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Stage 1 IPA at Cortex

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In the literature, there is an ongoing debate regarding the nature of attentional orienting towards non-reportable exogenous cues. Some argue that even though bottom-up orienting can occur towards conscious stimuli, it is consistently modulated by endogenous factors in the case of unconscious stimuli. This would suggest that there may be no purely exogenous shifts of attention towards unconscious stimuli. In this thesis, we set out to provide compelling evidence for an automatic nature of attentional orienting towards non-reportable cues, independent from endogenous factors (e.g., attentional task set). To investigate this, an experiment employing the temporal order judgement (TOJ) paradigm was conducted, in which two line gratings of opposite orientation were presented on each side of a fixation, separated by various stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs). Participants were required to report the orientation of the line grating that was presented first. In two-thirds of the trials, a non-reportable exogenous cue was presented on the opposite location of the first line grating, making it counterproductive to attend to the cue. Cue awareness was assessed in addition to performance on the TOJ task. Data were analysed using parametric and non-parametric procedures, supplemented by Bayes factor analyses. Results from these procedures converged in showing a robust bias towards the cued line gratings, suggesting that bottom-up orienting towards non-reportable exogenous cues occurs independently from attentional task set.

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Contains materials, data, and analysis scripts of the experiment presented in the following paper: Schettino, A., Keil, A., Porcu, E., Müller, M. M. (2016). Shedding light on emotional perception: Interaction of brightness and semantic content in extrastriate visual cortex. Neuroimage, 133, 341–353. DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.03.020

This component contains the raw data of each of the 21 individuals that participated in the experiment, provided in E-Prime proprietary (.edat2) and in plain text (.txt) format.

This component contains all the necessary files to reproduce the experiment: - *.bmp files: fixation cross, placeholders, cue, stimuli, and mask presented during the experiment; - *.es2: E-Studio files with two versions of the experiment (counterbalanced response buttons). English translation added for convenience but not used in the study. Requires E-Prime 2 license; - *.ebs2: executable files of all the versions of the task. Does not require an E-Prime license, just download E-Run at http://pstnet.com/products/e-prime/.

File name: CleanData.xlsx - A PSS larger than the longest SOA (in our case, 217 ms) was a priori defined as a poor behavioral performance. Three participants with poor behavioral performance were excluded from the final dataset. - Trials in which responses occurred 2000 ms after the onset of the masks were excluded (M = 4.96%, SE = 0.36). - Due to a coding error in E-Prime, we were unable to use the data from five conditions . However, we could estimate the responses and reaction times of the erroneous conditions based on the distribution of the data of five similar conditions using multiple imputations via bootstrapped expectation-maximization algorithm using the package Amelia v1.7.4 in R v3.3.2. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ File name: ACC_IndividualData.xlsx Accuracy on the TOJ task per participant, for each cue condition and each SOA. Accuracy on the TOJ task is expressed as the proportion of horizontal first responses (Positive SOAs: horizontal line grating was presented first; Negative SOAs: vertical line grating was presented first). ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ File name: ACC_RT_PSS_AverageData.xlsx Averages of each variable (Accuracy, Reaction Time & PSS) for each participant. Excel Sheets: - ACC: Average proportion of “horizontal first” responses and corresponding average standard deviation (for each cue condition, per SOA) and psychometric curve. - RT: Average reaction times and corresponding average standard deviation (for each cue condition, per SOA) and psychometric curve. - PSS: Average points of subjective simultaneity (PSS) and corresponding average standard deviation (for each cue condition, per SOA) and bar graph. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ File name: PSS_data.sav Data containing individual participant's PSS values for each cue condition. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ File name: SDT_data.sav Data containing individual participant's d' (sensitivity) and c (response bias) values calculated from responses to Q1. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ File name: TOJ_Pilot_preprocessing.R R script with data cleaning, individual and average graphs of accuracy (proportion of "horizontal first" responses), point of subjective simultaneity (PSS), and reaction times.