Search

The purpose of this systematic review therefore is to provide a summary of the existing body of literature on the association between dietary inflammation and biomarkers of sarcopenia.

There is extensive evidence supporting the relationship between sex-hormones in immune and inflammatory processes, the accumulation and distribution of adipose tissue, and energy homeostasis. Oestrogens favour visceral lipolysis and subcutaneous adipogenesis, driving the accumulation of subcutaneous fat mass in females prior to menopause. However, the sudden withdrawal of oestrogens through the menopausal transition, shifts the direction of fat mass accumulation, and adipose tissue begins to favour visceral deposition. Visceral fat mass is closely associated with a persisting state of low-grade inflammation, metabolic syndromes such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and certain cancers. Therefore, post-menopause females are at a higher risk of developing such conditions in comparison with their pre-menopausal counterparts, even after confounding for age. The mechanisms behind the association between oestrogens, fat mass distribution, chronic inflammation and disease state are currently unclear, and no systematic review and meta-analysis has compared markers of visceral adiposity and chronic inflammation in pre- and post-menopausal women to date.

A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis on the effect of resistance training compared to aerobic training impact the circulating irisin (plasma irisin or serum irisin) in adults?

The proposed scoping review aims to summarise the existing evidence concerning the evaluation of community-based exercise programs for community-dwelling older adults living in rural/regional areas

Menopause results in profound reproductive and hormonal changes, which coincide with an increased risk for chronic conditions such as cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, neurodegeneration, stroke, and T2DM. As women transition from late reproduction to postmenopause, the accumulation of deleterious changes in immune function, adipose tissue distribution, cardiovascular health, insulin sensitivity, lipid metabolism, and bone density may contribute to the progression of chronic disease in postmenopause. However, the mechanisms linking increased risk of chronic disease with menopause are currently unclear and may be explained in part by unfavourable changes in body composition and chronic systemic inflammation. Chronic systemic inflammation and unfavourable health-related changes in body composition are significant risk factors in the development of chronic disease. Centrally distributed fat mass is considered a prominent risk factor for chronic conditions associated with the onset of menopause and is thought to be the main site for the chronic release of IL-6. The increased intra-abdominal pressure that surmounts from excess visceral fat mass invokes an inflammatory response from adipocytes in this region, which leads to the pathological release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. This is especially important in women of mid-life, when at the onset of menopause, changes in reproductive hormones impact the deposition of adipose tissue, eventuating in greater quantities of fat stored abdominally, rather than subcutaneously. Centrally distributed visceral adiposity is associated with a greater chronic inflammatory disease risk, such as cardiovascular disease and T2DM, when compared to overall obesity. The accumulation of visceral adiposity coincides with an elevation in pro-inflammatory cytokine production.

The purpose of this review is to systematically review the literature for evidence of a treatment effect from combined cognitive and exercise (training on cognition in older adults with and without cognitive impairment.

Additional file 8. COVID-19 Snapshot Questionnaire.

Additional file 4. Intervention handbook.

Additional file 9. Questionnaire measures.

Additional file 3. Inclusion and exclusion criteria.

Additional file 10. Adverse events report.

Additional file 7. Health coaching script.

Additional file 5. Example activity feedback report.

Introduction: Oral contraceptive (OC) use influences peak exercise responses to training, however, the influence of OC on central and peripheral adaptations to exercise training are unknown. This study investigated the influence of OC use on changes in time-to-fatigue, pulmonary oxygen uptake, cardiac output, and heart rate on-kinetics, as well as tissue saturation index to 4 weeks of sprint interval training in recreationally active women. Methods: Women taking an oral contraceptive (OC; n = 25) or experiencing natural menstrual cycles (MC; n = 22) completed an incremental exercise test to volitional exhaustion followed by a square-wave step-transition protocol to moderate (90% of power output at ventilatory threshold) and high intensity (Δ50% of power output at ventilatory threshold) exercise on two separate occasions. Time-to-fatigue, pulmonary oxygen uptake on-kinetics, cardiac output, and heart rate on-kinetics, and tissue saturation index responses were assessed prior to, and following 12 sessions of sprint interval training (10 min × 1 min efforts at 100–120% PPO in a 1:2 work:rest ratio) completed over 4 weeks. Results: Time-to-fatigue increased in both groups following training (p < 0.001), with no difference between groups. All cardiovascular on-kinetic parameters improved to the same extent following training in both groups. Greater improvements in pulmonary oxygen up-take kinetics were seen at both intensities in the MC group (p < 0.05 from pre-training) but were blunted in the OC group (p > 0.05 from pre-training). In contrast, changes in tissue saturation index were greater in the OC group at both intensities (p < 0.05); with the MC group showing no changes at either intensity. Discussion: Oral contraceptive use may reduce central adaptations to sprint interval training in women without influencing improvements in exercise performance - potentially due to greater peripheral adaptation. This may be due to the influence of exogenous oestradiol and progestogen on cardiovascular function and skeletal muscle blood flow. Further investigation into female-specific influences on training adaptation and exercise performance is warranted. Refereed/Peer-reviewed