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Purpose: To verify the diagnostic value of contrast-enhanced MR imaging compared with conventional radiography in the diagnosis of sacroiliitis in children.Design and Patients: Radiography and MR imaging of the sacroiliac joints were performed in 185 children subdivided into the following groups according to the modified European Spondyloarthropathy (SpA) Study Group (ESSG) criteria: group 1, undifferentiated spondyloarthropathy (uSpA) (n=53, 94.5% HLA-B27+); group 2, differentiated SpA (n=45, 93.3% HLA-B27+); group 3, patients with no signs of SpA other than oligoarthritis (n=39, 92.3% HLA-B27+); group 4, HLA-B27+ controls with various other non-SpA diagnoses (n=22); and group 5, HLA-B27-controls with various other non-SpA diagnoses (n=26). Radiographs were evaluated on the basis of the modified New York criteria independently by three experienced radiologists masked to the clinical data. In a second step, the same radiologists independently evaluated the MR images without knowledge of the clinical data and radiographic findings using the recently published criteria developed by our group. These criteria allow differentiation of acute and chronic inflammatory changes.Results: Radiography demonstrated sacroiliitis in 18 patients: 4 of 53 in group 1 (7.5%), 14 of 45 in group 2 (31%), but none in groups 3, 4 and 5. In contrast, MR imaging demonstrated acute and/or chronic sacroiliitis in 44 patients: 18 of 53 in group 1 (34%), 21 of 45 in group 2 (46.7%) and 5 of 39 in group 3 (12.8%), but none in groups 4 and 5. The percentage of sacroiliitis detected by MR imaging was significantly higher than that detected by radiography (P<0.001).Conclusion: Contrast-enhanced MR imaging is a useful method for detecting sacroiliitis in children. Advantages of contrast-enhanced MR imaging compared with conventional radiography are a higher sensitivity due to the ability to document early and acute changes and the absence of radiation exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report the results of the cross-cultural adaptation and validation into the German language of the parent's version of two health related quality of life instruments. The Childhood Health Assessment Questionnaire (CHAQ) is a disease specific health instrument that measures functional ability in daily living activities in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). The Child Health Questionnaire (CHQ) is a generic health instrument designed to capture the physical and psychosocial well-being of children independently from the underlying disease. The German CHAQ was fully validated with 3 forward and 3 backward translations, while the CHQ has already been published and therefore it was revalidated. A total of 197 subjects were enrolled: 142 patients with JIA (5% systemic onset, 13% polyarticular onset, 8% extended oligoarticular subtype, and 74% persistent oligoarticular subtype) and 55 healthy children. The CHAQ clinically discriminated between healthy subjects and JIA patients, with the polyarticular and extended oligoarticular subtypes having a higher degree of disability, pain, and a lower overall well-being when compared to their healthy peers. Also the CHQ clinically discriminated between healthy subjects and JIA patients, with the polyarticular onset and extended oligoarticular subtypes having a lower physical and psychosocial well-being when compared to their healthy peers. In conclusion the German versions of the CHAQ-CHQ are reliable, and valid tools for the functional, physical and psychosocial assessment of children with JIA.

Objective: Bacteria play a crucial pathogenetic role in Lyme arthritis (LA), reactive arthritis (ReA), other forms of spondyloarthropathy (SpA), and possibly in undifferentiated oligoarthritis (uOligo). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology has been applied to detect bacterial DNA of individual microbes in synovial fluid (SF) of patients with arthritides. We screened for DNA sequences of 8 bacterial species simultaneously in SF of patients with inflammatory joint disease., Methods: We examined 104 SF samples of 96 patients with ReA (n = 13), undifferentiated SpA (uSpA, n = 10), uOligo (n = 50), juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA, n = 13), and rheumatoid arthritis (RA, n = 10). A nested PCR approach was developed to detect DNA sequences of 8 bacteria: Chlamydia trachomatis, C. pneumoniae, Yersinia enterocolitica, Salmonella enteritidis, Campylobacter jejuni, Shigella flexneri, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Borrelia burgdorferi. The detection limit was determined at 10 bacterial/sample. Serology and lymphocyte proliferation assay were done in parallel in most patients., Results: In 12 cases bacterial DNA of B. burgdorferi (n = 7), C. trachomatis (n = 2), C. jejuni (n = 2), and C. pneumoniae (n = 1) was detected in patients with uOligo (n = 9) and JCA (n = 3), while no evidence of bacterial DNA was found in patients with ReA, uSpA, and RA. Shigella flexneri DNA was detected in 4 cases, but the significance of this finding remains uncertain due to the high sequence homology of this species with Escherichia coli. DNA of Y. enterocolitica, S. enteritidis, or K. pneumoniae was not found. A positive serologic response was found in 7/9 PCR positive patients. In 11/96 cases antibodies to 2 or more bacteria were found in parallel (11.5%). Antigen specific lymphocyte proliferation was observed in 5/9 PCR positive patients., Conclusion: Bacterial DNA was detected in peripheral joint of patients with uOligo and JCA, but not in ReA, uSpA, or RA in this study. The detection of bacterial DNA in synovial material by PCR technology gives useful diagnostic information, especially when antibodies against several microbes are present or antibodies are not detectable. Failure to detect bacterial DNA in patients with ReA and uSpA with longstanding disease suggests that in later stages autoimmune mechanisms may operate.