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How did the global payments system cope with the surge of internationalisation of banking in the 1960s–1980s? Using archival evidence and other contemporary sources, this paper addresses the innovations in the trans-Atlantic payments system that supported liberalised payments in the 1970s and 1980s. The specific focus is the system’s early development in the midst of innovation in ICT, disruption to the international monetary system and a series of high-profile bank failures that challenged the foundations of cross-border inter-bank relations. We find that, although the New York Clearing House developed a private sector solution to the rising number of cross-border payments in the early 1970s, pressure from the Federal Reserve after a payments crisis in 1974 encouraged further reform. The pace of growth of cross-border payments outstripped technological solutions and the private sector system was left with important vulnerabilities until the late 1980s. This emphasised the importance of reinforcing trust in the system through regulation as it grew more complex.

Sinds 2011 verschijnt elke vijf jaar een Nationaal plan tuberculosebestrijding. Het RIVM heeft het plan samen met organisaties in de tuberculosebestrijding geactualiseerd voor de periode 2021-2025. Tussen 2016 en 2020 daalde het aantal mensen met tuberculose in Nederland met 25 procent. Ondanks deze daling blijft het belangrijk om de ziekte in Nederland goed te blijven bestrijden. De update 2021-2025 beschrijft drie doelen. Het eerste is het streven dat het aantal mensen met tuberculose de komende vijf jaar weer met 25 procent daalt. Het tweede doel is om ook het aantal mensen dat in deze periode ge?nfecteerd raakt met de tuberculosebacterie in Nederland met 25 procent te verminderen. Het derde doel is minimaal 90 procent van de tuberculosepati?nten te genezen. Om dit te bereiken zijn 20 doelstellingen bepaald, zoals periodieke evaluatie van screeningen. Mensen uit de meeste landen in Afrika en Azi? worden getest (gescreend) op tuberculose als ze in Nederland aankomen. Sinds 2017 is de screening van immigranten onder de 18 jaar veranderd om de kans te verkleinen dat ze later alsnog tuberculose krijgen. Zij krijgen geen longfoto meer, maar een huid- of bloedtest om te kijken of ze zijn ge?nfecteerd met de tuberculosebacterie. Mensen met een tuberculose-infectie zijn niet ziek en krijgen een behandeling aangeboden om te voorkomen dat ze ziek worden. Vanaf 2022 wordt deze werkwijze uitgebreid naar asielzoekers onder de 12 jaar. Door het gedaalde aantal pati?nten is de uitvoering en kwaliteit van de tuberculosebestrijding in GGD-regio’s onder druk komen te staan. Om de kwaliteit te waarborgen gaan de GGD’en de zorgverlening organiseren in aansluiting op de lokale omstandigheden. Verder zijn bepaalde landelijke taken, zoals richtlijnen opstellen, overgedragen naar het RIVM. Het ministerie van VWS, het RIVM en stakeholders gaan voortaan elk jaar de voortgang van het plan in een landelijk platform bespreken.

Governments around the world have taken a significant number and variety of actions in response to the Covid-19 pandemic. To understand this flood of government actions, policymakers and researchers need access not only to high-quality, up-to-date data on government responses, but also tools to help them make sense of that data. In a joint initiative, the data collected in CoronaNet are visualized on the ifo Institute's DICE website. The following article introduces the CoronaNet research project and explains some of the data collected and how they are presented on DICE.

The sterling area was an international monetary system that operated for almost 30 years after the end of the Second World War. Born from wartime exchange controls, it was initially a short-term response to global imbalances in the wake of the war and the failure of the new Bretton Woods institutions to support multilateral trade and payments. From 1945 to 1972, members of the sterling area agreed to maintain fixed exchange rates with sterling, to hold the bulk of their foreign exchange reserves in sterling, and to impose exchange control in common with Britain to protect against possible flight from sterling to other currencies. In return, members enjoyed freer trade with Britain and freer access to British capital than other countries. In the early years, it was defined by Britain’s war debts, but through the 1950s these were retired and replaced by fresh accumulations of sterling by other members. But by the 1960s, a weaker pound and waning enthusiasm for monetary cooperation among its members undermined the system, and it became part of the crumbling of the wider Bretton Woods system. A concerted multilateral effort supported the gradual retreat from sterling until it was finally abandoned without fanfare in 1972.

L'utilizzo integrato delle immagini satellitari Landsat-8 e Sentinel-2A e 2B permette, grazie al tempo di rivisitazione (circa 3 giorni), di monitorare con una buona risoluzione spaziale (10-30 metri) gli ambienti acquatici. Le immagini satellitari sono utilizzate nell'ambito del progetto H2020 SPACE-O (Space Assisted Water Quality Forecasting Platform for Optimized Decision Making in Water Supply Services) ad integrazione delle misure in situ e ai dati modellistici per avere il maggiore numero d'informazioni sulla qualità delle acque dell'invaso del Mulargia. La diga del Mulargia si trova in Sardegna e come per tutti gli invasi che provigionano di acqua potabile la popolazione (700.000 abitanti) è di grande importanza il monitoraggio della qualità delle acque. Per il periodo 2013- 2017 circa 150 immagini satellitari prive di copertura nuvolosa sono state processate per ottenere prodotti di qualità delle acque, in particolare mappe di concentrazione di clorofilla-a (chl-a), torbidità, trasparenza ed indice di stato trofico. Inoltre, tramite il sensore termico (TIRS) a bordo del Landsat-8 si sono prodotte mappe di temperatura superficiale delle acque. Le immagini sono state elaborate tramite "Modular Inversion and Processing System" (MIP) che gestisce sistematicamente le proprietà ottiche specifiche dei parametri otticamente attivi delle acque e le relazioni di trasferimento radiativo (inclusa la correzione atmosferica). La validazione mostra un buon accordo tra i prodotti satellitari e i dati in situ (torbidità R2 = 0,82 e chl-a R2 = 0,72) ed in particolare l'andamento dei risultati nel corso degli anni mostra la stessa tendenza. I risultati hanno evidenziato le condizioni mesotrofiche (chl-a media di 10,8 mg/m3, con massimi superiori ai 50 mg/m3) della riserva con particolari problematiche dovute alle fioriture di cianobatteri rinvenute nei mesi di aprile e ottobre 2015 e valori di torbidità molto variabili (tra 1 e 45 ETU) nei periodi successivi ad intense precipitazioni. Tutti i prodotti ottenuti dai dati satellitari sono utilizzati nei moduli SPACE-O all'interno del Sistema di supporto alle decisione di gestione.

Water resources are limited and are facing issues that are also due to climate change, which could have serious consequences for water quality. Remote sensing techniques are widely used to study the Earth's surface. They have many scientific applications, including the evaluation and quantification of changes in water quality. The SPACE-O (Space Assisted Water Quality Forecasting Platform for Optimized Decision Making in Water Supply Services) Project on the Horizon2020 program is catalyzing innovation with a service platform created to facilitate interoperability between the Earth Observation data, ecological and hydraulic models and services implemented in a Management Decision Support System (DSS). In this work we present the activities based on EO data analysis for the two inland water dams (Lake Mulargia in Sardinia-Italy and lake Aposelemis in Creta-Greek). Mulargia (principal tributary of Flumendosa) dam is located in south Sardinia island. Mulargia reservoir serves as a drinking water source for the towns of Cagliari and hinterland and 20 villages around in the greater area summing up to a population of 700.000 inhabitants. The total annual abstraction for drinking water purposes is estimated to 100 hm3. Aposelemis dam is located in south Greece at Crete island. Aposelemis reservoir serves as a drinking water source for the towns of Heraklion and Agios Nikolaos as well as local communities in the greater area summing up to a population of 300.000 inhabitants. The total annual abstraction for drinking water purposes is estimated to 17 hm3. Earth observation (EO) imagery gathered from Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2A & B are operationally used with SPACE-O to observe a set of key variables for water quality monitoring. The products, based on the physics-based Modular Inversion and Processing System (MIP) image-processing-chain, provide time-series data of the water quality parameters from 2013 to 2017. The MIP architecture systematically handles the independent properties of sensor parameters and specific optical properties as well as the radiative transfer relationships (at 1nm spectral resolution). The processing includes the acquisition or harvesting of satellite data, radiometric calibration, spatial subsetting (clipping) of region of interest, Land-Water-Cloud masking, Adjacency correction, sunglint correction coupled atmospheric and water surface correction, including aerosol and in-water Inherent Optical Properties (IOPs) retrieval, retrieval of water constituent concentrations from IOP's and Creation of quality indicators and quality control. The water quality obtained was Chlorophyll-a concentration, Turbidity, Secchi Disk Depth, Lake Surface Temperature; in addition of these parameter some ecological and warning indexes was produced (e.g Trophic Status Index, Harmful Algal Bloom Probability). Moreover, The Thermal Infra-Red Sensor (TIRS) on board of Landsat-8 data was used, in combination spectral information obtained from the optical sensor (namely, OLI), to characterise the heat fluxes and the evaporation rate in the study areas. Lake surface temperatures are retrieved from top-of-atmosphere brightness temperature in the TIRS band 10 (10.9 ?m). Then, the surface energy budget for the Mulargia and Aposelemis reservoirs was estimated using Landsat-8 derived products (i.e. surface temperature and surface albedo) and surface air temperature, wind speed, and relative humidity data from the hydro-meteorological surface meteorological stations according to evaporative fraction method. The validation of the products show a good agreement between EO vs in situ data (turbidity R2 = 0.82 and chl-a R2 = 0.72), in particular the trend of the results during the years show the same tendency. In order to be able to provide the managers of the dams a given uncertainty about the use of satellite data, as a standard part of the processing, an accuracy or quality indicator is calculated for each retrieved parameter and for each detected water pixel. This measure comprises a comprehensive range of factors that can impact the derived product quality (e.g. the estimated sun glint probability; residuals of the measured and modelled sensor radiances and subsurface reflectances; pixels affected by cloud shadow). The quality information is part of each standard geodata delivery and is visualized by different maps from which the final product masks are obtained. For Lake Mulargia 138 clouds free images produce many information about the water quality, the average chl-a was 10.8 mg/m3 (Min 0.8 and Max 77.2), and average turbidity was 5.9 ETU (Min 0.9 and Max 44). The results show that in spring and autumn period the quality of the water is lower, in particular in the period when decreasing the level of the water and when the precipitation was copious and determine a high run-off of particulate matter from the basin. For Lake Aposelemis 129 clouds free images show that the average chl-a was 16 mg/m3 (Min 1.7 and Max 45.2) with reduced spatial variability within the lake, the turbidity values show a greater inhomogeneity's with south zone of reservoir have the higher value (average 6.8 ETU; standard deviation 4.3) respect to the northern part near to the dam (average 5.2 ETU; standard deviation 3.5). The highest values were recorded in the period January-March 2015 and 2017. For both freshwater reservoirs, the trophic state judgments obtained with EO data was Mesotrophic and the evaluation of inorganic and organic fraction shows how the inorganic component was predominant in winter and the organic in summer in the Aposelemis and in spring and autumn Mulargia. In order to overcome temporal gaps, calculation of statistical means from satellite data was apply, this includes monthly and seasonal means and the minimum, maximum, quantiles (0.25,0.75), standard deviation, range and count of all images which have been taken into account for a certain pixel are extracted. The Space-O project requests additional optical very high resolution datasets from the COPERNICUS data-warehouse. Rapid-Eye images will be used to investigate the presence of cyanobacteria surface blooms, with semi-empirical RED/NIR band ratio approaches, in Mulargia Dam and floating vegetation in Aposelemis Dam with Normalized Difference Aquatic Vegetation Index algorithms. The results show a presence of patchy distribution on red cyanobacteria in 8 April and 23 October 2015 in Mulargia dam with a coverage of 2.6 and 1.4 hectares respectively and over 2.4 hectares of floating vegetation in Aposelemis Dam on 22 August 2014. All the products obtained from EO data are used in the SPACE-O modules to support the implementation of the Mulargia and Aposelemis monitoring as well as the water forecasting. SPACE-O also provides the opportunity to produce water information systems that are based on near real-time EO products.

Fragestellung: Handverletzungen stellen ein deutliches Problem in der derzeitigen Gesundheitspolitik dar. Das Wissen um ein erhöhtes Risiko während der Arbeit durch Stress, Unachtsamkeit, Übermüdung, Verwendung ungesicherter Maschinen, führt in den nächsten Jahren dazu,[zum vollständigen Text gelangen Sie über die oben angegebene URL], 58. Kongress der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Handchirurgie

Le risorse idriche sono limitate e si trovano ad affrontare problematiche dovute anche ai cambiamenti climatici, che potrebbero avere gravi conseguenze sulla qualità dell'acqua. Le tecniche di telerilevamento sono ampiamente utilizzate per lo studio della superficie terrestre. Hanno molte applicazioni in campo scientifico, tra cui la valutazione e la quantificazione dei cambiamenti nella qualità dell'acqua. Il Progetto SPACE-O (Space Assisted Water Quality Forecasting Platform for Optimized Decision Making in Water Supply Services) finanziato nel 2016 sul programma Horizon2020 sta catalizzando l'innovazione con una piattaforma operativa di servizio creata per facilitare l'interoperabilità tra dati di Osservazione della Terra, modelli ecologici ed idraulici ed i servizi implementati in un Sistema di supporto alle decisione di gestione (DSS).

As part of the risk assessment and strategic planning related to the emergence of avian influenza A(H7N9) in China the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) has considered two major scenarios. The current situation is the one of a zoonotic epidemic (Scenario A) in which the virus might be transmitted sporadically to humans in close contact with an animal reservoir. The second scenario is the movement towards efficient human to human transmission (a pandemic Scenario B). We identified epidemiological events within the different scenarios that would trigger a new risk assessment and a review of the response activities to implement in the European Union (EU). Further, we identified the surveillance activities needed to detect these events. The EU should prepare for importation of isolated human cases infected in the affected area, though this event would not change the level of public health risk. Awareness among clinicians and local public health authorities, combined with nationally available testing, will be crucial. A ’one health’ surveillance strategy is needed to detect extension of the infection towards Europe. The emergence of a novel reassortant influenza A(H7N9) underlines that pandemic preparedness remains important for Europe.

Using linear gas bearing guides in a high vacuum environment, the common method to keep the vacuum quality is to exhaust the gas emitted by the bearing pads before leaking into the vacuum chamber. Thereby the exhaust tubes between the guide and the exhaust pumps should interfere with the guide as little as possible while maintaining a flexible connection and a highly effective exhaustion rate. A novel exhaust system that implements these requirements is described within this paper. The major achievement was the realization of two exhaust tubes slidable into one another combined with the known method of non-contact clearance seals, thus enabling an highly efficient and yet disturbance free exhaustion. This setup was developed and characterized at static and dynamic conditions. An analytical model for dimensioning the non-contact seal was worked out and experimentally verified. The number of seal stages and the clearance height were identified as the major impact factors on the leakage rate of the setup. It is concluded that the investigated approach is very suitable for vacuum compatible gas bearing guides since a vacuum level in the order of 10-4 Pa was maintained during the experiments.

Einleitung und Fragestellung: Arzneimittelfachinformationen sind Bestandteil des Zulassungsverfahrens, so dass die Verschreibungsinformation vielfach eher juristisch sicher als klinisch eindeutig ist. Daraus ergeben sich Nachteile für die darauf aufsetzenden heute verfügbaren kommerziellen[for full text, please go to the a.m. URL], GMDS 2012; 57. Jahrestagung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Medizinische Informatik, Biometrie und Epidemiologie e.V. (GMDS)