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3. Evolutionary and geographical history of the Leishmania donovani complex with a revision of current taxonomy

Author

Lukeš, Julius, Mauricio, Isabel L, Schönian, Gabriele, Dujardin, Jean-Claude, Soteriadou, Ketty, Dedet, Jean-Pierre, Kuhls, Katrin, Tintaya, K Wilber Quispe, Jirků, Milan, Chocholová, Eva, Haralambous, Christos, Pratlong, Francine, Oborník, Miroslav, Horák, Aleš, Ayala, Francisco J, and Miles, Michael A

Subjects
Infectious Diseases, Biotechnology, Genetics, Vector-Borne Diseases, Good Health and Well Being, Animals, Biological Evolution, Genetic Markers, Genetic Speciation, Geography, Leishmania donovani, Time Factors, Leishmania infantum, leishmaniasis, parasitic protozoa, phylogeny, population genetics
Abstract

Leishmaniasis is a geographically widespread severe disease, with an increasing incidence of two million cases per year and 350 million people from 88 countries at risk. The causative agents are species of Leishmania, a protozoan flagellate. Visceral leishmaniasis, the most severe form of the disease, lethal if untreated, is caused by species of the Leishmania donovani complex. These species are morphologically indistinguishable but have been identified by molecular methods, predominantly multilocus enzyme electrophoresis. We have conducted a multifactorial genetic analysis that includes DNA sequences of protein-coding genes as well as noncoding segments, microsatellites, restriction-fragment length polymorphisms, and randomly amplified polymorphic DNAs, for a total of approximately 18,000 characters for each of 25 geographically representative strains. Genotype is strongly correlated with geographical (continental) origin, but not with current taxonomy or clinical outcome. We propose a new taxonomy, in which Leishmania infantum and L. donovani are the only recognized species of the L. donovani complex, and we present an evolutionary hypothesis for the origin and dispersal of the species. The genus Leishmania may have originated in South America, but diversified after migration into Asia. L. donovani and L. infantum diverged approximately 1 Mya, with further divergence of infraspecific genetic groups between 0.4 and 0.8 Mya. The prevailing mode of reproduction is clonal, but there is evidence of genetic exchange between strains, particularly in Africa.

Published
2007

14. Global genome diversity of the Leishmania donovani complex

Author

Franssen, Susanne U, primary, Durrant, Caroline, additional, Stark, Olivia, additional, Moser, Bettina, additional, Downing, Tim, additional, Imamura, Hideo, additional, Dujardin, Jean-Claude, additional, Sanders, Mandy J, additional, Mauricio, Isabel, additional, Miles, Michael A, additional, Schnur, Lionel F, additional, Jaffe, Charles L, additional, Nasereddin, Abdelmajeed, additional, Schallig, Henk, additional, Yeo, Matthew, additional, Bhattacharyya, Tapan, additional, Alam, Mohammad Z, additional, Berriman, Matthew, additional, Wirth, Thierry, additional, Schönian, Gabriele, additional, and Cotton, James A, additional

Published
2020
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15. Author response: Global genome diversity of the Leishmania donovani complex

Author

Franssen, Susanne U, primary, Durrant, Caroline, additional, Stark, Olivia, additional, Moser, Bettina, additional, Downing, Tim, additional, Imamura, Hideo, additional, Dujardin, Jean-Claude, additional, Sanders, Mandy J, additional, Mauricio, Isabel, additional, Miles, Michael A, additional, Schnur, Lionel F, additional, Jaffe, Charles L, additional, Nasereddin, Abdelmajeed, additional, Schallig, Henk, additional, Yeo, Matthew, additional, Bhattacharyya, Tapan, additional, Alam, Mohammad Z, additional, Berriman, Matthew, additional, Wirth, Thierry, additional, Schönian, Gabriele, additional, and Cotton, James A, additional

Published
2020
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21. Global genome diversity of theLeishmania donovanicomplex

Author

Franssen, Susanne U., primary, Durrant, Caroline, additional, Stark, Olivia, additional, Moser, Bettina, additional, Downing, Tim, additional, Imamura, Hideo, additional, Dujardin, Jean-Claude, additional, Sanders, Mandy, additional, Mauricio, Isabel, additional, Miles, Michael A., additional, Schnur, Lionel F., additional, Jaffe, Charles L., additional, Nasereddin, Abdelmajeed, additional, Schallig, Henk, additional, Yeo, Matthew, additional, Bhattacharyya, Tapan, additional, Alam, Mohammad Z., additional, Berriman, Matthew, additional, Wirth, Thierry, additional, Schönian, Gabriele, additional, and Cotton, James A., additional

Published
2019
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22. Canine leishmaniosis and its relationship to human visceral leishmaniasis in Eastern Uzbekistan

Author

Klement Eyal, Nasereddin Abdelmajeed, Fatullaeva Aziza A, Ponomareva Valentina I, Nasyrova Rokhat M, Warburg Alon, Ponirovsky Evgeny N, Razakov Shavkat A, Kovalenko Dmitriy A, Alam Mohammad Z, Schnur Lionel F, Jaffe Charles L, Schönian Gabriele, and Baneth Gad

Subjects
Infectious and parasitic diseases, RC109-216
Abstract

Abstract Background The Namangan Region in the Pap District, located in Eastern Uzbekistan is the main focus of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in Uzbekistan. In total, 28 cases of human VL were registered during 2006-2008 in this region. A study on the epidemiology of VL in this area was carried out in 2007-2008 in the villages of Chodak, Oltinkan, Gulistan and Chorkesar located at elevations of 900-1200 above sea level. Results A total of 162 dogs were tested for Leishmania infection. Blood was drawn for serology and PCR. When clinical signs of the disease were present, aspirates from lymph nodes and the spleen were taken. Forty-two dogs (25.9%) had clinical signs suggestive of VL and 51 (31.5%) were sero-positive. ITS-1 PCR was performed for 135 dogs using blood and tissue samples and 40 (29.6%) of them were PCR-positive. Leishmanial parasites were cultured from lymph node or spleen aspirates from 10 dogs. Eight Leishmania strains isolated from dogs were typed by multi-locus microsatellite typing (MLMT) and by multilocus enzyme electrophoretic analysis (MLEE), using a 15 enzyme system. These analyses revealed that the strains belong to the most common zymodeme of L. infantum, i.e., MON-1, and form a unique group when compared to MON-1 strains from other geographical regions. Conclusions The data obtained through this study confirm the existence of an active focus of VL in the Namangan region of Uzbekistan. The fact that L. infantum was the causative agent of canine infection with typical clinical signs, and also of human infection affecting only infants, suggests that a zoonotic form of VL similar in epidemiology to Mediterranean VL is present in Uzbekistan.

Published
2011
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26. Identification of geographically distributed sub-populations of Leishmania (Leishmania) major by microsatellite analysis

Author

Schwenkenbecher Jan, Razakov Shavkat A, Kovalenko Dmitri A, Strelkova Margarita V, Schnur Lionel F, Wirth Thierry, Müller Michaela, Diezmann Stephanie, Al-Jawabreh Amer, Kuhls Katrin, and Schönian Gabriele

Subjects
Evolution, QH359-425
Abstract

Abstract Background Leishmania (Leishmania) major, one of the agents causing cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in humans, is widely distributed in the Old World where different species of wild rodent and phlebotomine sand fly serve as animal reservoir hosts and vectors, respectively. Despite this, strains of L. (L.) major isolated from many different sources over many years have proved to be relatively uniform. To investigate the population structure of the species highly polymorphic microsatellite markers were employed for greater discrimination among it's otherwise closely related strains, an approach applied successfully to other species of Leishmania. Results Multilocus Microsatellite Typing (MLMT) based on 10 different microsatellite markers was applied to 106 strains of L. (L.) major from different regions where it is endemic. On applying a Bayesian model-based approach, three main populations were identified, corresponding to three separate geographical regions: Central Asia (CA); the Middle East (ME); and Africa (AF). This was congruent with phylogenetic reconstructions based on genetic distances. Re-analysis separated each of the populations into two sub-populations. The two African sub-populations did not correlate well with strains' geographical origin. Strains falling into the sub-populations CA and ME did mostly group according to their place of isolation although some anomalies were seen, probably, owing to human migration. Conclusion The model- and distance-based analyses of the microsatellite data exposed three main populations of L. (L.) major, Central Asia, the Middle East and Africa, each of which separated into two sub-populations. This probably correlates with the different species of rodent host.

Published
2008
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33. Genetic micro-heterogeneity of Leishmania major in emerging foci of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in Tunisia

Author

Attia, Hanene, primary, Sghaier, Rabiaa M., additional, Gelanew, Tesfaye, additional, Bali, Aymen, additional, Schweynoch, Carola, additional, Guerfali, Fatma Z., additional, Mkannez, Ghada, additional, Chlif, Sadok, additional, Belhaj-Hamida, Nabil, additional, Dellagi, Koussay, additional, Schönian, Gabriele, additional, and Laouini, Dhafer, additional

Published
2016
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34. Evolutionary genomics of epidemic visceral leishmaniasis in the Indian subcontinent

Author

Imamura, Hideo, primary, Downing, Tim, additional, Van den Broeck, Frederik, additional, Sanders, Mandy J, additional, Rijal, Suman, additional, Sundar, Shyam, additional, Mannaert, An, additional, Vanaerschot, Manu, additional, Berg, Maya, additional, De Muylder, Géraldine, additional, Dumetz, Franck, additional, Cuypers, Bart, additional, Maes, Ilse, additional, Domagalska, Malgorzata, additional, Decuypere, Saskia, additional, Rai, Keshav, additional, Uranw, Surendra, additional, Bhattarai, Narayan Raj, additional, Khanal, Basudha, additional, Prajapati, Vijay Kumar, additional, Sharma, Smriti, additional, Stark, Olivia, additional, Schönian, Gabriele, additional, De Koning, Harry P, additional, Settimo, Luca, additional, Vanhollebeke, Benoit, additional, Roy, Syamal, additional, Ostyn, Bart, additional, Boelaert, Marleen, additional, Maes, Louis, additional, Berriman, Matthew, additional, Dujardin, Jean-Claude, additional, and Cotton, James A, additional

Published
2016
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35. Author response: Evolutionary genomics of epidemic visceral leishmaniasis in the Indian subcontinent

Author

Imamura, Hideo, primary, Downing, Tim, additional, Van den Broeck, Frederik, additional, Sanders, Mandy J, additional, Rijal, Suman, additional, Sundar, Shyam, additional, Mannaert, An, additional, Vanaerschot, Manu, additional, Berg, Maya, additional, De Muylder, Géraldine, additional, Dumetz, Franck, additional, Cuypers, Bart, additional, Maes, Ilse, additional, Domagalska, Malgorzata, additional, Decuypere, Saskia, additional, Rai, Keshav, additional, Uranw, Surendra, additional, Bhattarai, Narayan Raj, additional, Khanal, Basudha, additional, Prajapati, Vijay Kumar, additional, Sharma, Smriti, additional, Stark, Olivia, additional, Schönian, Gabriele, additional, De Koning, Harry P, additional, Settimo, Luca, additional, Vanhollebeke, Benoit, additional, Roy, Syamal, additional, Ostyn, Bart, additional, Boelaert, Marleen, additional, Maes, Louis, additional, Berriman, Matthew, additional, Dujardin, Jean-Claude, additional, and Cotton, James A, additional

Published
2016
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36. Inference of the Population Structure of Leishmania infantum from Southeastern Europe focusing on Cyprus Greece and Turkey

Author

Gouzelou, Evi, Haralambous, Christos, Martinković, Franjo, Pratlong, Francine, Dedet, Jean-Pierre, Antoniou, Maria, Özensoy, Toze Seray, Presber, Wolfgang, Schönian, Gabriele, and Soteriadou, Ketty

Subjects
leishmania infantum, population genetics, southeastern europe, parasitic diseases
Abstract

Leishmania infantum is the main causative agent of human and canine visceral leishmaniasis (HVL and CanVL, respectively) and also responsible for sporadic cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) across the Mediterranean. Based on multilocus enzyme electrophoresis (MLEE), L. infantum MON-1 is the predominant zymodeme in these countries, while the genetically close L. infantum MON-98 zymodeme is occasionally reported in Cyprus, Egypt, Greece, Portugal and Turkey. Nowadays, the distribution range of CanVL has surpassed the limits of South Europe and is spreading toward non-endemic northern European countries. Concurrently, considerable increase in VL cases is documented in traditionally endemic South European countries. However, the epidemiology of VL due to L. infantum spp. in the Balkans and Southeastern (SE) Europe has been either inadequately or never examined so far. In the current study, L. infantum strains (human and canine isolates) were collected from six SE European countries (Albania, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Greece and Turkey) and characterized at species and subspecies level by K26-PCR and MLEE. These L. infantum MON-1 and MON-98 strains were then subjected to microsatellite typing (MLMT) using 14 polymorphic loci and compared to previously analyzed L. infantum MON-1 strains from Southwestern (SW) European countries (France, Portugal and Spain) aiming to evaluate genetic diversity and infer the population structure. Our findings confirm the predominance of zymodeme MON-1 in Albania, Bulgaria and Croatia while a considerable number of strains from Greece and Turkey were characterized as L. infantum MON-98. We also demonstrate the existence of geographically-determined populations between SW and SE Europe and successive substructuring among L. infantum strains from Albania, Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece and Turkey, which indicates genetic differentiation, gene flow and possible recombination events. In contrast, our study revealed genetic isolation and clonal reproduction for MON-1 strains from canines in Cyprus. This is the first genetic study that gives insight into the population structure of L. infantum in SE Europe, providing valuable insights into the dynamics of VL in these countries.

Published
2013

38. A narrative review of visceral leishmaniasis in Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, the Crimean Peninsula and Southern Russia

Author

Strelkova, Margarita V., primary, Ponirovsky, Evgeny N., additional, Morozov, Evgeny N., additional, Zhirenkina, Ekaterina N., additional, Razakov, Shavkat A., additional, Kovalenko, Dmitriy A., additional, Schnur, Lionel F., additional, and Schönian, Gabriele, additional

Published
2015
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43. Guns, Germs and Dogs: on the origin of Leishmania chagasi

Author

Wirth, Thierry, Leblois, Raphaël, Kuhls, Katrin, Schönian, Gabriele, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN), Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations (UMR CBGP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Charité - UniversitätsMedizin = Charité - University Hospital [Berlin], and Leblois, Raphael

Subjects
[SDV.GEN.GPO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Genetics/Populations and Evolution [q-bio.PE], [SDV.BID.EVO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Populations and Evolution [q-bio.PE], [SDV.BID.EVO] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Populations and Evolution [q-bio.PE], [SDV.GEN.GPO] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Genetics/Populations and Evolution [q-bio.PE], ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

International audience

Published
2009

44. Leishmania major: genetic heterogeneity of Iranian isolates by single-strand conformation polymorphism and sequence analysis of ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer

Author

Mahnaz, Tashakori, Tashakori, Mahnaz, Katrin, Kuhls, Kuhls, Katrin, Amer, Al-Jawabreh, Al-Jawabreh, Amer, Isabel L, Mauricio, Mauricio, Isabel, Gabriele, Schönian, Schönian, Gabriele, Safar, Farajnia, Farajnia, Safar, Mohammad Hossein, Alimohammadian, and Alimohammadian Mohammad, Hossein

Subjects
Genetics, Genetic diversity, Veterinary (miscellaneous), Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous, Single-strand conformation polymorphism, Biology, Ribosomal RNA, Iran, Genetic analysis, Infectious Diseases, Insect Science, parasitic diseases, Genotype, DNA, Ribosomal Spacer, Animals, Humans, Parasitology, Restriction fragment length polymorphism, Internal transcribed spacer, Ribosomal DNA, Polymorphism, Single-Stranded Conformational, Leishmania major
Abstract

Protozoan parasites of Leishmania major are the causative agents of cutaneous leishmaniasis in different parts of Iran. We applied PCR-based methods to analyze L. major parasites isolated from patients with active lesions from different geographic areas in Iran in order to understand DNA polymorphisms within L. major species. Twenty-four isolates were identified as L. major by RFLP analysis of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) amplicons. These isolates were further studied by single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis and sequencing of ITS1 and ITS2. Data obtained from SSCP analysis of the ITS1 and ITS2 loci revealed three and four different patterns among all studied samples, respectively. Sequencing of ITS1 and ITS2 confirmed the results of SSCP analysis and showed the potential of the PCR-SSCP method for assessing genetic heterogeneity within L. major. Different patterns in ITS1 were due to substitution of one nucleotide, whereas in ITS2 the changes were defined by variation in the number of repeats in two polymorphic microsatellites. In total five genotypic groups LmA, LmB, LmC, LmD and LmE were identified among L. major isolates. The most frequent genotype, LmA, was detected in isolates collected from different endemic areas of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Iran. Genotypes LmC, LmD and LmE were found only in the new focus of CL in Damghan (Semnan province) and LmB was identified exclusively among isolates of Kashan focus (Isfahan province). The distribution of genetic polymorphisms suggests the existence of distinct endemic regions of L. major in Iran.

Published
2005

46. Population genetics of Leishmania (Leishmania) major DNA isolated from cutaneous leishmaniasis patients in Pakistan based on multilocus microsatellite typing

Author

Alam, Mohammad Zahangir, primary, Bhutto, Abdul Manan, additional, Soomro, Farooq Rahman, additional, Baloch, Javed Hussain, additional, Nakao, Ryo, additional, Kato, Hirotomo, additional, Schönian, Gabriele, additional, Uezato, Hiroshi, additional, Hashiguchi, Yoshihisa, additional, and Katakura, Ken, additional

Published
2014
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47. Modular Multiantigen T Cell Epitope–Enriched DNA Vaccine Against Human Leishmaniasis

Author

Das, Shantanabha, primary, Freier, Anja, additional, Boussoffara, Thouraya, additional, Das, Sushmita, additional, Oswald, Detlef, additional, Losch, Florian O., additional, Selka, Melanie, additional, Sacerdoti-Sierra, Nina, additional, Schönian, Gabriele, additional, Wiesmüller, Karl-Heinz, additional, Seifert, Karin, additional, Schroff, Matthias, additional, Juhls, Christiane, additional, Jaffe, Charles L., additional, Roy, Syamal, additional, Das, Pradeep, additional, Louzir, Hechmi, additional, Croft, Simon L., additional, Modabber, Farrokh, additional, and Walden, Peter, additional

Published
2014
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