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This article presents abstracts of research articles on economic geography. In the article "Windfall Gains From Transfer of Water Allotments Within the Colorado-Big Thompson Project" some question has been raised about the propriety of individuals receiving windfall gains from the sale and transfer of Colorado-Big Thompson Project water allotments within the Northern Colorado Water Conservancy District. As the nonfarm demand for water has risen, nonirrigation users of water have been buying allotments from farmers. According to the article "Economic and Social Disparities Between Central Cities and Their Suburbs," to test the validity of what may be called a stereotype of central city-suburban economic and social differences, a multiple regression analysis was undertaken with reference to the following questions. The stereotype of low economic and social status in central cities and high status in the suburbs was found to be valid only for the largest SMSAs and those located in the Northeast.

Dysfunction in the hippocampus-prefrontal cortex (H-PFC) circuit is a critical determinant of schizophrenia. Screening of pyridazinone-risperidone hybrids on this circuit revealed EGIS 11150 (S 36549). EGIS 11150 induced theta rhythm in hippocampal slice preparations in the stratum lacunosum molecular area of CA1, which was resistant to atropine and prazosin. EGIS 11150 enhanced H-PFC coherence, and increased the 8−9 Hz theta band of the EEG power spectrum (from 0.002 mg/kg i.p, at >30× lower doses than clozapine, and >100× for olanzapine, risperidone, or haloperidol). EGIS 11150 fully blocked the effects of phencyclidine (PCP) or ketamine on EEG. Inhibition of long-term potentiation (LTP) in H-PFC was blocked by platform stress, but was fully restored by EGIS 11150 (0.01 mg/kg i.p.), whereas clozapine (0.3 mg/kg ip) only partially restored LTP. EGIS 11150 has a unique electrophysiological profile, so phenotypical screening on H-PFC connectivity can reveal novel antipsychotics.

Over the last two decades, awareness of the negative repercussions of flaws in the planning, conduct and reporting of preclinical research involving experimental animals has been growing. Several initiatives have set out to increase transparency and internal validity of preclinical studies, mostly publishing expert consensus and experience. While many of the points raised in these various guidelines are identical or similar, they differ in detail and rigour. Most of them focus on reporting, only few of them cover the planning and conduct of studies. The aim of this systematic review is to identify existing experimental design, conduct, analysis and reporting guidelines relating to preclinical animal research. A systematic search in PubMed, Embase and Web of Science retrieved 13 863 unique results. After screening these on title and abstract, 613 papers entered the full-text assessment stage, from which 60 papers were retained. From these, we extracted unique 58 recommendations on the planning, conduct and reporting of preclinical animal studies. Sample size calculations, adequate statistical methods, concealed and randomised allocation of animals to treatment, blinded outcome assessment and recording of animal flow through the experiment were recommended in more than half of the publications. While we consider these recommendations to be valuable, there is a striking lack of experimental evidence on their importance and relative effect on experiments and effect sizes., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2020. Re-use permitted under CC BY. Published by BMJ.)

Genetic microdeletion at the 22q11 locus is associated with very high risk for schizophrenia. The 22q11.2 microdeletion (Df(h22q11)/+) mouse model shows cognitive deficits observed in this disorder, some of which can be linked to dysfunction of the prefrontal cortex (PFC). We used behavioral (n = 10 per genotype), electrophysiological (n = 7 per genotype per group), and neuroanatomical (n = 5 per genotype) techniques to investigate schizophrenia-related pathology of Df(h22q11)/+ mice, which showed a significant decrease in the total number of parvalbumin positive interneurons in the medial PFC. The Df(h22q11)/+ mice when tested on PFC-dependent behavioral tasks, including gambling tasks, perform significantly worse than control animals while exhibiting normal behavior on hippocampus-dependent tasks. They also show a significant decrease in hippocampus-medial Prefrontal cortex (H-PFC) synaptic plasticity (long-term potentiation, LTP). Acute platform stress almost abolished H-PFC LTP in both wild-type and Df(h22q11)/+ mice. H-PFC LTP was restored to prestress levels by clozapine (3 mg/kg i.p.) in stressed Df(h22q11)/+ mice, but the restoration of stress-induced LTP, while significant, was similar between wild-type and Df(h22q11)/+ mice. A medial PFC dysfunction may underlie the negative and cognitive symptoms in human 22q11 deletion carriers, and these results are relevant to the current debate on the utility of clozapine in such subjects.

We conducted a clinical trial to assess the safety and putative efficacy of an additional human rabies immune globulin (HRIG; KEDRAB) versus an older product (Comparator, HyperRAB S/D® [Grifols]) and determine whether HRIG interferes with development of endogenous antibodies versus Comparator, when each is given with an active rabies vaccine. This was a prospective, double-blind, single-period, non-inferiority study in which subjects were randomized (1:1) to a single dose (20 IU/kg) of HRIG or Comparator on day 0 and rabies vaccine (RabAvert® [GlaxoSmithKline]; 1 mL of ≥2.5 IU/mL) on days 0, 3, 7, 14, and 28. Anti-rabies antibodies were measured by rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test on day 14, and subjects were followed until day 185. Rabies virus neutralizing antibody (RVNA) titers ≥0.5 IU/mL were considered seroconversion putatively indicative of protection. The non-inferiority criterion was the lower limit of the 90% confidence interval (CI) >-10%, for the between-group difference in the proportion of subjects achieving RVNA ≥0.5 IU/mL. On day 14, 98.3% of 59 subjects in the HRIG group and 100% of 59 in the Comparator group had RVNA ≥0.5 IU/mL (difference between proportions - 1.8%; 90% CI, - 8.2, 3.1; non-inferiority criterion met). One subject in the HRIG group did not meet the seroconversion criteria for anti-rabies antibody, and one subject in the Comparator group showed an anamnestic response, with much higher than expected anti-rabies antibody levels at both baseline and on day 14. Thus, HRIG allows for prophylactic anti-rabies antibody titers and is non-inferior to Comparator, when administered with rabies vaccine.