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Item does not contain fulltext Sports clubs in the Netherlands have an important societal position. They play a role in the everyday life of many Dutch people, and they are increasingly asked to take up roles in public health promotion and societal integration. Given their characteristics, it is not surprising that sports clubs are ascribed these roles in policies. On average, Dutch sports clubs have a relative large organisational capacity, because they have relatively large numbers of members and volunteers and they often possess their own sports facilities. These traits make them interesting potential partners for national and local policy-makers from different policy domains. Sports clubs also ascribe this societal position and role as policy partner to themselves. However, this chapter also shows that Dutch sports clubs are still mainly focused on organising their core sports activities, which is challenging enough for many clubs. Policy initiatives aimed at strengthening sports clubs could help to enrich their societal functions. In addition, this chapter illustrates that clubs have difficulty to get their members active in democratic decision-making and volunteering. New ways of designing the volunteering positions are needed to maintain the clubs' strengths.

ispartof: Post viraal naar een nieuw normaal. VUB stemmen over de impact van corona op onze samenleving pages:235-245 ispartof: pages:235-245 status: published

The film formation of acrylic latex dispersions, containing different amounts of carboxylic acid functional groups by the incorporation of methacrylic acid (MAA), was studied with GARField 1H NMR at various relative humidities (RH). Polymer particles with glass-transition temperatures in the range from 26 to 50 °C formed films at room temperature because of hydroplasticization. It was found that with an increased drying rate due to lower RH, the evaporation flux of water was limited by the latex polymer. Only in the second stage of drying this phenomenon was more obvious with increasing MAA content. 1H NMR relaxometry was used to study the change of hydrogen mobilities during film formation and hardening of the films. This showed that the drying rate itself had no impact on the hydrogen mobility in the latex films as measured via the T2 relaxation time. Hydrogen mobilities of water and the mobile polymer phase only significantly decrease after most water has evaporated. This implies that the rigidity of the polymers increases with the evaporation of water that otherwise plasticizes the polymer through hydrogen bonding with the carboxylic acid groups. This hardening of the polymer phase is essential for applications in a coating. The hydrogen mobilities were affected by the MAA concentration. Densities of mobile hydrogens increase with increasing MAA content. This is expected if the mobile protons are contained in the MAA groups. The result thus confirms the role of carboxylic acid groups in hydrogen bonding and plasticization of the copolymers. Hydrogen mobilities, however, decrease with increasing MAA content, which is hypothesized to be caused by the formation of dimers of carboxylic acid groups that still hold water. They still enable short-range polymer hydrogen mobility due to hydroplasticization but limit long-range polymer mobility due to interaction between the carboxylic acid groups.

In contemporary solid-state research, various approaches exist to manipulate and study material properties at the atomic scale. In this spirit, the combination of two fascinating low-dimensional systems is investigated in this thesis, namely the two-dimensional material graphene and zero-dimensional few-atom clusters. The former is a monoatomic sheet of carbon atoms with extraordinary properties. This easy to obtain material became extremely popular in a variety of branches in science and technology over the past one-and-a-half decade. Its two-dimensional nature makes graphene very susceptible to interactions with entities in its vicinity. As such, graphene is an ideal platform to either probe the properties of adsorbed particles, or to act as a 'template' in which desirable properties can be proximity induced. The second main players of this PhD thesis are clusters: aggregates of two up to roughly one thousand atoms. More specifically, few-atom metal clusters are employed in this thesis. One of the most intriguing features of small clusters is that their properties strongly depend on the exact size and composition, i.e. the exact number and type of atoms in the cluster. This is true for both clusters in the gas-phase and for supported clusters. The latter are promising for realizing functional cluster-based systems and devices, in which the rich size-dependent properties can be exploited, for instance in spintronics or catalysis. In this thesis we find for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, that the size-specific cluster properties can also be transpired into the electronic properties of a graphene-based device. For this, we use the sensitivity of a graphene sheet, which is incorporated in a transistor device architecture. On the one hand, this means that the graphene transistor can be exploited to probe, via electronic transport measurements, the interaction with deposited clusters. This can provide information on their electronic state, reactivity and stability. On the other hand, this indicates that one can now explore clusters as a means to functionalize graphene, relying on the developments and advancements over the past decades in cluster research, which enables to fabricate and deposit these particles with high control. In this primarily experimental work, the clusters are fabricated in the KU Leuven magnetron sputtering cluster setup, which allows to fabricate and size-select metallic clusters with atomic precision, and hence create an atomically monodisperse cluster beam. For the graphene devices, fabrication and measurement protocols had to be implemented for the first time at the KU Leuven Department of Physics and Astronomy. The fabrication relies heavily on the nanofabrication tools in the recently opened Leuven NanoCentre. Expertise on transport measurements in graphene devices was obtained in parallel through a project on a novel method to unravel the electron spin anisotropy in graphene. This is an important fingerprint for spintronics in two-dimensional materials. It allows for a better understanding and thus for future improvements of the spin transport in graphene and other two-dimensional materials. The main results of this thesis are obtained in graphene devices decorated with gold (Au) clusters consisting of six atoms or less. The charge transfer between the adsorbed particles and graphene was characterized by in situ transport measurements in the deposition chamber of the cluster setup. Furthermore, the adsorption of molecular oxygen to the gold clusters on graphene was investigated in a similar fashion. In order to facilitate these experiments, adaptations were made to the deposition chamber to enable in situ electronic measurements, the deposition of a cluster beam on a single device, and in situ gas exposure experiments. Both the doping and oxygen adsorption behaviour show a distinct sizedependence for devices decorated with Au3 and Au6 clusters. The (relative) amplitude and sign of the doping, for either the bare and oxidized clusters, is in good agreement with DFT computations of these systems. A morphological characterization of the sample using scanning electron microscopy combined with current annealing and electronic transport measurements, further strengthens the argument that indeed, single clusters are interacting with graphene. Hence, the presented experiments with few-atom gold clusters on graphene provide a proof-of-principle that the size-dependent cluster properties can be resolved in an eletronic device. As such, this provides a pathway to on the one hand use graphene as a platfrom to electronically probe the properties of clusters, and on the other hand, this gives perspectives in using the immense variety in (size-specific) cluster properties to functionalize graphene. status: published

Item does not contain fulltext In this chapter, we will highlight the current state of affairs as well as the historical background of the way in which sport is governed in the Netherlands. In order to do so, we will focus on the role of the national government, the sports clubs and sport federations and the local governments. We will show that sport in the Netherlands very much forms a showcase for the Dutch political-economy tradition of coalitions and of responsibilities and initiatives that are shared between public and private organisations. We will argue that that system has been important in establishing a sound and cost-effective sporting infrastructure, perhaps favouring grassroots sport whilst not being blind to the significance of elite sports. We will also, however, go into the threats to the system, coming from the influx of commercial forces and the need to make difficult choices when it comes to elite sports.

Sport for All has been a major concern in sport policies in many European countries since the 1960s and 1970s. It continues to be on the agenda until today, even though the perspective has somewhat changed, as a growing emphasis on both health-enhancing physical activity and elite sport can be observed. In this chapter, we explore sport participation in Europe. We start off by discussing different representations of the organisation of sports in Europe. The so-called ‘church model’ is presented, which provides an alternative to the more traditional pyramid, but highly hierarchical representation of the ‘European sports model’. This first, conceptual section is followed by a presentation of empirical findings on sport participation in Europe. Analyses are based on the Eurobarometer, a large-scale repeated cross-sectional survey issued by the European Commission to inform policies, and conducted in all 28 member states of the European Union. The findings indicate that there are large differences in terms of sport participation throughout Europe. Both a geographical divide as well as a social divide can be observed. The chapter ends with a discussion of the findings that explores what brings about the identified differences. The large variety in terms of sport policy, organisation and provision within Europe, and the influence of societal values and cultural preferences outside the realm of sport are key explanatory factors. It is concluded that sport remains the outcome of processes of social differentiation and social inequality.

Item does not contain fulltext Sport for all blijft vooralsnog een uitdaging. Wellicht moet men zelfs zeggen: Sport for all is vooralsnog een utopie gebleken. Wat de toekomst gaat brengen, blijft onzeker. De afgelopen decennia heeft de overheid zich een (redelijk) trouw pleitbezorger getoond van de sport. Die missie wordt nu minder gevoed door de wens de sociale participatie te verhogen, en meer door zorgen omtrent de gezondheid. In die zij lijkt Sport for all stilaan vervangen te worden door Fit for all. Voor de sport biedt dat kansen én bedreigingen. Sport als onderdeel van een gezonde leefstijl mag op veel krediet rekenen, maar moet ook dulden dat ze die aandacht deelt met heel andere zaken, zoals het ontmoedigen van het nuttigen van 'foute' etens- en drinkwaren (suiker, vet, alcohol), en het stimuleren van beweegvormen als tuinieren en traplopen.

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In this final chapter, we conclude our running-across-Europe journey. That journey took us through ten running nations (plus France).1 Obviously, running is more prevalent in some countries than others. Historical, cultural and economic factors account for these differences (Scheerder et al., 2011; Van Tuyckom, 2011). In addition, the state of affairs of statistics on running differs from country to country. Some countries benefit from an abundance of data, whereas others have to make do with the few statistics that are available (Van Bottenburg et al., 2010). As such, the case of running is quite similar to the more general situation on sports statistics (Breedveld et al., 2013).

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Originally, running was a sporting activity which was mainly, if not only, practised by competitive athletes in private track and field clubs or through extracurricular school and university programmes (Bale, 2004). Today, running has become an immensely popular pastime pursued in the public sphere by millions of recreational participants worldwide. Up to the 1960s, however, recreational jogging along the street, in a park or in a forest was considered a strange activity. In his analysis of public order, Goffman (1971) described patterned characters of everyday life and, among others, analysed pedestrian traffic systems. At that time, people huffing, puffing, hobbling, plodding and sweating while running in the streets was less evident than it is nowadays. Stokvis (2006) noted that in this context, leisure-time running was rather perceived as a disruption of social codes between pedestrians, and thus marring the existing public order. If people ran in public, this was mainly the case because they were in a hurry. Doing forms of physical exercise in public meant that one was ‘frivolous’, ‘idle’ or even ‘subversive’ (Florida, 2002; Paunonen, 2009). Running in public was seen as a waste of energy and, therefore, people practising leisure-time running activities risked being scoffed and jeered at (Van Bottenburg et al., 2010a). Thus, apart from the club- and school-organised version, recreational running used to be a rather unusual physical activity for the greater part of the twentieth century.

Contains fulltext : 169137.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Closed access) Dit document omvat de resultaten van de studie 'Globaal sportinfrastructuurplan voor Vlaanderen'. Deze studie omvat een methodiek om bovenlokaliteit te bepalen, een behoefteanalyse en een strategische visie. De Beleidsnota Sport (2014-2019) van de Vlaamse minister van Sport Philippe Muyters stelt de opmaak van een globaal sportinfrastructuurplan voorop. Dit infrastructuurplan moet de basis vormen voor een strategisch sportinfrastructuurbeleid in Vlaanderen, en dit op lokaal en bovenlokaal niveau, inclusief topsport. De focus van de voorliggende opdracht ligt op het bovenlokale niveau en op topsport. Dit plan vormt het kader voor gerichte investeringen op lange termijn. Bij deze publicatie horen ook de Managementsamenvatting en het Kaartenboek over- en ondervertegenwoordiging. 256 p.

Vlaanderen voert al meer dan vier decennia een autonoom sportbeleid. Dat heeft een impact op hoe het Vlaamse sportlandschap gestructureerd is, maar ook op het aanbod van sportorganisaties en de deelname aan sport. Dit handboek biedt een overzicht van de organisatie van sport en ontwikkelingen in het sportbeleid in Vlaanderen. Beleid en organisatie van sport gaat achtereenvolgens in op de beleidsruimte en beleidsontwikkeling. Zo biedt het boek zowel een beeld van onder meer de relevante evoluties in sportparticipatie, de tewerkstelling en de economische impact van sport in Vlaanderen, als van ontwikkelingen in het beleidsproces, het wetgevend kader en de besluitvorming in de sportsector.

Contains fulltext : 169136.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Closed access) Dit document bevat de managementsamenvatting van de studie 'Naar een Globaal Sportinfrastructuurplan in Vlaanderen'. Deze studie omvat een methodiek om bovenlokaliteit te bepalen, een behoefteanalyse en een advies met betrekking tot een strategische visie inzake sportinfrastructuur, waarbij beleidsaanbevelingen worden aangereikt. De Beleidsnota Sport (2014-2019) van de Vlaamse minister van Sport Philippe Muyters stelt immers de opmaak van een globaal sportinfrastructuurplan voorop. Dit infrastructuurplan moet de basis vormen voor een strategisch sportinfrastructuurbeleid in Vlaanderen, en dit op lokaal en bovenlokaal niveau, inclusief topsport. De focus van de voorliggende opdracht ligt op het bovenlokale niveau en op topsport. Desalniettemin komen er ook elementen omtrent sportinfrastructuur op het lokale niveau aan bod. Dit plan vormt het kader voor gerichte investeringen op lange termijn. In deze managementsamenvatting staan de auteurs kort stil bij het plan van aanpak (de gehanteerde methodiek) en worden de belangrijkste resultaten uit alle fases van het onderzoek besproken. Er is ook een Kaartenboek over- en ondervertegenwoordiging beschikbaar. 40 p.

Item does not contain fulltext BMS Studie 32 omvat het kaartenboek als bijlage bij de studie 'Naar een Globaal Sportinfrastructuurplan in Vlaanderen. Onderzoek naar behoeften inzake sportinfrastructuur, ontwikkelen van een strategische visie en aanreiken van beleidsaanbevelingen' (BMS Studie 31). Hierin kunnen alle kaarten met betrekking tot de onder- en oververtegenwoordiging van sportinfrastructuur in Vlaanderen geraadpleegd worden. Er is ook een Managementsamenvatting van het onderzoek beschikbaar. 252 p.

Item does not contain fulltext Aan de orde komen onder andere: de historische en recente ontwikkelingen, uitdagingen en kritiekpunten, case studies.

Contains fulltext : 157723.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access) The heart of any sport policy ought to be raising levels of sport participation and preventing any social group being excluded from sport. Despite serious efforts in raising the levels of sport participation, countries differ on sport participation rates. In order to develop a public policy to increase sport participation rates and to set reasonable targets it is necessary to have a sound understanding of the development and the differences in sport participation rates over time, and to develop a solid evidence base for sport. 3 p.