, G, Rovere, P, Veronesi, G, Faverio, P, Garavello, W, Pesci, A, Giacobbe, R, Martucci, P, Parrella, R, Scarano, F, Aiello, M, Chetta, A, Franco, C, Mangia, A, Carrozzi, L, Maggi Monzani, F, Pistelli, F, Russo, P, Sanna, A, Barreca, F, Conti, V, Rossi, E, Ruli, M, Ruli, S, Varzaneh, S, Principe, R, Guerrini, S, Sebastiani, A, Galluccio, G, Pezzuto, A, Ricci, A, Casali, E, Mastroianni, C, Pirina, P, Polo, F, Beatrice, F, Romagnoli, M, Baraldo, M, Cojutti, P, Graziano, E, Pecori, D, Tascini, C, Tinghino, B, Cattaruzza M. S., Gorini G., Bosetti C., Boffi R., Lugo A., Veronese C., Carreras G., Santucci C., Stival C., Pacifici R., Zaga V., Gallus S., Giulietti F., Sarzani R., Spannella F., Del Donno M., Tartaglione S., Marrazzo G., Pelaia G., D'agosto V., Berti A., Voller F., Cardellicchio S., Cresci C., Foschino Barbaro M. P., De Palma R., Negrini S., Sicbaldi V., Serafini A., Bisconti M., Refolo L., Landoni G., Rovere P., Veronesi G., Faverio P., Garavello W., Pesci A., Giacobbe R., Martucci P., Parrella R., Scarano F., Aiello M., Chetta A., Franco C., Mangia A., Carrozzi L., Maggi Monzani F. F., Pistelli F., Russo P., Sanna A., Barreca F. M., Conti V., Rossi E., Ruli M., Ruli S., Varzaneh S. E., Principe R., Guerrini S., Sebastiani A., Galluccio G., Pezzuto A., Ricci A., Casali E., Mastroianni C., Pirina P., Polo F., Beatrice F., Romagnoli M., Baraldo M., Cojutti P. G., Graziano E., Pecori D., Tascini C., and Tinghino B.

Abstract

The emergency caused by Covid-19 pandemic raised interest in studying lifestyles and comorbidities as important determinants of poor Covid-19 prognosis. Data on tobacco smoking, alcohol consumption and obesity are still limited, while no data are available on the role of e-cigarettes and heated tobacco products (HTP). To clarify the role of tobacco smoking and other lifestyle habits on COVID-19 severity and progression, we designed a longitudinal observational study titled COvid19 and SMOking in ITaly (COSMO-IT). About 30 Italian hospitals in North, Centre and South of Italy joined the study. Its main aims are: 1) to quantify the role of tobacco smoking and smoking cessation on the severity and progression of COVID-19 in hospitalized patients; 2) to compare smoking prevalence and severity of the disease in relation to smoking in hospitalized COVID-19 patients versus patients treated at home; 3) to quantify the association between other lifestyle factors, such as e-cigarette and HTP use, alcohol and obesity and the risk of unfavourable COVID-19 outcomes. Socio-demographic, lifestyle and medical history information will be gathered for around 3000 hospitalized and 700-1000 home-isolated, laboratory-confirmed, COVID-19 patients. Given the current absence of a vaccine against SARS-COV-2 and the lack of a specific treatment for COVID-19, prevention strategies are of extreme importance. This project, designed to highly contribute to the international scientific debate on the role of avoidable lifestyle habits on COVID-19 severity, will provide valuable epidemiological data in order to support important recommendations to prevent COVID-19 incidence, progression and mortality.

Published
2020

40. Thrust-Reverser Investigation by Large-Scale 3D PIV

Author

Hysa, I. (author), Tuinstra, Marthijn (author), Lammers, K (author), Scarano, F. (author), Sciacchitano, A. (author), Gebbink, Roy (author), Harrison, C (author), Hysa, I. (author), Tuinstra, Marthijn (author), Lammers, K (author), Scarano, F. (author), Sciacchitano, A. (author), Gebbink, Roy (author), and Harrison, C (author)

Abstract

Volumetric PIV measurements are performed to study the flow development around a 1:12 scale model of a thrust reverser in a low-speed wind tunnel. The thrust-reverser operates in a freestream flow of 3-5 m/s and with a jet to freestream velocity ratio Vjet/Vinf ranging from 1.5 to 6. Making use of sub-millimeter helium-filled soap bubbles, large-scale PIV measurements are performed that encompass a 3D domain of approximately 0.4 m3. The flow exiting the thrust-reverser features two inclined jets that interact with the wind tunnel free stream, the nacelle, fuselage and ultimately the tunnel walls. Such interactions result in highly three-dimensional patterns and jets large scale fluctuations. The jet reversal characteristics with varying freestream velocity and nozzle pressure ratio are characterized quantitatively. The work demonstrates the feasibility of quantitative inspection of the flow behavior in a three dimensional domain for industrial applications., Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository ‘You share, we take care!’ – Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public., Aerodynamics

Published
2022
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41. A physics-based description and modelling of the wall-pressure fluctuations on a serrated trailing edge

Author

Lima Pereira, L.T. (author), Avallone, F. (author), Ragni, D. (author), Scarano, F. (author), Lima Pereira, L.T. (author), Avallone, F. (author), Ragni, D. (author), and Scarano, F. (author)

Abstract

A physical description of the flow mechanisms that govern the distribution of the wall-pressure fluctuations over the surface of a serrated trailing edge is proposed. Three main mechanisms that define the variation of turbulent pressure fluctuations across the serrated edge are discussed and semi-empirical models are formulated accordingly. It is shown that the intensity of the wall-pressure fluctuations increases at the tips under the effect of an increased convective velocity as a result of sidewise momentum diffusion. Furthermore, the change of impedance across the edge causes a local reduction of the pressure fluctuations in the vicinity of the trailing edge. Finally, aerodynamic loading over the serrations due to the non-symmetric flow created at different angles of attack establishes secondary flow patterns that induce higher wall-pressure fluctuations over the serration edges. The latter effect is present only for serrations under high aerodynamic loading, while the former ones are observed under any conditions. Semi-empirical models are formulated for predicting the variation of the wall-pressure fluctuations over the serration surface based on the three physical mechanisms described. These models are calibrated and compared against experiments conducted on a symmetric airfoil model at high Reynolds numbers., Wind Energy, Aerodynamics

Published
2022
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42. Outlier detection for PIV statistics based on turbulence transport

Author

Saredi, E. (author), Sciacchitano, A. (author), Scarano, F. (author), Saredi, E. (author), Sciacchitano, A. (author), and Scarano, F. (author)

Abstract

The occurrence of data outliers in PIV measurements remains nowadays a problematic issue; their effective detection is relevant to the reliability of PIV experiments. This study proposes a novel approach to outliers detection from time-averaged three-dimensional PIV data. The principle is based on the agreement of the measured data to the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) transport equation. The ratio between the local advection and production terms of the TKE along the streamline determines the admissibility of the inquired datapoint. Planar and 3D PIV experimental datasets are used to demonstrate that in the presence of outliers, the turbulent transport (TT) criterion yields a large separation between correct and erroneous vectors. The comparison between the TT criterion and the state-of-the-art universal outlier detection from Westerweel and Scarano (Exp Fluids 39:1096–1100, 2005) shows that the proposed criterion yields a larger percentage of detected outliers along with a lower fraction of false positives for a wider range of possible values chosen for the threshold. Graphical abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.], Aerodynamics

Published
2022
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43. Wake scaling of actuator discs in different aspect ratios

Author

Huang, M. (author), Ferreira, Carlos (author), Sciacchitano, A. (author), Scarano, F. (author), Huang, M. (author), Ferreira, Carlos (author), Sciacchitano, A. (author), and Scarano, F. (author)

Abstract

The wake recovery from planar porous actuators that surrogate the effect of wind turbines is investigated, focusing on rectangular shapes for vertical axis wind turbines (VAWTs). We proposed an effective mixing diameter D∗ to scale the streamwise momentum recovery for actuators of arbitrary shape. The length-scale D∗ is given by the ratio between frontal area and disc perimeter characterising the wake-freestream interface, whereby the momentum loss and the turbulent exchange of momentum take place. Wind tunnel experiments of planar actuators from porous plates are presented. The three-dimensional development of the wake is surveyed up to six widths/diameters downstream of the actuators making use of robotic particle image velocimetry with helium-filled soap bubbles as flow tracers. The recovery rate analysis is performed using D∗ for wake normalisation. The scaled wake data agrees well among actuators in different shapes. And it is significantly improved for rectangular actuators, comparing with existing scaling lengths. The flow behaviour is confirmed with numerical simulations of VAWT wakes with different aspect ratios, indicating the validity of this scaling concept for wind turbine wake modelling., Wind Energy, Aerodynamics

Published
2022
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44. Aerodynamic Interactions of Side-by-Side Rotors in Ground Proximity

Author

Dekker, H.N.J. (author), Ragni, D. (author), Baars, W.J. (author), Scarano, F. (author), Tuinstra, Marthijn (author), Dekker, H.N.J. (author), Ragni, D. (author), Baars, W.J. (author), Scarano, F. (author), and Tuinstra, Marthijn (author)

Abstract

An experimental investigation is conducted to study the aerodynamic behavior of a two-rotor system in ground proximity. The counter-rotating rotors are placed side-by-side in the hovering condition. The time-averaged and unsteady flow behavior is studied when the rotor-to-rotor lateral distance and the distance between the rotors and the ground are varied. The experiments are performed using three-dimensional large-scale volumetric velocimetry with helium-filled soap bubbles as tracers, tracked by the particle motion analysis technique “Shake-The-Box.” The mean velocity field reveals the wake deflection due to the ground plane and the formation of toroidal-shape regions of separated flow below each rotor. The interaction of the wall jets formed by slipstream deflection results in a separation line with the flow emerging from the wall in a fountain-like pattern. Regimes of flow re-ingestion occur when the rotors are sufficiently far apart. The flowfield exhibits the tendency toward asymmetric states, during which the fountain flow column and the domain of re-ingestion shift closer to one of the rotors. A generic classification of flow regimes is proposed in relation to the behavior of two rotors in ground effect., Wind Energy, Aerodynamics

Published
2022
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45. Dense velocity reconstruction with VIC-based time-segment assimilation

Author

Scarano, F. (author), Schneiders, J.F.G. (author), Gonzalez Saiz, G. (author), Sciacchitano, A. (author), Scarano, F. (author), Schneiders, J.F.G. (author), Gonzalez Saiz, G. (author), and Sciacchitano, A. (author)

Abstract

The vortex-in-cell time-segment assimilation (VIC-TSA) method is introduced. A particle track is obtained from a finite number of successive time samples of the tracer’s position and velocity can be used for reconstruction on a Cartesian grid. Similar to the VIC + technique, the method makes use of the vortex-in-cell paradigm to produce estimates of the flow state at locations and times other than the measured ones. The working principle requires time-resolved measurements of the particles’ velocity during a finite time interval. The work investigates the effects of the assimilated length on the spatial resolution of the velocity field reconstruction. The working hypotheses of the VIC-TSA method are presented here along with the numerical algorithm for its application to particle tracks datasets. The novel parameter governing the reconstruction is the length of the time-segment chosen for the data assimilation. Three regimes of operation are identified, based on the track length and the geometrical distance between neighbouring tracks. The regime of adjacent tracks arguably provides the optimal trade-off between spatial resolution and computational effort. The VIC-TSA spatial resolution is evaluated first by a numerical exercise; a 3D sine wave lattice is reconstructed at different values of the particles concentration. The modulation appears to reduce (cut-off delay) when the time-segment length is increased. Large-scale PIV experiments in the wake of a circular cylinder at Red = 27,000 are used to evaluate the method’s suitability to real data, including noise and data outliers. Both primary vortex structures in the Kármán wake as well as interconnecting ribs are present in this complex flow field, with a typical diameter close to the average inter-particle distance. When the time-segment is increased to adjacent tracks and beyond, a more regular time dependence of local and Lagrangian properties is observed, confirming the suitability of the time-se, Aerodynamics

Published
2022
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46. Experimental analysis of the effect of dynamic induction control on a wind turbine wake

Author

van der Hoek, D.C. (author), Frederik, J.A. (author), Huang, M. (author), Scarano, F. (author), Ferreira, Carlos (author), van Wingerden, J.W. (author), van der Hoek, D.C. (author), Frederik, J.A. (author), Huang, M. (author), Scarano, F. (author), Ferreira, Carlos (author), and van Wingerden, J.W. (author)

Abstract

Dynamic induction control (DIC) has proven to be an effective method of increasing the power output for a wind farm in both simulation studies and wind tunnel experiments. By pitching the blades of a wind turbine periodically, the recovery of the low-velocity wake is accelerated, thereby increasing the energy available to downstream turbines. The wake itself of a turbine operating with DIC has not yet been studied experimentally. This paper presents a wind tunnel experiment where the wake of a wind turbine under periodic excitation is investigated. Using three-dimensional particle image velocimetry, the velocity field behind the turbine was reconstructed. Analysis of the velocity fields indicated that the available power in the wake increases when using DIC. This increase was partially due to a lower average thrust force experienced by the turbine with DIC. However, a large difference was seen between measurement results and actuator disk theory, indicating enhanced recovery of the wake is contributing to the increased energy. Instantaneous measurements visualizing the development of blade tip vortices also showed how the location of vortex breakdown, which is directly related to re-energizing the wake, shifts over time with DIC. We believe this shifting location is contributing to the enhanced wake recovery of DIC, providing more energy to downstream wind turbines., Team Jan-Willem van Wingerden, Wind Energy, Aerodynamics

Published
2022
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47. PIV analysis of skin friction and coherent structures in turbulent drag reduction regimes

Author

Scarano, F. (author), Ujjaini Kempaiah, K. (author), Kotsonis, M. (author), Scarano, F. (author), Ujjaini Kempaiah, K. (author), and Kotsonis, M. (author)

Abstract

In the present work, planar and tomographic PIV are used to investigate how the organisation of wall turbulence is altered when actuators are operated with the objective of reducing the skin friction drag. When the wall is mechanically oscillated in the spanwise direction, high-resolution planar PIV enable the direct measurement of wall shear and a 15% reduction of skin friction is observed. The use of tomographic PIV enables access to the three dimensional organisation of low- and high-speed streaks, along with ejection events and associated hairpin vortices. These observations help forming a conceptual model of the salient drag reduction mechanism, whereby hairpin auto-generation is inhibited through a tilting action at the tail of low-speed streaks. The second part of the study documents an effort to surrogate the mechanical oscillation by means of a densely distributed array of AC-DBD plasma actuators. The latter are first characterised in quiescent flow, where the induced velocity distribution is obtained and compared to the solution of the classical second Stokes problem that models the mechanical oscillation. The induced peak of spanwise velocity is found to surpass the velocity of the oscillating wall. However, the wall jet height develops further away from the wall. More importantly, the spatially inhomogeneous distribution of the unsteady body force produces an unwanted lattice of starting streamwise vortices. The latter are deemed to be detrimental for the purpose of drag reduction, compared to the orderly and homogeneous sideways motion induced by mechanical wall motion. The application of the AC-DBD actuator currently leads to a pronounced momentum deficit in the logarithmic region and increases skin friction. Finally, further research directions are anticipated, that potentially circumvent the formation of streamwise vortices by means of AC-DBD actuators operating in steady regime., Aerodynamics

Published
2022

48. A review of experiments on stationary bluff body wakes

Author

Forouzi Feshalami, Behzad (author), He, Shuisheng (author), Scarano, F. (author), Gan, Lian (author), Morton, Chris (author), Forouzi Feshalami, Behzad (author), He, Shuisheng (author), Scarano, F. (author), Gan, Lian (author), and Morton, Chris (author)

Abstract

Experimental studies dealing with the wake of isolated stationary bluff bodies are reviewed. After briefly recalling the pioneering works in this domain, the paper focuses on recent research conducted with the latest experimental methods and techniques. The review encompasses a range of topics, including the effects of bluff body geometry (non-circular cross sections and non-uniformity in spanwise direction), steady and unsteady (periodic and non-periodic) inflow conditions, surface proximity (rigid wall, confinement, and water free surface) and non-Newtonian fluids. Focus is brought to the flow physics of the wakes, especially the complex three-dimensional and oscillatory behaviors induced by the periodic vortex shedding phenomenon. The paper aims to offer a critical and systematic review of new knowledge and findings on the subject area, as well as the most frequently adopted experimental techniques. The review also helps identifying knowledge gaps in the literature that need to be addressed in future investigations., Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository 'You share, we take care!' - Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public., Aerodynamics

Published
2022
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49. Feature-based analysis of a turbulent boundary layer under spanwise wall oscillation

Author

Ujjaini Kempaiah, K. (author), Scarano, F. (author), Ujjaini Kempaiah, K. (author), and Scarano, F. (author)

Abstract

Spanwise wall oscillations alter the organization of low-speed streaks and ejections in turbulent boundary layers, eventually leading to skin friction drag reduction. Such flow regimes are represented by pointwise statistics or spatial correlation. This work attempts to quantify the systematic distortions of the dominant turbulent structures by feature-analysis, intended to overcome the dispersion observed in pointwise statistics and correlation functions. Furthermore, data from tomographic particle image velocimetry are employed to clarify the mechanism that inhibits hairpin auto-generation, as described in Kempaiah et al. ["3-dimensional particle image velocimetry based evaluation of turbulent skin-friction reduction by spanwise wall oscillation,"Phys. Fluids 32(8), 085111 (2020)]. Based on the instantaneous distribution of Reynolds stresses, a specific spatial template is defined for low-speed streaks and flow ejections. Events corresponding to this template are collected and parametrized with their occurrence, geometrical properties (length and orientation), and dynamics (intensity). The approach is compared with most practiced statistical analysis to explain the significance of the features extracted by the detection algorithm in relation to the drag reduction mechanism. Data comparing stationary and oscillating wall in a drag-reducing regime (A+osc = 100, T+osc = 100) are investigated in the near-wall region (y+ < 100). Ejections and low-speed streaks systematically exhibit a positive pitch, supporting the hypothesis that only the rear region, close to the wall, is affected by the wall motion. A side-tilt of elongated ejection events is observed past the phase of maximum oscillation velocity, which is hypothesized to inhibit hairpin auto-generation. The latter indicates a phase dependence of the side-tilt in the oscillating regime. The results also indicate that low-speed streaks and ejection events are reduced by approximately 10% and 15%, respectively, Aerodynamics

Published
2022
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50. Aeroacoustics of sawtooth trailing-edge serrations under aerodynamic loading

Author

Lima Pereira, L.T. (author), Ragni, D. (author), Avallone, F. (author), Scarano, F. (author), Lima Pereira, L.T. (author), Ragni, D. (author), Avallone, F. (author), and Scarano, F. (author)

Abstract

The impact of aerodynamic loading on a serrated trailing edge is studied experimentally. Aerodynamic and acoustic measurements are conducted on a sawtooth-shaped trailing edge, retrofitted to a flat plate featuring a trailing-edge flap, and placed at incidence to the free-stream flow. The turbulent flow across the trailing edge is inspected by time-resolved three-dimensional velocity field measurements obtained from 4D-PIV, while the wall-pressure fluctuations are measured with surface-embedded microphones. Results discuss the relation between the velocity fluctuations over the serrations, the surface pressure fluctuations, and the far-field noise spectra. The aerodynamic analysis discusses the effect of counter-rotating vortex pairs, generated by the pressure imbalance across the edges of the serrations under loading. It is shown that the interaction of these vortices with the incoming turbulence affects the intensity of the wall-pressure spectrum at the outer rim of the serration surface. On the suction side, the intensity of the pressure fluctuations from the incoming boundary layer dominates over that induced by the vortex pairs. On the pressure side, instead, the velocity gradient prescribed by the vortex pairs produces a significant increase of the pressure fluctuations around the edges. The resulting spatial distribution of the wall-pressure fluctuations directly affects the far-field noise. Scattering predictions carried out with the wall-pressure fluctuations in the centre and root (on the suction side) exhibit good agreement with the measured noise in the low-frequency range, whereas using the surface pressure data at the tip of the serration (on the pressure side) yields a better prediction in the high-frequency range., Wind Energy, Aerospace Engineering, Aerodynamics

Published
2022
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