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1. CERRA, the Copernicus European Regional Reanalysis system

Author

Ridal, Martin, primary, Bazile, Eric, additional, Le Moigne, Patrick, additional, Randriamampianina, Roger, additional, Schimanke, Semjon, additional, Andrae, Ulf, additional, Berggren, Lars, additional, Brousseau, Pierre, additional, Dahlgren, Per, additional, Edvinsson, Lisette, additional, El‐Said, Adam, additional, Glinton, Michael, additional, Hagelin, Susanna, additional, Hopsch, Susanna, additional, Isaksson, Ludvig, additional, Medeiros, Paulo, additional, Olsson, Esbjörn, additional, Unden, Per, additional, and Wang, Zheng Qi, additional

Published
2024
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2. CERRA, the Copernicus European Regional Reanalysis system

Author

Ridal, Martin, Bazile, Eric, Le Moigne, Patrick, Randriamampianina, Roger, Schimanke, Semjon, Andrae, Ulf, Berggren, Lars, Brousseau, Pierre, Dahlgren, Per, Edvinsson, Lisette, El-Said, Adam, Glinton, Michael, Hagelin, Susanna, Hopsch, Susanna, Isaksson, Ludvig, Medeiros, Paulo, Olsson, Esbjörn, Undén, Per, Wang, Zheng Qi, Ridal, Martin, Bazile, Eric, Le Moigne, Patrick, Randriamampianina, Roger, Schimanke, Semjon, Andrae, Ulf, Berggren, Lars, Brousseau, Pierre, Dahlgren, Per, Edvinsson, Lisette, El-Said, Adam, Glinton, Michael, Hagelin, Susanna, Hopsch, Susanna, Isaksson, Ludvig, Medeiros, Paulo, Olsson, Esbjörn, Undén, Per, and Wang, Zheng Qi

Published
2024
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3. ADVANCING GLOBAL AND REGIONAL REANALYSES

Author

Buizza, Roberto, Poli, Paul, Rixen, Michel, Alonso-Balmaseda, Magdalena, Bosilovich, Michael G., Brönnimann, Stefan, Compo, Gilbert P., Dee, Dick P., Desiato, Franco, Doutriaux-Boucher, Marie, Fujiwara, Masatomo, Kaiser-Weiss, Andrea K., Kobayashi, Shinya, Liu, Zhiquan, Masina, Simona, Mathieu, Pierre-Philippe, Rayner, Nick, Richter, Carolin, Seneviratne, Sonia I., Simmons, Adrian J., Thépaut, Jean-Noel, Auger, Jeffrey D., Bechtold, Michel, Berntell, Ellen, Dong, Bo, Kozubek, Michal, Sharif, Khaled, Thomas, Christopher, Schimanke, Semjon, Storto, Andrea, Tuma, Matthias, Välisuo, Ilona, and Vaselali, Alireza

Published
2018

4. Introduction

Author

Boyer, Tim, primary, Bartow-Gillies, Ellen, additional, Abida, A., additional, Ades, Melanie, additional, Adler, Robert, additional, Adusumilli, Susheel, additional, Agyakwah, W., additional, Ahmasuk, Brandon, additional, Aldeco, Laura S., additional, Alexe, Mihai, additional, Alfaro, Eric J., additional, Allan, Richard P., additional, Allgood, Adam, additional, Alves, Lincoln. M., additional, Amador, Jorge A., additional, Anderson, John, additional, Andrade, B., additional, Anneville, Orlane, additional, Aono, Yasuyuki, additional, Arguez, Anthony, additional, Arosio, Carlo, additional, Atkinson, C., additional, Augustine, John A., additional, Avalos, Grinia, additional, Azorin-Molina, Cesar, additional, Backensto, Stacia A., additional, Bader, Stephan, additional, Baez, Julian, additional, Baiman, Rebecca, additional, Ballinger, Thomas J., additional, Banwell, Alison F., additional, Bardin, M. Yu, additional, Barichivich, Jonathan, additional, Barnes, John E., additional, Barreira, Sandra, additional, Beadling, Rebecca L., additional, Beck, Hylke E., additional, Becker, Emily J., additional, Bekele, E., additional, Bellido, Guillem Martín, additional, Bellouin, Nicolas, additional, Benedetti, Angela, additional, Benestad, Rasmus, additional, Berne, Christine, additional, Berner, Logan. T., additional, Bernhard, Germar H., additional, Bhatt, Uma S., additional, Bhuiyan, A. E., additional, Bigalke, Siiri, additional, Biló, Tiago, additional, Bissolli, Peter, additional, Bjerke Jarle, W., additional, Blagrave, Kevin, additional, Blake, Eric S., additional, Blenkinsop, Stephen, additional, Blunden, Jessica, additional, Bochníček, Oliver, additional, Bock, Olivier, additional, Bodenstein, Barbara, additional, Bodin, Xavier, additional, Bosilovich, Michael, additional, Boucher, Olivier, additional, Bozkurt, Deniz, additional, Brettschneider, Brian, additional, Bringas, Francis G., additional, Bringas, Francis, additional, Buechler, Dennis, additional, Buehler, Stefan A., additional, Bukunt, Brandon, additional, Calderón, Blanca, additional, Camargo, Suzana J., additional, Campbell, Jayaka, additional, Campos, Diego, additional, Carrea, Laura, additional, Carter, Brendan R., additional, Cetinić, Ivona, additional, Chambers, Don P., additional, Chan, Duo, additional, Chandler, Elise, additional, Chang, Kai-Lan, additional, Chen, Hua, additional, Chen, Lin, additional, Cheng, Lijing, additional, Cheng, Vincent Y. S., additional, Chomiak, Leah, additional, Christiansen, Hanne H., additional, Christy, John R., additional, Chung, Eui-Seok, additional, Ciasto, Laura M., additional, Clarke, Leonardo, additional, Clem, Kyle R., additional, Clingan, Scott, additional, Coelho, Caio A.S., additional, Cohen, Judah L., additional, Coldewey-Egbers, Melanie, additional, Colwell, Steve, additional, Cooper, Owen R., additional, Cornes, Richard C., additional, Correa, Kris, additional, Costa, Felipe, additional, Covey, Curt, additional, Coy, Lawrence, additional, Créatux, Jean-François, additional, Crhova, Lenka, additional, Crimmins, Theresa, additional, Cronin, Meghan F., additional, Cropper, Thomas, additional, Crotwell, Molly, additional, Culpepper, Joshua, additional, Cunha, Ana P., additional, Cusicanqui, Diego, additional, Datta, Rajashree T., additional, Davis, Sean M., additional, De Bock, Veerle, additional, de Jeu, Richard A. M., additional, De Laat, Jos, additional, Decharme, Bertrand, additional, Degenstein, Doug, additional, Delaloye, Reynald, additional, Demircan, Mesut, additional, Derksen, Chris, additional, Deus, Ricardo, additional, Dhurmea, K. R., additional, Diamond, Howard J., additional, Dirkse, S., additional, Divine, Dmitry, additional, Dokulil, Martin T., additional, Donat, Markus G., additional, Dong, Shenfu, additional, Dorigo, Wouter A., additional, Drost Jensen, Caroline, additional, Druckenmiller, Matthew L., additional, Drumond, Paula, additional, du Plessis, Marcel, additional, Dugan, Hilary A., additional, Dulamsuren, Dashkhuu, additional, Dunmire, Devon, additional, Dunn, Robert J. H., additional, Durre, Imke, additional, Dusek, Robert, additional, Dutton, Geoff, additional, Duveiller, Gregory, additional, Ekici, Mithat, additional, Elias Chereque, Alesksandra, additional, ElKharrim, M., additional, Epstein, Howard E., additional, Espinoza, Jhan-Carlo, additional, Estilow, Thomas W., additional, Estrella, Nicole, additional, Fauchereau, Nicolas, additional, Fausto, Robert S., additional, Feely, Richard A., additional, Fenimore, Chris, additional, Fereday, David, additional, Fettweis, Xavier, additional, Fioletov, vitali E., additional, Flemming, Johannes, additional, Fogarty, Chris, additional, Fogt, Ryan L., additional, Forbes, Bruce C., additional, Foster, Michael J., additional, Franz, Bryan A., additional, Freeman, Natalie M., additional, Fricker, Helen A., additional, Frith, Stacey M., additional, Froidevaux, Lucien, additional, Frost, Gerald V. (JJ), additional, Fuhrman, Steven, additional, Füllekrug, Martin, additional, Ganter, Catherine, additional, Gao, Meng, additional, Gardner, Alex S., additional, Garforth, Judith, additional, Garg, Jay, additional, Gerland, Sebastian, additional, Gibbes, Badin, additional, Gille, Sarah T., additional, Gilson, John, additional, Gleason, Karin, additional, Gobron, Nadine, additional, Goetz, Scott J., additional, Goldenberg, Stanley B., additional, Goni, Gustavo, additional, Goodman, Steven, additional, Goto, Atsushi, additional, Grooß, Jens-Uwe, additional, Gruber, Alexander, additional, Gu, Guojun, additional, Guard, Charles “Chip” P., additional, Hagos, S., additional, Hahn, Sebastian, additional, Haimberger, Leopold, additional, Hall, Bradley D., additional, Hamlington, Benjamin D., additional, Hanna, Edward, additional, Hanssen-Bauer, Inger, additional, Harnos, Daniel S., additional, Harris, Ian, additional, He, Qiong, additional, Heim, Richard R., additional, Hellström, Sverker, additional, Hemming, Deborah L., additional, Hendricks, Stefan, additional, Hicks, J., additional, Hidalgo, Hugo G., additional, Hirschi, Martin, additional, Ho, Shu-peng (Ben), additional, Hobbs, W., additional, Holmes, Robert M., additional, Holzworth, Robert, additional, Hrbáček, Filip, additional, Hu, Guojie, additional, Hu, Zeng-Zhen, additional, Huang, Boyin, additional, Huang, Hongjie, additional, Hurst, Dale F., additional, Ialongo, Iolanda, additional, Inness, Antje, additional, Isaksen, Ketil, additional, Ishii, Masayoshi, additional, Jadra, Gerardo, additional, Jevrejeva, Svetlana, additional, John, Viju O., additional, Johns, W., additional, Johnsen, Bjørn, additional, Johnson, Bryan, additional, Johnson, Gregory C., additional, Jones, Philip D., additional, Jones, Timothy, additional, Josey, Simon A., additional, Jumaux, G., additional, Junod, Robert, additional, Kääb, Andreas, additional, Kabidi, K., additional, Kaiser, Johannes W., additional, Kaler, Robb S.A., additional, Kaleschke, Lars, additional, Kaufmann, Viktor, additional, Kazemi, Amin Fazl, additional, Keller, Linda M., additional, Kellerer-Pirklbauer, Andreas, additional, Kendon, Mike, additional, Kennedy, John, additional, Kent, Elizabeth C., additional, Kerr, Kenneth, additional, Khan, Valentina, additional, Khiem, Mai Van, additional, Kidd, Richard, additional, Kim, Mi Ju, additional, Kim, Seong-Joong, additional, Kipling, Zak, additional, Klotzbach, Philip J., additional, Knaff, John A., additional, Koppa, Akash, additional, Korshunova, Natalia N., additional, Kraemer, Benjamin M., additional, Kramarova, Natalya A., additional, Kruger, A. C., additional, Kruger, Andries, additional, Kumar, Arun, additional, L’Heureux, Michelle, additional, La Fuente, Sofia, additional, Laas, Alo, additional, Labe, Zachary M., additional, Lader, Rick, additional, Lakatos, Mónika, additional, Lakkala, Kaisa, additional, Lam, Hoang Phuc, additional, Lan, Xin, additional, Landschützer, Peter, additional, Landsea, Chris W., additional, Lang, Timothy, additional, Lankhorst, Matthias, additional, Lantz, Kathleen O., additional, Lara, Mark J., additional, Lavado-Casimiro, Waldo, additional, Lavers, David A., additional, Lazzara, Matthew A., additional, Leblanc, Thierry, additional, Lee, Tsz-Cheung, additional, Leibensperger, Eric M., additional, Lennard, Chris, additional, Leuliette, Eric, additional, Leung, Kinson H. Y., additional, Lieser, Jan L., additional, Likso, Tanja, additional, Lin, I-I., additional, Lindsey, Jackie, additional, Liu, Yakun, additional, Locarnini, Ricardo, additional, Loeb, Norman G., additional, Loomis, Bryant D., additional, Lorrey, Andrew M., additional, Loyola, Diego, additional, Lu, Rui, additional, Lumpkin, Rick, additional, Luo, Jing-Jia, additional, Luojus, Kari, additional, Lyman, John M., additional, Maberly, Stephen C., additional, Macander, Matthew J., additional, MacFerrin, Michael, additional, MacGilchrist, Graeme A., additional, MacLennan, Michelle L., additional, Madelon, Remi, additional, Magee, Andrew D., additional, Magnin, Florence, additional, Mamen, Jostein, additional, Mankoff, Ken D., additional, Manney, Gloria L., additional, Marcinonienė, Izolda, additional, Marengo, Jose A., additional, Marjan, Mohammadi, additional, Martínez, Ana E., additional, Massom, Robert A., additional, Matsuzaki, Shin-Ichiro, additional, May, Linda, additional, Mayer, Michael, additional, Mazloff, Matthew R., additional, McAfee, Stephanie A., additional, McBride, C., additional, McCabe, Matthew F., additional, McClelland, James W., additional, McPhaden, Michael J., additional, Mcvicar, Tim R., additional, Mears, Carl A., additional, Meier, Walter N., additional, Mekonnen, A., additional, Menzel, Annette, additional, Merchant, Christopher J., additional, Merrifield, Mark A., additional, Meyer, Michael F., additional, Meyers, Tristan, additional, Mikolajczyk, David E., additional, Miller, John B., additional, Miralles, Diego G., additional, Misevicius, Noelia, additional, Mishonov, Alexey, additional, Mitchum, Gary T., additional, Moat, Ben I., additional, Moesinger, Leander, additional, Moise, Aurel, additional, Molina-Carpio, Jorge, additional, Monet, Ghislaine, additional, Montzka, Stephan A., additional, Moon, Twila A., additional, Moore, G. W. K., additional, Mora, Natali, additional, Morán, Johnny, additional, Morehen, Claire, additional, Morice, Colin, additional, Mostafa, A. E., additional, Mote, Thomas L., additional, Mrekaj, Ivan, additional, Mudryk, Lawrence, additional, Mühle, Jens, additional, Müller, Rolf, additional, Nance, David, additional, Nash, Eric R., additional, Nerem, R. Steven, additional, Newman, Paul A., additional, Nicolas, Julien P., additional, Nieto, Juan J., additional, Noetzli, Jeannette, additional, Noll, Ben, additional, Norton, Taylor, additional, Nyland, Kelsey E., additional, O’Keefe, John, additional, Ochwat, Naomi, additional, Oikawa, Yoshinori, additional, Okunaka, Yuka, additional, Osborn, Timothy J., additional, Overland, James E., additional, Park, Taejin, additional, Parrington, Mark, additional, Parrish, Julia K., additional, Pasch, Richard J., additional, Pascual Ramírez, Reynaldo, additional, Pellet, Cécile, additional, Pelto, Mauri S., additional, Perčec Tadić, Melita, additional, Perovich, Donald K., additional, Petersen, Guðrún Nína, additional, Petersen, Kyle, additional, Petropavlovskikh, Irina, additional, Petty, Alek, additional, Pezza, Alexandre B., additional, Pezzi, Luciano P., additional, Phillips, Coda, additional, Phoenix, Gareth K., additional, Pierson, Don, additional, Pinto, Izidine, additional, Pires, Vanda, additional, Pitts, Michael, additional, Po-Chedley, Stephen, additional, Pogliotti, Paolo, additional, Poinar, Kristin, additional, Polvani, Lorenzo, additional, Preimesberger, Wolfgang, additional, Price, Colin, additional, Pulkkanen, Merja, additional, Purkey, Sarah G., additional, Qiu, Bo, additional, Quisbert, Kenny, additional, Quispe, Willy R., additional, Rajeevan, M., additional, Ramos, Andrea M., additional, Randel, William J., additional, Rantanen, Mika, additional, Raphael, Marilyn N., additional, Reagan, James, additional, Recalde, Cristina, additional, Reid, Phillip, additional, Rémy, Samuel, additional, Reyes Kohler, Alejandra J., additional, Ricciardulli, Lucrezia, additional, Richardson, Andrew D., additional, Ricker, Robert, additional, Robinson, David A., additional, Robjhon, M., additional, Rocha, Willy, additional, Rodell, Matthew, additional, Rodriguez Guisado, Esteban, additional, Rodriguez-Fernandez, Nemesio, additional, Romanovsky, Vladimir E., additional, Ronchail, Josyane, additional, Rosencrans, Matthew, additional, Rosenlof, Karen H., additional, Rösner, Benjamin, additional, Rösner, Henrieke, additional, Rozanov, Alexei, additional, Rozkošný, Jozef, additional, Rubek, Frans, additional, Rusanovskaya, Olga O., additional, Rutishauser, This, additional, Sabeerali, C. T., additional, Salinas, Roberto, additional, Sánchez-Lugo, Ahira, additional, Santee, Michelle L., additional, Santini, Marcelo, additional, Sato, Katsunari, additional, Sawaengphokhai, Parnchai, additional, Sayouri, A., additional, Scambos, Theodore, additional, Schenzinger, Verena, additional, Schimanke, Semjon, additional, Schlegel, Robert W., additional, Schmid, Claudia, additional, Schmid, Martin, additional, Schneider, Udo, additional, Schreck, Carl J., additional, Schultz, Cristina, additional, _, _, additional, Segele, Z. T., additional, Sensoy, Serhat, additional, Serbin, Shawn P., additional, Serreze, Mark C., additional, Setiawan, Amsari Mudzakir, additional, Sezaki, Fumi, additional, Sharma, Sapna, additional, Sharp, Jonathan D., additional, Sheffield, Gay, additional, Shi, Jia-Rui, additional, Shi, Lei, additional, Shiklomanov, Alexander I., additional, Shiklomanov, Nikolay I., additional, Shimaraeva, Svetlana V., additional, Shukla, R., additional, Siegel, David A., additional, Silow, Eugene A., additional, Sima, F., additional, Simmons, Adrian J., additional, Smeed, David A., additional, Smith, Adam, additional, Smith, Matthew M., additional, Smith, Sharon L., additional, Soden, Brian J., additional, Sofieva, Viktoria, additional, Souza, Everaldo, additional, Sparks, Tim H., additional, Spence-Hemmings, Jacqueline, additional, Spencer, Robert G. M., additional, Spillane, Sandra, additional, Sreejith, O. P., additional, Srivastava, A. K., additional, Stackhouse, Paul W., additional, Stammerjohn, Sharon, additional, Stauffer, Ryan, additional, Steinbrecht, Wolfgang, additional, Steiner, Andrea K., additional, Stella, Jose L., additional, Stephenson, Tannecia S., additional, Stradiotti, Pietro, additional, Strahan, Susan E., additional, Streletskiy, Dmitry A., additional, Surendran, Divya E., additional, Suslova, Anya, additional, Svendby, Tove, additional, Sweet, William, additional, Takahashi, Kiyotoshi, additional, Takemura, Kazuto, additional, Tank, Suzanne E., additional, Taylor, Michael A., additional, Tedesco, Marco, additional, Thackeray, Stephen J., additional, Thiaw, W. M., additional, Thibert, Emmanuel, additional, Thoman, Richard L., additional, Thompson, Andrew F., additional, Thompson, Philip R., additional, Tian-Kunze, Xiangshan, additional, Timmermans, Mary-Louise, additional, Timofeyev, Maxim A., additional, Tobin, Skie, additional, Tømmervik, Hans, additional, Tourpali, Kleareti, additional, Trescilo, Lidia, additional, Tretiakov, Mikhail, additional, Trewin, Blair C., additional, Triñanes, Joaquin A., additional, Trotman, Adrian, additional, Truchelut, Ryan E., additional, Trusel, Luke D., additional, Tye, Mari R., additional, van der A, Ronald, additional, van der Schalie, Robin, additional, van der Schrier, Gerard, additional, Van Hemert, Caroline, additional, Van Meerbeeck, Cedric J., additional, van vliet, Arnold J.H., additional, Vazife, Ahad, additional, Verburg, Piet, additional, Vernier, Jean-Paul, additional, Vimont, Isaac J., additional, Virts, Katrina, additional, Vivero, Sebastián, additional, Volkov, Denis L., additional, Vömel, Holger, additional, Vose, Russell S., additional, Walker, Donald (Skip) A., additional, Walsh, John E., additional, Wang, Bin, additional, Wang, Hui, additional, Wang, Muyin, additional, Wang, Ray H. J., additional, Wang, Xinyue, additional, Wanninkhof, Rik, additional, Warnock, Taran, additional, Weber, Mark, additional, Webster, Melinda, additional, Wehrlé, Adrian, additional, Wen, Caihong, additional, Westberry, Toby K., additional, Widlansky, Matthew J., additional, Wiese, David N., additional, Wild, Jeannette D., additional, Wille, Jonathan D., additional, Willems, An, additional, Willett, Kate M., additional, Williams, Earle, additional, Willis, J., additional, Wong, Takmeng, additional, Wood, Kimberly M., additional, Woolway, Richard Iestyn, additional, Xie, Ping-Ping, additional, Yang, Daqing, additional, Yin, Xungang, additional, Yin, Ziqi, additional, Zeng, Zhenzhong, additional, Zhang, Huai-min, additional, Zhang, Li, additional, Zhang, Peiqun, additional, Zhao, Lin, additional, Zhou, Xinjia, additional, Zhu, Zhiwei, additional, Ziemke, Jerry R., additional, Ziese, Markus, additional, Zolkos, Scott, additional, Zotta, Ruxandra M., additional, Zou, Cheng-Zhi, additional, Allen, Jessicca, additional, Camper, Amy V., additional, Haley, Bridgette O., additional, Hammer, Gregory, additional, Love-Brotak, S. Elizabeth, additional, Ohlmann, Laura, additional, Noguchi, Lukas, additional, Riddle, Deborah B., additional, and Veasey, Sara W., additional

Published
2023
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5. Regional Climates

Author

Bissolli, Peter, primary, Ganter, Catherine, additional, Mekonnen, A., additional, Sánchez-Lugo, Ahira, additional, Zhu, Zhiwei, additional, Abida, A., additional, Agyakwah, W., additional, Aldeco, Laura S., additional, Alfaro, Eric J., additional, Alves, Lincoln. M., additional, Amador, Jorge A., additional, Andrade, B., additional, Avalos, Grinia, additional, Bader, Stephan, additional, Baez, Julian, additional, Bardin, M. Yu, additional, Bekele, E., additional, Bellido, Guillem Martín, additional, Berne, Christine, additional, Bhuiyan, A. E., additional, Bochníček, Oliver, additional, Bukunt, Brandon, additional, Calderón, Blanca, additional, Campbell, Jayaka, additional, Chandler, Elise, additional, Chen, Hua, additional, Cheng, Vincent Y. S., additional, Clarke, Leonardo, additional, Correa, Kris, additional, Costa, Felipe, additional, Crhova, Lenka, additional, Cunha, Ana P., additional, De Bock, Veerle, additional, Demircan, Mesut, additional, Deus, Ricardo, additional, Dhurmea, K. R., additional, Dirkse, S., additional, Drumond, Paula, additional, Dulamsuren, Dashkhuu, additional, Ekici, Mithat, additional, ElKharrim, M., additional, Espinoza, Jhan-Carlo, additional, Fenimore, Chris, additional, Fogarty, Chris, additional, Fuhrman, Steven, additional, Gleason, Karin, additional, Guard, Charles “Chip” P., additional, Hagos, S., additional, Heim, Richard R., additional, Hellström, Sverker, additional, Hicks, J., additional, Hidalgo, Hugo G., additional, Huang, Hongjie, additional, Jadra, Gerardo, additional, Jumaux, G., additional, Kabidi, K., additional, Kazemi, Amin Fazl, additional, Kendon, Mike, additional, Kerr, Kenneth, additional, Khan, Valentina, additional, Khiem, Mai Van, additional, Kim, Mi Ju, additional, Korshunova, Natalia N., additional, Kruger, A. C., additional, Lakatos, Mónika, additional, Lam, Hoang Phuc, additional, Lavado-Casimiro, Waldo, additional, Lee, Tsz-Cheung, additional, Leung, Kinson H. Y., additional, Likso, Tanja, additional, Lu, Rui, additional, Mamen, Jostein, additional, Marcinonienė, Izolda, additional, Marengo, Jose A., additional, Marjan, Mohammadi, additional, Martínez, Ana E., additional, McBride, C., additional, Meyers, Tristan, additional, Misevicius, Noelia, additional, Moise, Aurel, additional, Molina-Carpio, Jorge, additional, Mora, Natali, additional, Morán, Johnny, additional, Morehen, Claire, additional, Mostafa, A. E., additional, Nieto, Juan J., additional, Oikawa, Yoshinori, additional, Okunaka, Yuka, additional, Ramírez, Reynaldo Pascual, additional, Tadić, Melita Perčec, additional, Pires, Vanda, additional, Quisbert, Kenny, additional, Quispe, Willy R., additional, Rajeevan, M., additional, Ramos, Andrea M., additional, Recalde, Cristina, additional, Reyes Kohler, Alejandra J., additional, Robjhon, M., additional, Rodriguez Guisado, Esteban, additional, Ronchail, Josyane, additional, Rösner, Benjamin, additional, Rösner, Henrieke, additional, Rubek, Frans, additional, Salinas, Roberto, additional, Sayouri, A., additional, Schimanke, Semjon, additional, Segele, Z. T., additional, Sensoy, Serhat, additional, Setiawan, Amsari Mudzakir, additional, Shukla, R., additional, Sima, F., additional, Smith, Adam, additional, Spence-Hemmings, Jacqueline, additional, Spillane, Sandra, additional, Sreejith, O. P., additional, Srivastava, A. K., additional, Stella, Jose L., additional, Stephenson, Tannecia S., additional, Takahashi, Kiyotoshi, additional, Takemura, Kazuto, additional, Taylor, Michael A., additional, Thiaw, W. M., additional, Tobin, Skie, additional, Trescilo, Lidia, additional, Trotman, Adrian, additional, van der Schrier, Gerard, additional, Van Meerbeeck, Cedric J., additional, Vazife, Ahad, additional, Willems, An, additional, and Zhang, Peiqun, additional

Published
2023
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7. Introduction STATE OF THE CLIMATE IN 2022

Author

Boyer, Tim, Bartow-Gillies, Ellen, Abida, A, Ades, Melanie, Adler, Robert, Adusumilli, Susheel, Agyakwah, W, Ahmasuk, Brandon, Aldeco, Laura S, Alexe, Mihai, Alfaro, Eric J, Allan, Richard P, Allgood, Adam, Alves, Lincoln M, Amador, Jorge A, Anderson, John, Andrade, B, Anneville, Orlane, Aono, Yasuyuki, Arguez, Anthony, Arosio, Carlo, Atkinson, C, Augustine, John A, Avalos, Grinia, Azorin-Molina, Cesar, Backensto, Stacia A, Bader, Stephan, Baez, Julian, Baiman, Rebecca, Ballinger, Thomas J, Banwell, Alison F, Bardin, M Yu, Barichivich, Jonathan, Barnes, John E, Barreira, Sandra, Beadling, Rebecca L, Beck, Hylke E, Becker, Emily J, Bekele, E, Bellido, Guillem Martín, Bellouin, Nicolas, Benedetti, Angela, Benestad, Rasmus, Berne, Christine, Berner, Logan T, Bernhard, Germar H, Bhatt, Uma S, Bhuiyan, AE, Bigalke, Siiri, Biló, Tiago, Bissolli, Peter, Bjerke Jarle, W, Blagrave, Kevin, Blake, Eric S, Blenkinsop, Stephen, Blunden, Jessica, Bochníček, Oliver, Bock, Olivier, Bodin, Xavier, Bosilovich, Michael, Boucher, Olivier, Bozkurt, Deniz, Brettschneider, Brian, Bringas, Francis G, Bringas, Francis, Buechler, Dennis, Buehler, Stefan A, Bukunt, Brandon, Calderón, Blanca, Camargo, Suzana J, Campbell, Jayaka, Campos, Diego, Carrea, Laura, Carter, Brendan R, Cetinić, Ivona, Chambers, Don P, Chan, Duo, Chandler, Elise, Chang, Kai-Lan, Chen, Hua, Chen, Lin, Cheng, Lijing, Cheng, Vincent YS, Chomiak, Leah, Christiansen, Hanne H, Christy, John R, Chung, Eui-Seok, Ciasto, Laura M, Clarke, Leonardo, Clem, Kyle R, Clingan, Scott, Coelho, Caio AS, Cohen, Judah L, Coldewey-Egbers, Melanie, Colwell, Steve, Cooper, Owen R, Cornes, Richard C, Correa, Kris, Costa, Felipe, Covey, Curt, Coy, Lawrence, Créatux, Jean-François, Crhova, Lenka, Crimmins, Theresa, Cronin, Meghan F, Cropper, Thomas, Crotwell, Molly, Culpepper, Joshua, Cunha, Ana P, Cusicanqui, Diego, Datta, Rajashree T, Davis, Sean M, De Bock, Veerle, de Jeu, Richard AM, De Laat, Jos, Decharme, Bertrand, Degenstein, Doug, Delaloye, Reynald, Demircan, Mesut, Derksen, Chris, Deus, Ricardo, Dhurmea, KR, Diamond, Howard J, Dirkse, S, Divine, Dmitry, Dokulil, Martin T, Donat, Markus G, Dong, Shenfu, Dorigo, Wouter A, Drost Jensen, Caroline, Druckenmiller, Matthew L, Drumond, Paula, du Plessis, Marcel, Dugan, Hilary A, Dulamsuren, Dashkhuu, Dunmire, Devon, Dunn, Robert JH, Durre, Imke, Dutton, Geoff, Duveiller, Gregory, Ekici, Mithat, Elias Chereque, Alesksandra, ElKharrim, M, Epstein, Howard E, Espinoza, Jhan-Carlo, Estilow, Thomas W, Estrella, Nicole, Fauchereau, Nicolas, Fausto, Robert S, Feely, Richard A, Fenimore, Chris, Fereday, David, Fettweis, Xavier, Fioletov, vitali E, Flemming, Johannes, Fogarty, Chris, Fogt, Ryan L, Forbes, Bruce C, Foster, Michael J, Franz, Bryan A, Freeman, Natalie M, Fricker, Helen A, Frith, Stacey M, Froidevaux, Lucien, Frost, Gerald V, Fuhrman, Steven, Füllekrug, Martin, Ganter, Catherine, Gao, Meng, Gardner, Alex S, Garforth, Judith, Garg, Jay, Gerland, Sebastian, Gibbes, 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A, Moore, GWK, Mora, Natali, Morán, Johnny, Morehen, Claire, Morice, Colin, Mostafa, AE, Mote, Thomas L, Mrekaj, Ivan, Mudryk, Lawrence, Mühle, Jens, Müller, Rolf, Nance, David, Nash, Eric R, Nerem, R Steven, Newman, Paul A, Nicolas, Julien P, Nieto, Juan J, Noetzli, Jeannette, Noll, Ben, Norton, Taylor, Nyland, Kelsey E, O’Keefe, John, Ochwat, Naomi, Oikawa, Yoshinori, Okunaka, Yuka, Osborn, Timothy J, Overland, James E, Park, Taejin, Parrington, Mark, Parrish, Julia K, Pasch, Richard J, Pascual Ramírez, Reynaldo, Pellet, Cécile, Pelto, Mauri S, Perčec Tadić, Melita, Perovich, Donald K, Petersen, Guðrún Nína, Petersen, Kyle, Petropavlovskikh, Irina, Petty, Alek, Pezza, Alexandre B, Pezzi, Luciano P, Phillips, Coda, Phoenix, Gareth K, Pierson, Don, Pinto, Izidine, Pires, Vanda, Pitts, Michael, Po-Chedley, Stephen, Pogliotti, Paolo, Poinar, Kristin, Polvani, Lorenzo, Preimesberger, Wolfgang, Price, Colin, Pulkkanen, Merja, Purkey, Sarah G, Qiu, Bo, Quisbert, Kenny, Quispe, Willy R, Rajeevan, M, Ramos, Andrea M, Randel, William J, Rantanen, Mika, Raphael, Marilyn N, Reagan, James, Recalde, Cristina, Reid, Phillip, Rémy, Samuel, Reyes Kohler, Alejandra J, Ricciardulli, Lucrezia, Richardson, Andrew D, Ricker, Robert, Robinson, David A, Robjhon, M, Rocha, Willy, Rodell, Matthew, Rodriguez Guisado, Esteban, Rodriguez-Fernandez, Nemesio, Romanovsky, Vladimir E, Ronchail, Josyane, Rosencrans, Matthew, Rosenlof, Karen H, Rösner, Benjamin, Rösner, Henrieke, Rozanov, Alexei, Rozkošný, Jozef, Rubek, Frans, Rusanovskaya, Olga O, Rutishauser, This, Sabeerali, CT, Salinas, Roberto, Sánchez-Lugo, Ahira, Santee, Michelle L, Santini, Marcelo, Sato, Katsunari, Sawaengphokhai, Parnchai, Sayouri, A, Scambos, Theodore, Schenzinger, Verena, Schimanke, Semjon, Schlegel, Robert W, Schmid, Claudia, Schmid, Martin, Schneider, Udo, Schreck, Carl J, Schultz, Cristina, _, _, Segele, ZT, Sensoy, Serhat, Serbin, Shawn P, Serreze, Mark C, Setiawan, Amsari Mudzakir, Sezaki, Fumi, Sharma, Sapna, Sharp, Jonathan D, Sheffield, Gay, Shi, Jia-Rui, Shi, Lei, Shiklomanov, Alexander I, Shiklomanov, Nikolay I, Shimaraeva, Svetlana V, Shukla, R, Siegel, David A, Silow, Eugene A, Sima, F, Simmons, Adrian J, Smeed, David A, Smith, Adam, Smith, Sharon L, Soden, Brian J, Sofieva, Viktoria, Souza, Everaldo, Sparks, Tim H, Spence-Hemmings, Jacqueline, Spencer, Robert GM, Spillane, Sandra, Sreejith, OP, Srivastava, AK, Stackhouse, Paul W, Stammerjohn, Sharon, Stauffer, Ryan, Steinbrecht, Wolfgang, Steiner, Andrea K, Stella, Jose L, Stephenson, Tannecia S, Stradiotti, Pietro, Strahan, Susan E, Streletskiy, Dmitry A, Surendran, Divya E, Suslova, Anya, Svendby, Tove, Sweet, William, Takahashi, Kiyotoshi, Takemura, Kazuto, Tank, Suzanne E, Taylor, Michael A, Tedesco, Marco, Thackeray, Stephen J, Thiaw, WM, Thibert, Emmanuel, Thoman, Richard L, Thompson, Andrew F, Thompson, Philip R, Tian-Kunze, Xiangshan, Timmermans, Mary-Louise, Timofeyev, Maxim A, Tobin, Skie, Tømmervik, Hans, Tourpali, Kleareti, Trescilo, Lidia, Tretiakov, Mikhail, Trewin, Blair C, Triñanes, Joaquin A, Trotman, Adrian, Truchelut, Ryan E, Trusel, Luke D, Tye, Mari R, van der A, Ronald, van der Schalie, Robin, van der Schrier, Gerard, Van Meerbeeck, Cedric J, van vliet, Arnold JH, Vazife, Ahad, Verburg, Piet, Vernier, Jean-Paul, Vimont, Isaac J, Virts, Katrina, Vivero, Sebastián, Volkov, Denis L, Vömel, Holger, Vose, Russell S, Walker, Donald A, Walsh, John E, Wang, Bin, Wang, Hui, Wang, Muyin, Wang, Ray HJ, Wang, Xinyue, Wanninkhof, Rik, Warnock, Taran, Weber, Mark, Webster, Melinda, Wehrlé, Adrian, Wen, Caihong, Westberry, Toby K, Widlansky, Matthew J, Wiese, David N, Wild, Jeannette D, Wille, Jonathan D, Willems, An, Willett, Kate M, Williams, Earle, Willis, J, Wong, Takmeng, Wood, Kimberly M, Woolway, Richard Iestyn, Xie, Ping-Ping, Yang, Dedi, Yin, Xungang, Yin, Ziqi, Zeng, Zhenzhong, Zhang, Huai-min, Zhang, Li, Zhang, Peiqun, Zhao, Lin, Zhou, Xinjia, Zhu, Zhiwei, Ziemke, Jerry R, Ziese, Markus, Zolkos, Scott, Zotta, Ruxandra M, Zou, Cheng-Zhi, Allen, Jessicca, Camper, Amy V, Haley, Bridgette O, Hammer, Gregory, Love-Brotak, S Elizabeth, Ohlmann, Laura, Noguchi, Lukas, Riddle, Deborah B, and Veasey, Sara W

Abstract

Abstract —J. BLUNDEN, T. BOYER, AND E. BARTOW-GILLIES Earth’s global climate system is vast, complex, and intricately interrelated. Many areas are influenced by global-scale phenomena, including the “triple dip” La Niña conditions that prevailed in the eastern Pacific Ocean nearly continuously from mid-2020 through all of 2022; by regional phenomena such as the positive winter and summer North Atlantic Oscillation that impacted weather in parts the Northern Hemisphere and the negative Indian Ocean dipole that impacted weather in parts of the Southern Hemisphere; and by more localized systems such as high-pressure heat domes that caused extreme heat in different areas of the world. Underlying all these natural short-term variabilities are long-term climate trends due to continuous increases since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution in the atmospheric concentrations of Earth’s major greenhouse gases. In 2022, the annual global average carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere rose to 417.1±0.1 ppm, which is 50% greater than the pre-industrial level. Global mean tropospheric methane abundance was 165% higher than its pre-industrial level, and nitrous oxide was 24% higher. All three gases set new record-high atmospheric concentration levels in 2022. Sea-surface temperature patterns in the tropical Pacific characteristic of La Niña and attendant atmospheric patterns tend to mitigate atmospheric heat gain at the global scale, but the annual global surface temperature across land and oceans was still among the six highest in records dating as far back as the mid-1800s. It was the warmest La Niña year on record. Many areas observed record or near-record heat. Europe as a whole observed its second-warmest year on record, with sixteen individual countries observing record warmth at the national scale. Records were shattered across the continent during the summer months as heatwaves

Published
2023

10. The Baltic Sea Model Intercomparison Project (BMIP) – a platform for model development, evaluation, and uncertainty assessment

Author

Gröger, Matthias, primary, Placke, Manja, additional, Meier, H. E. Markus, additional, Börgel, Florian, additional, Brunnabend, Sandra-Esther, additional, Dutheil, Cyril, additional, Gräwe, Ulf, additional, Hieronymus, Magnus, additional, Neumann, Thomas, additional, Radtke, Hagen, additional, Schimanke, Semjon, additional, Su, Jian, additional, and Väli, Germo, additional

Published
2022
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11. Echoes from the Past: A Healthy Baltic Sea Requires More Effort

Author

Kotilainen, Aarno T., Arppe, Laura, Dobosz, Slawomir, Jansen, Eystein, Kabel, Karoline, Karhu, Juha, Kotilainen, Mia M., Kuijpers, Antoon, Lougheed, Bryan C., Meier, H. E. Markus, Moros, Matthias, Neumann, Thomas, Porsche, Christian, Poulsen, Niels, Rasmussen, Peter, Ribeiro, Sofia, Risebrobakken, Bjørg, Ryabchuk, Daria, Schimanke, Semjon, Snowball, Ian, Spiridonov, Mikhail, Virtasalo, Joonas J., Weckström, Kaarina, Witkowski, Andrzej, and Zhamoida, Vladimir

Published
2014

13. Supplementary material to "The Baltic Sea model inter-comparison project BMIP – a platform for model development, evaluation, and uncertainty assessment"

Author

Gröger, Matthias, primary, Placke, Manja, additional, Meier, Markus, additional, Börgel, Florian, additional, Brunnabend, Sandra-Esther, additional, Dutheil, Cyril, additional, Gräwe, Ulf, additional, Hieronymus, Magnus, additional, Neumann, Thomas, additional, Radtke, Hagen, additional, Schimanke, Semjon, additional, Su, Jian, additional, and Väli, Germo, additional

Published
2022
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14. The Baltic Sea model inter-comparison project BMIP – a platform for model development, evaluation, and uncertainty assessment

Author

Gröger, Matthias, primary, Placke, Manja, additional, Meier, Markus, additional, Börgel, Florian, additional, Brunnabend, Sandra-Esther, additional, Dutheil, Cyril, additional, Gräwe, Ulf, additional, Hieronymus, Magnus, additional, Neumann, Thomas, additional, Radtke, Hagen, additional, Schimanke, Semjon, additional, Su, Jian, additional, and Väli, Germo, additional

Published
2022
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16. Observerad klimatförändring i Sverige 1860–2021

Author

Schimanke, Semjon, Joelsson, Magnus, Andersson, Sandra, Carlund, Thomas, Wern, Lennart, Hellström, Sverker, Kjellström, Erik, Schimanke, Semjon, Joelsson, Magnus, Andersson, Sandra, Carlund, Thomas, Wern, Lennart, Hellström, Sverker, and Kjellström, Erik

Abstract

Historiska observationer av temperatur, vegetationsperiodens längd, nederbörd, snö, globalstrålning och geostrofisk vind i Sverige har analyserats. Längden på de tillgängliga tidsserierna varierar mellan de olika variablerna. Det finns dagliga temperaturobservationer från Uppsala så långt tillbaka som 1722, medan startåret för de globalstrålningsmätningar från åtta svenska stationer som analyserats här är så sent som 1983. Klimatindikatorer som baseras på dessa observationer visar att:• Sveriges årsmedeltemperatur har ökat med 1,9 °C jämfört med perioden 1861–1890. • Sveriges årsnederbörd har ökat sedan 1930 från 600 mm/år till nästan 700 mm/år. • Antalet dagar med snötäcke har minskat sedan 1950. • Globalstrålningen har ökat med cirka 10 % sedan mitten av 1980-talet. • Någon förändring av den geostrofiska vinden kan inte fastslås från 1940.De ovan listade förändringarna syftar alla till årliga genomsnitt för hela Sverige. De är statistiskt signifikanta i de flesta fall. Bilden blir mer tvetydig då genomsnitt för olika landsdelar eller säsonger undersöks. Exempelvis är den ökade årsnederbörden mest ett resultat av ökad nederbörd under vinter och höst, medan det inte finns någon tydlig trend för sommar och vår. Det är också generellt sett svårare att fastslå förändringar i extremvärden. Exempelvis finns ingen signifikant trend vad gäller vinterns största snödjup, trots en tydlig minskning i antalet dagar med snötäcke., Historical Swedish observations of temperature, length of vegetation period, precipitation, snow, global radiation, and geostrophic wind have been analysed. The length of available time series varies among these variables. Whereas there are temperature observations for Uppsala ranging back to 1722 continuous measurements of global radiation at eight Swedish stations start only in 1983. Climate indicators based on these observations show that: • The annual mean temperature for Sweden has increased by 1.9 °C compared to the period 1861• The amount of annual precipitation increased since 1930 from about 600 mm/year to almost 700 mm/year. • The number of days with snow cover has reduced since 1950. • The global radiation increased with circa 10 % since the mid-1980’s. • The geostrophic wind has no clear change pattern since 1940. The listed changes are annual averages for Sweden. These are robust and statistically significant in most cases. The picture is getting more diverse when investigating smaller regions or different seasons instead of annual means. For instance, the increase of precipitation is mainly related to enhanced precipitation during autumn and winter whereas there are no obvious trends in spring and summer. Moreover, changes in extremes are generally harder to identify. For instance, despite the clear negative trend in the number of days with snow cover there is no significant trend for the maximum snow depth. –1890.Denna

Published
2022

17. The Baltic Sea Model Intercomparison Project (BMIP) - a platform for model development, evaluation, and uncertainty assessment

Author

Groeger, Matthias, Placke, Manja, Meier, Markus, Boergel, Florian, Brunnabend, Sandra-Esther, Dutheil, Cyril, Graewe, Ulf, Hieronymus, Magnus, Neumann, Thomas, Radtke, Hagen, Schimanke, Semjon, Su, Jian, Vali, Germo, Groeger, Matthias, Placke, Manja, Meier, Markus, Boergel, Florian, Brunnabend, Sandra-Esther, Dutheil, Cyril, Graewe, Ulf, Hieronymus, Magnus, Neumann, Thomas, Radtke, Hagen, Schimanke, Semjon, Su, Jian, and Vali, Germo

Published
2022
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19. Copernicus European regional reanalysis

Author

Schimanke, Semjon, primary, Isaksson, Ludvik, additional, Edvinsson, Lisette, additional, Ridal, Martin, additional, Hopsch, Susanna, additional, Dahlgren, Per, additional, Bazile, Eric, additional, Le Moigne, Patrick, additional, and Verrelle, Antoine, additional

Published
2022
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22. Intercomparing the quality of recent reanalyses for offshore wind farm planning in Germany's exclusive economic zone of the North Sea.

Author

Spangehl, Thomas, Borsche, Michael, Niermann, Deborah, Kaspar, Frank, Schimanke, Semjon, Brienen, Susanne, Möller, Thomas, and Brast, Maren

Subjects
WIND speed measurement, OFFSHORE wind power plants, WIND speed, METEOROLOGICAL services, WIND power, WINDSTORMS
Abstract

In order to facilitate offshore wind farm tenders, Deutscher Wetterdienst (DWD, Germany's national meteorological service) provides reanalysis data and quality assessments to Bundesamt für Seeschifffahrt und Hydrographie (BSH, Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency). The regional reanalysis COSMO-REA6 is used besides the global reanalysis ERA5. New reanalyses and derived products getting available are (i) the regional reanalysis CERRA (C3S), (ii) COSMO-R6G2, a successor of COSMO-REA6 which is currently produced by DWD and (iii) HoKliSim-De, a convection-permitting climate simulation for Germany with COSMO-CLM as a regional downscaling of ERA5. In the present study, the quality of the different data sets for offshore wind energy application is compared using in-situ measurements of the wind speed and wind direction from the top anemometer and vane of the FINO1 research platform and satellite-based data of the near-surface wind speed from the Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service (CMEMS) and the EUMETSAT Satellite Application Facility on Climate Monitoring (CM SAF). Evaluation at FINO1 focuses on the time period prior to the installation of nearby wind farms to avoid wake effects. COSMO-REA6, CERRA and HoKliSim-De show only small biases and resemble the observed distribution of the wind speed at FINO1 whereas ERA5 shows slightly lower values of the wind speed at 100 m. All model-based products tend to slightly underestimate the occurrence of south-westerly wind directions and overestimate wind directions from West to Northwest. Smallest directional biases are analysed for COSMO-REA6. Analysis of the windstorm CHRISTIAN suggests that ensemble information is required for the representation of individual extreme events. Evaluation of the near-surface wind speed using satellite-based data is performed for an area around the German Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of the North Sea. The median bias of ERA5 and COSMO-REA6 is close to zero. CERRA shows a systematic overestimation of the near-surface wind speed compared to the satellite-based reference datasets. By contrast, a slight underestimation is analysed for HoKliSim-De. The bias distribution analysed for a first simulation stream of COSMO-R6G2 is similar to COSMO-REA6 which provides initial indication for the applicability of the new product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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23. SMHI Gridded Climatology

Author

Andersson, Sandra, Bärring, Lars, Landelius, Tomas, Samuelsson, Patrick, and Schimanke, Semjon

Subjects
Climate Research, Klimatforskning
Abstract

A gridded dataset (SMHI Gridded Climatology - SMHIGridClim) has been produced forthe years 1961 - 2018 over an area covering the Nordic countries on a grid with 2.5 kmhorizontal resolution. The variables considered are the two meter temperature and twometer relative humidity on 1, 3 or 6 hour resolution, varying over the time periodcovered, the daily minimum and maximum temperatures, the daily precipitation and thedaily snow depth. The gridding was done using optimal interpolation with the gridppopen source software from the Norwegian Meteorological Institute.Observations for the analysis are provided by the Swedish, Finish and Norwegianmeteorological institutes, and the ECMWF. The ECA&D observation data set (e.g. usedfor the gridded E-OBS dataset) was considered for inclusion but was left out because ofcomplications with time stamps and accumulation periods varying between countries andperiods. Quality check of the observations was performed using the open source softwareTITAN, also developed at the Norwegian Meteorological Institute.The first guess to the optimal interpolation was given by statistically downscaledforecasts from the UERRA-HARMONIE reanalysis at 11 km horizontal resolution. Thedownscaling was done to fit the output from the operational MEPS NWP system at 2.5km with a daily and yearly variation in the downscaling parameters.The quality of the SMHIGridClim dataset, in terms of annual mean RMSE, was shown tobe similar to that of gridded datasets covering the other Nordic countries; “seNorge”from Norway and the dataset “FMI_ClimGrid” from Finland. Ett klimatologiskt griddat datasett (SMHI Gridded Climatology - SMHIGridClim) hartagits fram för åren 1961 – 2018. Data täcker de nordiska länderna med en horisontellupplösning av 2,5 km. Variablerna som tagits fram är lufttemperatur och relativluftfuktighet vid 2m höjd med en upplösning av1,3 eller 6 timmar beroende av tidsperiod,samt dygnsupplöst min- och maxtemperatur, nederbörd och snödjup. Datasetet ärframtaget med optimal interpolation av stationsdata genom analysverktyget gridpp, somär en öppet tillgänglig programvara från Norska Meteorologiska Institutet.Observationer till analysen har erhållits från de svenska, norska och finskameteorologiska instituten, samt ECMWF. En ansats gjordes också att användaobservationer från datasetet ECA&D från KNMI, men på grund av svårigheter med atttidsstämplarna för data från olika länder inte överensstämde, uteslöts datasetet uranalysen. Kvalitetskontroll av observationerna gjordes med programvaran TITAN, somäven den finns tillgänglig från och utvecklats av Norska Meteorologiska Institutet.Som en första gissning till interpolationen användes statistiskt nerskalade prognosfält(från 11 km till 2,5 km upplösning) från UERRA-HARMONIE. Nerskalningen gjordesmot fält från den operationella numeriska väderprognosmodellen MEPS. Anpassningengjordes med nedskalningsparametrar som varierar över året och dygnet.Kvalitén hos ”SMHIGridClim med avseende på genomsnittligt RMSE är liknande densom tagits fram för griddade data för andra nordiska länderna med varierandeanalysmetoder; “seNorge” från Norge och “FMI_ClimGrid” från Finland.

Published
2021

24. Copernicus European regional reanalysis

Author

Schimanke, Semjon, primary, Isaksson, Ludvig, additional, Edvinsson, Lisette, additional, Ridal, Martin, additional, Berggren, Lars, additional, Hopsch, Susanna, additional, El-Said, Adam, additional, Glinton, Michael, additional, Bazile, Eric, additional, Le Moigne, Patrick, additional, Verrelle, Antoine, additional, Dahlgren, Per, additional, and Randriamampianina, Roger, additional

Published
2021
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25. The Baltic Sea model inter-comparison project BMIP -- a platform for model development, evaluation, and uncertainty assessment.

Author

Gröger, Matthias, Placke, Manja, Meier, H. E. Markus, Börgel, Florian, Brunnabend, Sandra-Esther, Dutheil, Cyril, Grawe, Ulf, Hieronymus, Magnus, Neumann, Thomas, Radtke, Hagen, Schimanke, Semjon, Jian Su, and Väli, Germo

Subjects
GENERAL circulation model, OCEAN temperature, UPWELLING (Oceanography), OCEAN circulation, HEAT waves (Meteorology), SEA ice
Abstract

While advanced computational capabilities have enabled the development of complex ocean general circulation models (OGCM) for marginal seas, systematic comparisons of regional ocean models and their setups are still rare. The Baltic Sea model inter-comparison project (BMIP), introduced herein, was therefore established as a platform for the scientific analysis and systematic comparison of Baltic Sea models. The inclusion of a physically consistent regional reanalysis data set for the period 1961-2018 allows standardized meteorological forcing and river runoff. Protocols to harmonize model outputs and analyses are provided as well. An analysis of six simulations performed with four regional OGCMs differing in their resolution, grid coordinates, and numerical methods was carried out to explore inter-model differences despite harmonized forcing. Uncertainties in modeled surface temperatures were shown to be larger at extreme than at moderate temperatures. In addition, a roughly linear increase in the temperature spread with increasing water depth was determined and indicated larger uncertainties in the near-bottom layer. On the seasonal scale, the model spread was larger in summer than in winter, likely due to differences in the models' thermocline dynamics. In winter, stronger air-sea heat fluxes and vigorous convective and wind mixing reduced the inter-model spread. Uncertainties were likewise reduced near the coasts, where the impact of meteorological forcing was stronger. The uncertainties were highest in the Bothnian Sea and Bothnian Bay, attributable to the differences between the models in the seasonal cycles of sea ice triggered by the ice-albedo feedback. However, despite the large spreads in the mean climatologies, high inter-annual correlations between the sea surface temperatures (SSTs) of all models and data derived from a satellite product were determined. The exceptions were the Bothnian Sea and Bothnian Bay, where the correlation dropped significantly, likely related to the effect of sea ice on air-sea heat exchange. Marine heat waves (MHWs), coastal upwelling, and stratification were also assessed. In all models, MHWs were more frequent in shallow areas and in regions with seasonal ice cover. An increase in the frequency (regionally varying between ~50 and 250%) and duration (50-150%) of MHWs during the last three decades in all models was found as well. The uncertainties were highest in the Bothnian Bay, likely due to the different trends in sea-ice presence. All but one of the analyzed models overestimated upwelling frequencies along the Swedish coast, the Gulf of Finland, and around Gotland while they underestimated upwelling in the Gulf of Riga. The onset and seasonal cycle of thermal stratification likewise differed among the models. Compared to observation-based estimates, in all models the thermocline in early spring was too deep whereas a good match was obtained in June, when the thermocline intensifies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2022
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27. Surface Heat Budget over the North Sea in Climate Change Simulations

Author

Dieterich, Christian, Wang, Shiyu, Schimanke, Semjon, Groger, Matthias, Klein, Birgit, Hordoir, Robinson, Samuelsson, Patrick, Liu, Ye, Axell, Lars, Höglund, Anders, Meier, Markus, Dieterich, Christian, Wang, Shiyu, Schimanke, Semjon, Groger, Matthias, Klein, Birgit, Hordoir, Robinson, Samuelsson, Patrick, Liu, Ye, Axell, Lars, Höglund, Anders, and Meier, Markus

Published
2019
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28. Nemo-Nordic 1.0 : a NEMO-based ocean model for the Baltic and North seas - research and operational applications

Author

Hordoir, Robinson, Axell, Lars, Höglund, Anders, Dieterich, Christian, Fransner, Filippa, Groger, Matthias, Liu, Ye, Pemberton, Per, Schimanke, Semjon, Andersson, Helén, Ljungemyr, Patrik, Nygren, Petter, Falahat, Saeed, Nord, Adam, Jönsson, Anette, Lake, Irene, Doos, Kristofer, Hieronymus, Magnus, Dietze, Heiner, Loeptien, Ulrike, Kuznetsov, Ivan, Westerlund, Antti, Tuomi, Laura, Haapala, Jari, Hordoir, Robinson, Axell, Lars, Höglund, Anders, Dieterich, Christian, Fransner, Filippa, Groger, Matthias, Liu, Ye, Pemberton, Per, Schimanke, Semjon, Andersson, Helén, Ljungemyr, Patrik, Nygren, Petter, Falahat, Saeed, Nord, Adam, Jönsson, Anette, Lake, Irene, Doos, Kristofer, Hieronymus, Magnus, Dietze, Heiner, Loeptien, Ulrike, Kuznetsov, Ivan, Westerlund, Antti, Tuomi, Laura, and Haapala, Jari

Published
2019
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29. Advancing global & regional reanalyses

Author

Buizza, Roberto, Poli, Paul, Rixen, Michel, Alonso-Balmaseda, Magdalena, Bosilovich, Michael G., Brönnimann, Stefan, Compo, Gilbert P., Dee, Dick P., Desiato, Franco, Doutriaux-Boucher, Marie, Fujiwara, Masamoto, Kaiser-Weiss, Andrea K., Kobayashi, Shinya, Liu, Zhiquan, Masina, Simona, Mathieu, Pierre-Philippe, Rayner, Nick, Richter, Carolin, Seneviratne, Sonia I., Simmons, Adrian J., Thépaut, Jean-Noel, Auger, Jeffrey D., Bechtold, Michel, Berntell, Ellen, Dong, Bo, Kozubek, Michal, Sharif, Khaled, Thomas, Christopher, Schimanke, Semjon, Storto, Andrea, Tuma, Matthias, Välisuo, Ilona, and Vaselali, Alireza

Abstract

This report outlines the structure of and summarizes the recommendations made at the 5th International Conference on Reanalysis (ICR5), attended by 259 participants from 37 countries, in Rome (Italy), on 13-17 November 2017. It first summarizes the conference structure. Then, the key recommendations of ICR5 are given for the five main conference topics: production; observations (data rescue and preparation); data assimilation methods; quality assurance of reanalysis; and applications in science, services, and policymaking. Lastly, five high-level recommendations are proposed to managing agencies on how best to advance the field of reanalyses, which serves tens of thousands of users, via enhanced research, development, and operations.

Published
2018

30. Vattenståndsdynamik längs Sveriges kust

Author

Schöld, Sofie, Hellström, Sverker, Ivarsson, Cajsa-Lisa, Kållberg, Per, Lindow, Helma, Nerheim, Signild, Schimanke, Semjon, Södling, Johan, and Wern, Lennart

Subjects
Oceanography, Hydrology and Water Resources, Oceanografi, hydrologi och vattenresurser
Abstract

För att skapa ett samhälle väl anpassat till dagens och framtidens havsnivåer behövs besluts- och planeringsunderlag. Skyddsåtgärder och designnivåer för kustskydd är högaktuella frågor och många aktörer är intresserade av information kring potentiella maxnivåer för vattenstånd på olika tidshorisonter. SMHI har därför analyserat de mätdataserier för havsvattenstånd som idag finns tillgängliga från stationer längs Sveriges kust. Det primära syftet var att ta fram en metod för att beräkna det högsta möjliga havsvattenståndet vid mätstationer längs Sveriges kust. Metoden beskrivs i Schöld m.fl.(2017). I föreliggande rapport beskrivs allmänt havsnivåer, mätdata, modeller och de resultat som erhölls från olika analyser av mätdata. Mätstationerna indelades i åtta olika kustområden inom vilka vattenståndet samvarierar. Det väder och de specifika stormbanor, som under de senaste 40 åren orsakat de högsta stormfloderna på olika platser längs den svenska kusten kartlades, och vattenståndsdynamiken vid olika mätstationer studerades. Kortvariga höjningar av vattenståndet undersöktes, både med avseende på kraftiga vattenståndshöjningar orsakade av passerande väderssystem och med avseende på förhöjda utgångslägen, som i sin tur kan bidra till att stormfloder blir extra höga. Det högsta beräknade havsvattenstånd som presenteras är de högsta möjliga stormfloder som skulle kunna inträffa baserat på empiriska analyser av mätdata vid de olika stationerna. Kända extrema händelser, som ägt rum före det att vattenståndet började registreras, ingår inte eftersom de inte har kunnat kvantifieras. Framtida förändringar av medelvattenståndet orsakade av den globala klimatförändringen behandlas inte i denna rapport. Resultaten från studien visar att vattennivåerna i Östersjön generellt blir som högst i Bottenviken och i de södra delarna. De höga vattenstånden i större delen av Östersjön är inte lika höga som på västkusten och i Öresund. I Östersjön förefaller också utgångsläget, havsnivån före stormen, utgöra en större del av den resulterande vattenståndshöjningen. Vid flera stationer i de centrala delarna av Östersjön är havsnivån före storm i stort sett hälften av det högsta beräknade havsvattenståndet. Längs västkusten är istället de nettohöjningar som orsakas av rena stormeffekter den viktigaste stormflodskomponenten. Lokala förhållanden, till exempel om stationen är belägen vid en öppen, rak kust eller inne i en vik, påverkar hur högt vattenståndet kan förväntas bli på en viss plats. Analyserna visar att stormfloder skulle kunna bli omkring 20-40 cm högre än hittills observerade maximala nivåer i olika kustområden. En osäkerhetsmarginal på runt +15 cm är lämplig att addera, särskilt i de områden där tidvatten förekommer.

Published
2018

32. Surface Heat Budget over the North Sea in Climate Change Simulations

Author

Dieterich, Christian, primary, Wang, Shiyu, additional, Schimanke, Semjon, additional, Gröger, Matthias, additional, Klein, Birgit, additional, Hordoir, Robinson, additional, Samuelsson, Patrick, additional, Liu, Ye, additional, Axell, Lars, additional, Höglund, Anders, additional, and Meier, H. E. Markus, additional

Published
2019
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33. Nemo-Nordic 1.0: a NEMO-based ocean model for the Baltic and North seas – research and operational applications

Author

Hordoir, Robinson, primary, Axell, Lars, additional, Höglund, Anders, additional, Dieterich, Christian, additional, Fransner, Filippa, additional, Gröger, Matthias, additional, Liu, Ye, additional, Pemberton, Per, additional, Schimanke, Semjon, additional, Andersson, Helen, additional, Ljungemyr, Patrik, additional, Nygren, Petter, additional, Falahat, Saeed, additional, Nord, Adam, additional, Jönsson, Anette, additional, Lake, Iréne, additional, Döös, Kristofer, additional, Hieronymus, Magnus, additional, Dietze, Heiner, additional, Löptien, Ulrike, additional, Kuznetsov, Ivan, additional, Westerlund, Antti, additional, Tuomi, Laura, additional, and Haapala, Jari, additional

Published
2019
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35. Nemo-Nordic 1.0: A NEMO based ocean model for Baltic & North Seas, research and operational applications

Author

Hordoir, Robinson, primary, Axell, Lars, additional, Höglund, Anders, additional, Dieterich, Christian, additional, Fransner, Filippa, additional, Gröger, Matthias, additional, Liu, Ye, additional, Pemberton, Per, additional, Schimanke, Semjon, additional, Andersson, Helen, additional, Ljungemyr, Patrik, additional, Nygren, Petter, additional, Falahat, Saeed, additional, Nord, Adam, additional, Jönsson, Anette, additional, Lake, Irène, additional, Döös, Kristofer, additional, Hieronymus, Magnus, additional, Dietze, Heiner, additional, Löptien, Ulrike, additional, Kuznetsov, Ivan, additional, Westerlund, Antti, additional, Tuomi, Laura, additional, and Haapala, Jari, additional

Published
2018
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38. Model study on the variability of ecosystem parameters in the Skagerrak-Kattegat area, effect of load reduction in the North Sea and possible effect of BSAP on Skagerrak-Kattegat area

Author

Kuznetsov, Ivan, Eilola, Kari, Dieterich, Christian, Hordoir, Robinson, Axell, Lars, Höglund, Anders, and Schimanke, Semjon

Subjects
Oceanography, Hydrology and Water Resources, Oceanografi, hydrologi och vattenresurser
Abstract

Newly developed ecosystem model NEMO-Nordic-SCOBI was applied to Skagerrak - Kattegat area to investigate the variability of some indicators of the ecosystem. Also, two sensitivity runs were performed to investigate possible effect of the Baltic Sea Action Plan (BSAP) and a river loads reduction scenario on the Skagerrak - Kattegat area. The performed investigation could be used “to provide a basis to assist with the interpretation of measurement data before the Intermediate Assessments Eutrophication status assessment”. Comparison of simulation results with observations indicates acceptable model performance. Modeled sea surface salinity, temperature and dissolved inorganic phosphate (DIP) are in good agreement with observations. At the same time, the model has a bias in certain areas of the investigated region for dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and dissolved silicate during the winter season. However, the model in its current state shows good enough results for the performed investigation. Results of the two sensitivity studies show a decrease of sea surface nutrients concentrations during winter period in both regions. In the Skagerrak area the decrease is due to reduction in river nutrient loads in North Sea. In the Kattegat area there is a decrease of dissolved phosphate due to the implementation of BSAP. At the same time, in both scenarios, no significant changes were obtained for near bottom oxygen or surface layer Chl-a. Den nyligen utvecklade ekosystemmodellen NEMO-Nordic-SCOBI användes för att studera variabiliteten av några indikatorer för ekosystemet i Skagerrak- kattegatt området. Även två känslighetsstudier gjordes för att undersöka möjliga effekter av Baltic Sea Action Plan (BSAP) och en reduktion scenario av närsaltstillförsel på Skagerrak-Kattegatt området. Den utförda studien kan användas som underlag och stöd vid tolkningen av observationsdata inför utvärderingen ”Intermediate Assessments Eutrophication status assessment”. Jämförelsen mellan modelldata och observationer indikerar att modellens resultat är acceptabla. Modellerade ytvärden av salthalt, temperatur och löst fosfat (DIP) visar god överenskommelse med observerade värden. Samtidigt har modellresultaten avvikelser i vissa delområden vad gäller löst oorganiskt kväve (DIN) och löst kisel under vitertid. Dock visar modellen i sitt nuvarande tillstånd tillräckligt goda resultat för den aktuella studien. Resultaten från de två känslighetsstudierna visar en minskning av näringskoncentrationer i ytan under vintern i båda havsområdena. I Skagerrak är minskningen orsakad av reducerad närsaltstillförsel i Nordsjön. I Kattegatt minskar lösta fosfatet på grund av genomförandet av BSAP. Ingen av scenarierna visade någon signifikant påverkan på syre vid havsbotten eller på ytkoncentratiner av Chl-a.

Published
2016

41. Regional Arctic sea ice variations as predictor for winter climate conditions

Author

Koenigk, Torben, Caian, Mihaela, Nikulin, Grigory, Schimanke, Semjon, Koenigk, Torben, Caian, Mihaela, Nikulin, Grigory, and Schimanke, Semjon

Abstract

Seasonal prediction skill of winter mid and high northern latitudes climate from sea ice variations in eight different Arctic regions is analyzed using detrended ERA-interim data and satellite sea ice data for the period 1980-2013. We find significant correlations between ice areas in both September and November and winter sea level pressure, air temperature and precipitation. The prediction skill is improved when using November sea ice conditions as predictor compared to September. This is particularly true for predicting winter NAO-like patterns and blocking situations in the Euro-Atlantic area. We find that sea ice variations in Barents Sea seem to be most important for the sign of the following winter NAO-negative after low ice-but amplitude and extension of the patterns are modulated by Greenland and Labrador Seas ice areas. November ice variability in the Greenland Sea provides the best prediction skill for central and western European temperature and ice variations in the Laptev/East Siberian Seas have the largest impact on the blocking number in the Euro-Atlantic region. Over North America, prediction skill is largest using September ice areas from the Pacific Arctic sector as predictor. Composite analyses of high and low regional autumn ice conditions reveal that the atmospheric response is not entirely linear suggesting changing predictive skill dependent on sign and amplitude of the anomaly. The results confirm the importance of realistic sea ice initial conditions for seasonal forecasts. However, correlations do seldom exceed 0.6 indicating that Arctic sea ice variations can only explain a part of winter climate variations in northern mid and high latitudes., QC 20200320

Published
2016
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43. Comparison of three regional coupled ocean atmosphere models for the North Sea under today´s and future climate conditions

Author

Bülow, Katharina, Dieterich, Christian, Elizalde, Alberto, Gröger, Matthias, Heinrich, Hartmut, Hüttl-Kabus, Sabine, Klein, Birgit, Mayer, Bernhard, Meier, H.E. Markus, Mikolajewicz, Uwe, Narayan, Nikesh, Pohlmann, Thomas, Rosenhagen, Gudrun, Schimanke, Semjon, Sein, Dmitry, and Su, Jian

Subjects
Geowissenschaften (550), 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 13. Climate action, 010505 oceanography, Water pollution, 14. Life underwater, 01 natural sciences, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

KLIWAS-Schriftenreihe / BfG – KLIWAS-27/2014

Published
2014
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44. Thermal air-sea coupling in hindcast simulations for the North Sea and Baltic Sea on the NW European shelf

Author

Groger, Matthias, Dieterich, Christian, Meier, Markus, Schimanke, Semjon, Groger, Matthias, Dieterich, Christian, Meier, Markus, and Schimanke, Semjon

Abstract

This article compares interactively coupled atmosphere-ocean hindcast simulations with stand-alone runs of the atmosphere and ocean models using the recently developed regional ocean-atmosphere model NEMO-Nordic for the North Sea and Baltic Sea. In the interactively coupled run, the ocean and the atmosphere components were allowed to exchange mass, momentum and heat every 3 h. Our results show that interactive coupling significantly improves simulated winter sea surface temperatures (SSTs) in the Baltic Sea. The ocean and atmosphere stand-alone runs, respectively, resulted in too low sea surface and air temperatures over the Baltic Sea. These two runs suffer from too cold prescribed ERA40 SSTs, which lower air temperatures and weaken winds in the atmosphere only run. In the ocean-only run, the weaker winds additionally lower the vertical mixing thereby lowering the upward transport of warmer subpycnocline waters. By contrast, in the interactively coupled run, the ocean-atmosphere heat exchange evolved freely and demonstrated good skills in reproducing observed surface temperatures. Despite the strong impact on oceanic and atmospheric variables in the coupling area, no far reaching influence on atmospheric variables over land can be identified. In perturbation experiments, the different dynamics of the two coupling techniques is investigated in more detail by implementing strong positive winter temperature anomalies in the ocean model. Here, interactive coupling results in a substantially higher preservation of heat anomalies because the atmosphere also warmed which damped the ocean to atmosphere heat transfer. In the passively coupled set-up, this atmospheric feedback is missing, which resulted in an unrealistically high oceanic heat loss. The main added value of interactive air-sea coupling is twofold: (1) the elimination of any boundary condition at the air-sea interface and (2) the more realistic dynamical response to perturbations in the ocean-atmosphere heat ba

Published
2015
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45. Development and evaluation of a new regional coupled atmosphere-ocean model in the North Sea and Baltic Sea

Author

Wang, Shiyu, Dieterich, Christian, Doescher, Ralf, Höglund, Anders, Hordoir, Robinson, Meier, Markus, Samuelsson, Patrick, Schimanke, Semjon, Wang, Shiyu, Dieterich, Christian, Doescher, Ralf, Höglund, Anders, Hordoir, Robinson, Meier, Markus, Samuelsson, Patrick, and Schimanke, Semjon

Abstract

A new regional coupled model system for the North Sea and the Baltic Sea is developed, which is composed of the regional setup of ocean model NEMO, the Rossby Centre regional climate model RCA4, the sea ice model LIM3 and the river routing model CaMa-Flood. The performance of this coupled model system is assessed using a simulation forced with ERA-Interim reanalysis data at the lateral boundaries during the period 1979-2010. Compared to observations, this coupled model system can realistically simulate the present climate. Since the active coupling area covers the North Sea and Baltic Sea only, the impact of the ocean on the atmosphere over Europe is small. However, we found some local, statistically significant impacts on surface parameters like 2m air temperature and sea surface temperature (SST). A precipitation-SST correlation analysis indicates that both coupled and uncoupled models can reproduce the air-sea relationship reasonably well. However, the coupled simulation gives slightly better correlations even when all seasons are taken into account. The seasonal correlation analysis shows that the air-sea interaction has a strong seasonal dependence. Strongest discrepancies between the coupled and the uncoupled simulations occur during summer. Due to lack of air-sea interaction, in the Baltic Sea in the uncoupled atmosphere-standalone run the correlation between precipitation and SST is too small compared to observations, whereas the coupled run is more realistic. Further, the correlation analysis between heat flux components and SST tendency suggests that the coupled model has a stronger correlation. Our analyses show that this coupled model system is stable and suitable for different climate change studies.

Published
2015
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46. A method for assessing the coastline recession due to the sea level rise by assuming stationary wind-wave climate

Author

Deng, Junjie, Harff, Jan, Schimanke, Semjon, Meier, H. E. Markus, Deng, Junjie, Harff, Jan, Schimanke, Semjon, and Meier, H. E. Markus

Abstract

The method introduced in this study for future projection of coastline changes hits the vital need of communicating the potential climate change impact on the coast in the 21th century. A quantitative method called the Dynamic Equilibrium Shore Model (DESM) has been developed to hindcast historical sediment mass budgets and to reconstruct a paleo Digital Elevation Model (DEM). The forward mode of the DESM model relies on paleo-scenarios reconstructed by the DESM model assuming stationary wind-wave climate. A linear relationship between the sea level, coastline changes and sediment budget is formulated and proven by the least square regression method. In addition to its forward prediction of coastline changes, this linear relationship can also estimate the sediment budget by using the information on the coastline and relative sea level changes. Wind climate change is examined based on regional climate model data. Our projections for the end of the 21st century suggest that the wind and wave climates in the southern Baltic Sea may not change compared to present conditions and that the investigated coastline along the Pomeranian Bay may retreat from 10 to 100 m depending on the location and on the sea level rise which was assumed to be in the range of 0.12 to 0.24 m.

Published
2015
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47. A 3D Ocean Modelling Configuration for Baltic & North Sea Exchange Analysis : BaltiX V 1.1

Author

Hordoir, Robinson, An, B.W., Haapala, J., Dieterich, Christian, Schimanke, Semjon, and Höglund, Anders

Subjects
Oceanography, Hydrology and Water Resources, Oceanografi, hydrologi och vattenresurser
Abstract

There is a need for having a reliable numerical representation of the exchanges between the Baltic Sea and the North Sea from many points of view. First, the North Sea is the salt provider of the BalticSea, but also the oxygen provider of the lowermost layers of the Baltic Sea. This means that any numerical analysis which has for goal to study the long term changes in this exchange can not rely on a model of the Baltic Sea that has an open boundary condition at the entrance of the Baltic Sea (i.e.: the Kattegat area). In order to represent the long term changes in the exchanges between the NorthSea and the Baltic Sea, one needs to consider the coupling between these two basins which have a very different dynamical behaviour which means one needs to consider them as a whole. This meansthat any regional model should have its open boundary condition further away from the entrance of the Baltic Sea, that is in a place that is remote enough to allow a buffer large enough in the North Sea,so that the SSH variability at the entrance of the Baltic Sea is well represented [7].Second, the Baltic Sea outflow has a great influence on the Norwegian Coastal Current (NCC hereafter) which is also interesting to study, and which can only be well represented if the wind effect over the Baltic Sea is taken into account [9].Many models were successfully applied to the Baltic Sea or/and to the North Sea/Baltic Sea area. On can cite the Rossby Centre Ocean model RCO [15], which successfully represents the thermo-haline as well as the ice structures and variability of the Baltic Sea. One can also cite HIROMB [6], which is a North & Baltic Seas numerical representation used in operational oceanography.However, all these modelling structures lack in at least one of the following points :They include only the Baltic Sea area, which makes impossible the study of the exchanges withthe North Sea.- They were mostly used for operational purpose, and do not have stability properties in terms ofBaltic salt content which does not make them suitable for long term studies.- They do not follow anymore the framework of a community model, and therefore do not benefit of the recent scientific or technical developments implemented in most ocean modelling platform.- A Baltic & North Sea setup is also necessary for long term coupled simulations.There was therefore a need to build a new Baltic & North Sea configuration, based on a community modelling framework, and designed to follow this framework eventually.BaltiX is a Baltic & North Sea configuration based on the NEMO [14] ocean engine. Its development was started in 2011 at SMHI (Swedish Meteorological & Hydrological Institute, Norrköping, Sweden). It follows closely the development of the NEMO ocean engine, and BaltiX is updated each time an update is done in it.In the present report, Section 2 describes the configuration and explains the choices that have been made to build it. Based on a simulation done for the period 1961-2007, we then present several results. Section 3 presents a barotropic analysis of the results provided by the configuration, and Section 4 presents results in terms of salinity and temperature variability. Section 5 has been specifically written to present the sea-ice model coupled to BaltiX and its effects in terms of sea-ice variability. A last part provides a short conclusion to the present report.

Published
2013

48. Evaluation of the SMHI coupled atmosphere-ice-ocean model RCA4-NEMO

Author

Dieterich, Christian, Schimanke, Semjon, Wang, Shiyu, Väli, Germo, Liu, Ye, Hordoir, Robinson, Höglund, Anders, and Meier, Markus

Subjects
hindcast, model, response, regional, Baltic Sea, Search and rescue, RCA4-NEMO, ERA40, Oceanografi, hydrologi och vattenresurser, simulation, coupled, Oceanography, Hydrology and Water Resources, RCM, North Sea, atmosphere-ice-ocean, climate
Abstract

Den regionala kopplade atmosfär-is-havsmodellen RCA4-NEMO som utvecklats vid SMHI, utvärderas baserat på en ERA40-återanalys. Utvecklingen av den regionala klimatmodellen fortsätter men en första utvärdering presenteras här för att informera om aktuell status.RCA4-NEMO i aktuell status innehåller två modellkomponenter. Den regionala atmosfärsmodellen RCA4 täcker hela Europa och är tvåvägskopplad till en is-hav-modell för Nordsjön och Östersjön baserat på NEMO. Den används för tillfället för nedskalning av CMIP5-scenarier för detta århundrade för Nordsjön och Östersjön. Som en del av utvärderingen av RCA4-NEMO presenteras en analys och diskussion av hindcast-körning 1970-1999. Modellresulaten jämförs med observationsdata. Temperatur nära ytan och värmeflödet är förhållandevis bra vid en jämförelse med in-situ-mätningar och skattningar baserade på satellitdata. Salthalt och färskvattenutbyte är dock mindre bra. Momentumflödet från atmosfär till hav identifieras som en kritisk process i kopplingen mellan modellerna. Med undantag för färskvattensutbytet mellan atmosfär och hav är de klimatologiska egenskaperna nära ytan och motsvarande flöden jämförbara med klimatologiska observationer för perioden 1970-1999. AbstractThe regional, coupled atmosphere-ice-ocean model RCA4-NEMO developed at the SMHI is evaluated on the basis of an ERA40 hindcast. While the development of the regional climate model is continuing a first assessment is presented here to allow for an orientation about the status guo. RCA4-NEMO in its present form consists of two model components. The regional atmosphere model RCA4 covers the whole of Europe and is interactvely coupled to a North Sea and Baltic Sea ice-ocean model based on NEMO. RCA4-NEMO is currently being used to downscale CMIP5 scenarios for the North Sea and Baltic Sea region for this century. As a part of the validation of RCA4-NEMO we present an analysis and discussion of the hindcast period 1970-1999. The model realization is compared to observational records. Near surface temperatures and heat fluxes compare reasonably well with records of in-situ measurments and satellite derived estimates. For salinities and freshwater fluxes the agreement with observations in not satisfactory yet. The momentum fluxes transferred from the atmosphere to the ice-ocean model are identified as on of the sensitive processes in the coupling of both model components. Except for the freshwater exchange between atmosphere and ocean the climatological near surface properties and corresponding fluxes compare well with climatological estimates for the period 1970-1999.

Published
2013

49. Nemo-Nordic 1.0: A NEMO based ocean model for Baltic & North Seas, research and operational applications.

Author

Hordoir, Robinson, Axell, Lars, Höglund, Anders, Dieterich, Christian, Fransner, Filippa, Gröger, Matthias, Ye Liu, Pemberton, Per, Schimanke, Semjon, Andersson, Helen, Ljungemyr, Patrik, Nygren, Petter, Falahat, Saeed, Nord, Adam, Jönsson, Anette, Lake, Irène, Döös, Kristofer, Hieronymus, Magnus, Dietze, Heiner, and Löptien, Ulrike

Subjects
MATHEMATICAL models of oceanography, CLIMATE change
Abstract

We present Nemo-Nordic, a Baltic & North Sea model based on the NEMO ocean engine. Surrounded by highly industrialised countries, the Baltic and North seas, and their assets associated with shipping, fishing and tourism; are vulnerable to anthropogenic pressure and climate change. Ocean models providing reliable forecasts, and enabling climatic studies, are important tools for the shipping infrastructure and to get a better understanding of effects of climate change on the marine ecosystems. Nemo-Nordic is intended to come as a tool for both short term and long term simulations, and to be used for ocean forecasting as well as process and climatic studies. Here, the scientific and technical choices within Nemo-Nordic are introduced, and the reasons behind the design of the model and its domain, and the inclusions of the two seas, are explained. The model's ability to represent barotropic and baroclinic dynamics, as well as the vertical structure of the water column, is presented. Biases are shown and discussed. The short term capabilities of the model are presented, and especially its capabilities to represent sea level on an hourly timescale with a high degree of accuracy. We also show that the model can represent longer time scale, with a focus on the Major Baltic Inflows and the variability of deep water salinity in the Baltic Sea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2018
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50. Plötzliche Stratosphärenerwärmungen

Author

Schimanke, Semjon

Subjects
long-termvaribility, meteorology, sudden stratospheric warmings, stratosphere-troposphere coupling, greenhouse gas induced trends
Abstract

In dieser Arbeit wird die Wirkung von steigenden Treibhausgaskonzentrationen auf die Anzahl großer Stratosphärenerwärmungen (SSWs) auf Grundlage von Ensemblesimulationen und unter Berücksichtigung interner Variabilität untersucht. Dabei wird ein zur Beantwortung der Fragestellung weiterentwickelter Algorithmus zur Identifikation von SSWs verwendet. Hier wird gezeigt, dass SSWs durch die Implementierung eines Klimakriteriums besser von ”Final Warmings“ abgegrenzt werden können als mit früheren objektiven Verfahren. Der untersuchte große Datensatz wurde mit dem Ozean-Troposphäre- Stratosphäre Modell EGMAM (ECHO-G mit mittlerer Atmosphäre Modell) erzeugt und umfasst Kontrollsimulationen, Szenarienrechnungen inklusive Stabilisierungszeiträumen und idealisierte Experimente. Durch Anwendung des Algorithmus wird gezeigt, dass EGMAM im Vergleich zu den Beobachtungen die Anzahl an SSWs um ungefähr die Hälfte unterschätzt. Dennoch simuliert das Modell weitere Eigenschaften von SSWs wie die Stärke, die Dauer sowie das Abwärtswandern stratosphärischer Anomalien im Zusammenhang mit SSWs in guter Übereinstimmung mit den Beobachtungen. Für den historischen Zeitraum von 1860-2000 kann für den leichten Anstieg der Treibhausgaskonzentrationen kein Einfluss auf die Anzahl von SSWs festgestellt werden. Untersuchungen des 21. Jahrhunderts zeigen für alle Szenarien (B1, A1B und A2) trotz starker interner Variabilität einen Anstieg in der Anzahl von SSWs. Durch die Hinzunahme der im Anschluss an die transienten Phasen gerechneten Stabilisierungszeiträume und der idealisierten Experimente ergibt bei sich Betrachtung hinreichend großer Stichproben ein linearer Zusammenhang zwischen der Häufigkeit von SSWs und dem Strahlungsantrieb. Danach wird eine Verdopplung in der Anzahl von SSWs im Vergleich zum vorindustriellen Kontrolllauf erreicht, wenn das Treibhausgasniveau des A2-Szeanrios im Jahr 2100 erreicht wird bzw. die CO2-Konzentrationen vervierfacht werden. Diese Abschätzung gibt erstmalig einen Überblick über die Unsicherheiten, die mit den verschiedenen Szenarien sowie interner Variabilität hinsichtlich der zukünftigen Häufigkeit von SSWs verknüpft sind. Als Ursache für die Zunahme an SSWs wird eine Steigerung des troposphärischen Wellenflusses in die Stratosphäre sowie die Verminderung der mittleren Windgeschwindigkeit in 60°N und 10 hPa identifiziert, welche durch den anthrogenen Klimawandel bedingt sind. Für die Südhemisphäre, in der das Modell weniger als ein SSW in 100 Jahren simuliert, verändert sich die Anzahl an SSWs mit steigenden Treibhausgaskonzentrationen hingegen nicht. Im Anschluss an die projezierten Änderungen wird die Variabilität von SSWs auf verschiedenen Zeitskalen intensiv untersucht. So schwankt die Häufigkeit simulierter SSWs im Kontrolllauf unter vorindustriellen Bedingungen im Vergleich zu den Beobachtungen zwischen 13% und 70%. Die Untersuchung des Frequenzspektrum, ermittelt mit einer Wavelet-Transformation, offenbart erstmalig eine periodische Schwingung in der Anzahl von SSWs mit einer Periode von 52 Jahren. Ferner wird in der Arbeit ein Mechanismus erarbeitet, welcher die Entstehung der multi-dekadischen Variabilität erklärt. Es wird gezeigt, dass Phasen mit einer erhöhten Anzahl von SSWs mit einem stärkerem troposphärischen Wellenfluss in die Stratosphäre, einem positiven Wärmefluss aus dem Nordatlantik in die Atmosphäre, einer erhöhten Anzahl von Blockierungen und positiven Scheeanomalien über Eurasien einhergehen. Der stärkste Zusammenhang besteht dabei zwischen den SSWs und dem Wärmefluss aus dem Nordatlantik. Die multi-dekadische Variabilität ist die Folge einer Eigenschwingung im Nordatlantik, die durch abwärtswandernde stratosphärische Anomalien im Spätwinter angeregt wird, welche in Verbindung mit SSWs stehen., The effect of increasing greenhouse gas concentrations on the number of sudden stratospheric warmings (SSWs) is investigated on the basis of ensemble simulations under consideration of internal variability. Here, an existing algorithm is further optimized for the identification of SSWs to answer this scientific question. It is shown here that in comparison to previous objective methods SSWs are better distinguished from ”Final Warmings“ by implementing a climate criterion. The large analyzed data set is generated with the ocean- troposphere-stratosphere model EGMAM (ECHO-G with middle atmosphere model) and includes control simulations, scenario projections continued with stabilized concentrations and idealized experiments. The applycation of the algorithm shows that EGMAM generates only half the number of SSWs compared to observations. Nevertheless, further simulated properties of SSWs such as the strength, duration and downward coupling of stratospheric anomalies associated with SSWs are in good agreement with observations. For the historical period 1860-2000 the slight increase in greenhouse gas concentrations does not affect the number of identified SSWs. Investigations of the 21st century show for all scenarios (B1, A1B and A2) an increase in the number of SSWs, which is superimposed by a considerable amount of internal variability. Only by including the stabilization periods and results of the idealized experiments the sample is sufficiently large to show a clear linear correlation between the number of SSWs and the radiative forcing. Following this relationship a doubling in the number of SSWs compared to the pre-industrial control run is achieved if the greenhouse gas levels of the A2-szeanrio in 2100 is reached or the CO2 concentrations are quadrupled. The present study gives for the first time an overview of the uncertainties associated with different scenarios as well as internal variability regarding the future number of SSWs. The cause for the increase of SSWs is a strengthening of resolved wave flux into the stratosphere and the weakening of the zonal mean zonal wind at 60°N and 10 hPa due to climate change. For the southern hemisphere, where the model simulates less than one SSW in 100 years, the number of SSWs does not change due to the increase of greenhouse gas concentrations. Following the analyses of the projected changes, the variability of SSWs on different time scales is studied in detail on the basis of a long pre-industrial control run. The number of simulated SSWs under pre-industrial conditions varies between 13% and 70% of the observed amount. Investigations of the frequency spectrum, determined with a Wavelet transformation, reveals for the first time a periodic oscillation in the number of SSWs with a period of 52 years. Moreover, in this study a mechanism is developed to explain the origin of this multi-decadal variability. It is shown that periods with an increased number of SSWs are connected to an increased tropospheric wave flux into the stratosphere, a positive heat flux from the North Atlantic into the atmosphere, an increased number of blockings and positiv snow cover anomalies over Eurasia. The strongest link exists between SSWs and heat flux from the North Atlantic. The multi-decadal variability is the result of a natural mode in the North Atlantic, which is stimulated by downward progressing stratospheric anomalies related to SSWs.

Published
2011
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