17 results on '"Schizophrenics -- Evaluation"'
Search Results
2. Schizophrenics remanded to the Forensic Psychiatric Institute of British Columbia, 1975-1990.
- Author
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Smith, Jeanette, Grant, Faye, and Brinded, Phil
- Subjects
Competency to stand trial -- Evaluation ,Insanity -- Jurisprudence ,Schizophrenics -- Evaluation - Published
- 1994
3. Discrimination between and among schizophrenics and other pathologies using a Spanish version of the Whitaker Index of Schizophrenic Thinking
- Author
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Godoy, J.F., Fernandez, M., Muela, J.A., Roldan, G., Catena, A., and Puente, A.E.
- Subjects
Schizophrenics -- Evaluation ,Psychology and mental health - Abstract
The administering of a Spanish version of Whitaker Index of Schizophrenic Thinking (WIST) Forms A and B reveals that Schizophrenic Score is higher in these tests. Chronic schizophrenics score higher than acute subjects. Difference exist among heroin addicts, depressed subjects and schizophrenics, with the schizophrenics exhibiting high WIST scores.
- Published
- 1994
4. Maintenance of grip-induced muscle tension: a behavioral marker for schizophrenia
- Author
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Rosen, Alexander J., Lockhart, Joseph J., Gants, Erica S., and Westergaard, Cindy K.
- Subjects
Dynamometer ,Schizophrenics -- Evaluation ,Schizophrenia -- Physiological aspects ,Psychology and mental health - Abstract
Despite findings suggesting that a variety of variables may be directly linked to schizophrenia, some researchers maintain that no ideal, or accurate, markers exist. Recent evidence, however, indicates that motor abnormalities may indeed be used as markers of vulnerability for schizophrenia, but the absence of sensitive and reliable laboratory measures of motor dysfunction have hampered further investigation in this area. In the present study, four different trials measured the abilities of 18 subjects to maintain a grip at a prescribed level on a dynamometer which measured the muscle tension involved in the grip. The data were able to differentiate between schizophrenic patients, normal controls, and controls with depressive disorders; schizophrenics were seen to have a deficit in their ability to maintain the grip at the prescribed level. First degree relatives of schizophrenics (parents and siblings, in this case) showed similar deficits. The results of schizophrenic patients were independent of medication or hospitalization status. It is suggested that the designs of the four experiments allow a systematic and reliable investigation of motor-control, an abnormality that may be a useful behavioral marker of schizophrenia. (Consumer Summary produced by Reliance Medical Information, Inc.)
- Published
- 1991
5. Borderline, depressive, and schizoprenic discrimination by MMPI
- Author
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Gandolfo, R.L., Templer, D.I., Cappelletty, C.G., and Cannon, W.G.
- Subjects
Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory -- Usage ,Borderline personality disorder -- Evaluation ,Schizophrenics -- Evaluation ,Bipolar disorder -- Evaluation ,Psychology and mental health - Published
- 1991
6. The positive:negative dichotomy in schizophrenia
- Author
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Mortimer, A.M., Lund, C.E., and McKenna, P.J.
- Subjects
Schizophrenics -- Evaluation ,Schizophrenia -- Diagnosis ,Symptomatology -- Methods ,Schizophrenia -- Identification and classification ,Cognition disorders -- Causes of ,Health - Abstract
Since the earliest days of classifying schizophrenia, attempts have been made to assign symptoms to one of two broad classes, generally known as positive and negative. Positive symptoms are those that are characterized by the presence of abnormal behavioral phenomena, such as delusions or hallucinations. Negative symptoms, on the other hand, are deficits or diminutions in normal function, such as loss of emotional affect, will, or speech. In recent years, this classification scheme has been called into question, with some claiming that the two symptom sets are not independent, and others suggesting yet a third category of symptoms known as 'disorganization.' Two studies are described which were intended first, to examine the independence of positive and negative symptoms, and second, to determine the status of the symptoms of thought disorder, catatonia, and cognitive impairment within the context of the positive:negative scheme. In the first study, 62 schizophrenics were evaluated using two scales, the High Royds Evaluation of Negativity (HEN) and the Schedule for Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS), to measure negative symptoms. A third scale was used to measure all psychiatric symptoms, and correlations between various scores were calculated. Similarly, the second study, involving 80 schizophrenic patients, measured negative symptoms as well as cognitive function and motor disorders. The presence of negative symptoms could not be correlated with positive symptoms, confirming the validity of a positive:negative dichotomy. Based upon the results of the first study, it is supposed that negative symptoms are more fundamental in schizophrenia, as they correlate most consistently with the diagnosis. The results of the second study reveal that formal thought disorder appears to be a positive symptom, as does poverty of content of speech, even though it appears to be a deficit. It is also concluded that catatonia can be divided into both positive and negative symptomatology. Cognitive impairment seems to be an ill-defined set of conditions that are affiliated with various schizophrenic symptoms. (Consumer Summary produced by Reliance Medical Information, Inc.)
- Published
- 1990
7. Clinical correlates of the deficit syndrome of schizophrenia
- Author
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Buchanan, Robert W., Kirkpatrick, Brian, Heinrichs, Douglas W., and Carpenter, William T., Jr.
- Subjects
Schizophrenia -- Diagnosis ,Schizophrenics -- Evaluation ,Health ,Psychology and mental health - Abstract
Schizophrenia is a psychiatric diagnosis where there is high variation among patients in age at onset, symptoms, treatment response and other factors. There have been attempts to classify different types of schizophrenics by symptoms to improve diagnostic accuracy; one such attempt resulted in the deficit and nondeficit distinction. Deficit symptoms are thought to arise from physiological disease processes that weaken emotional activities involved in volition (making choices). These people are thought to have more negative symptoms that result from an increased degree of neurological impairment or brain pathology. The validity of these hypotheses regarding deficit schizophrenic patients was tested. Thirty-four patients were divided into two groups of 17 with a diagnosis of deficit or nondeficit schizophrenia. This distinction required differentiating between primary, enduring negative symptoms and transient secondary negative symptoms. Each patient was then evaluated for premorbid adjustment and degree of neurological impairment. The premorbid adjustment evaluation assessed social, scholastic, and sexual development at four age periods. They found that in the deficit group, premorbid adjustment was significantly worse in childhood and adolescence, and overall, than the nondeficit group. The deficit group was more impaired on each item from each age group evaluated. The deficit patients were also more neurologically impaired than the nondeficit patients, with significant differences measured on four out of five items tested. These differences were in the area of sensory integration, with no differences revealed in motor coordination. This might indicate neurological dysfunction in the parietal cortex of the brain, which has been suggested by earlier studies. The authors feel that these results support the validity of subgrouping schizophrenics in this way. They suggest that the deficit patients are characterized by a disease process with an onset before adolescence. (Consumer Summary produced by Reliance Medical Information, Inc.)
- Published
- 1990
8. Families and serious mental illness: Working with loss and ambivalence
- Author
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Jones, David W.
- Subjects
Bereavement -- Evaluation ,Home care -- Evaluation ,Schizophrenics -- Evaluation ,Sociology and social work - Abstract
The loss experienced by the people who have a family member suffering from serious mental illness is examined. It is seen that the professionals who work with such families should be aware of the uncomfortable feelings that may be faced by the relatives and these professionals should try to set up and encourage relative support groups.
- Published
- 2004
9. Detecting Patterns by One-Sample Runs Test: Paradox, Explanation, and a New Omnibus Procedure
- Author
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McKENZIE, DEAN P., ONGHENA, PATRICK, HOGENRAAD, ROBERT, MARTINDALE, COLIN, and MACKINNON, ANDREW J.
- Subjects
Monte Carlo method -- Analysis ,Mathematical models -- Analysis ,Learning -- Methods ,Schizophrenics -- Evaluation - Published
- 1999
10. Patterns of sex differences in negative symptoms and social functioning consistent with separate dimensions of schizophrenic psychopathology
- Author
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Dworkin, Robert H.
- Subjects
Schizophrenics -- Evaluation ,Schizophrenia -- Demographic aspects ,Health ,Psychology and mental health - Abstract
When speaking of the symptomatology of mental illness, a distinction is made between what are termed positive symptoms, such as delusions and hallucinations, and negative symptoms, such as emotional deficits and thought disorders. In studying social dysfunction among schizophrenics, opinions differ as to whether its roots lie in negative, positive, or a mixture of both types of symptoms. To further clarify this issue, 151 schizophrenic subjects and their twins were analyzed for the presence of negative and positive symptoms. Significant differences between positive and negative symptoms were not found between male and female schizophrenic subjects. Schizophrenic men had significantly more social problems both before and after onset of their illness than schizophrenic women. Because this was not associated with more negative symptoms, it suggests that disordered social relationships result from separate functional processes in the development of schizophrenia. Based on these findings, the authors suggest that social functioning in schizophrenics should be examined separately from negative symptoms, and not simply included as one component of negative symptomatology. (Consumer Summary produced by Reliance Medical Information, Inc.)
- Published
- 1990
11. Clinical and Cognitive Factors Associated With Verbal Memory Task Performance in Patients With Schizophrenia
- Author
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Brebion, Gildas, Gorman, Jack M., Malaspina, Dolores, Sharif, Zafar, and Amador, Xavier
- Subjects
Schizophrenics -- Evaluation ,Verbal ability -- Evaluation ,Depression, Mental -- Physiological aspects ,Cognitive balance -- Analysis ,Health ,Psychology and mental health - Abstract
Objective: The authors have previously shown the role of depression, slowing of processing speed, and selective attention deficit in verbal memory task performance in schizophrenia. They wished to determine the specific contribution of each of these factors to various types of memory impairment. Method: The negative symptom score from the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale score, a measure of processing speed, and a measure of selective attention were entered as predictors in regression analyses. Furthermore, analyses of covariance were conducted on the memory measures to test the significance of the differences between schizophrenic patients and healthy comparison subjects after control for processing speed and selective attention. Results: Depression was associated only with deep encoding reflected by semantic clustering. Selective attention was associated only with superficial encoding reflected by serial recall. Slowing of processing speed was associated with both deep and superficial encoding. Negative symptoms were not associated with memory impairment except for the avolition item from the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms. Processing speed accounted for all the group differences on the memory measures that reflected superficial encoding. In addition, a subgroup of patients with no or minor depression was not significantly impaired on deep encoding relative to the healthy comparison group. Conclusions: The authors suggest that verbal memory impairment in schizophrenia is a consequence of depression and slowness, rather than a primary feature of the disease. (Am J Psychiatry 2001; 158:758-764)
- Published
- 2001
12. Brain Activation Patterns in Schizophrenic and Comparison Volunteers During a Matched-Performance Auditory Recognition Task
- Author
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Holcomb, Henry H., Lahti, Adrienne C., Medoff, Deborah R., Weiler, Martin, Dannals, Robert F., and Tamminga, Carol A.
- Subjects
Schizophrenics -- Evaluation ,Brain -- Abnormalities ,Cerebral hemispheres -- Evaluation ,Health ,Psychology and mental health - Abstract
Objective: The biological characteristics of schizophrenia are often studied by using functional imaging techniques. However, since volunteers with schizophrenia routinely fail to perform as accurately or as quickly as healthy volunteers, it is difficult to ascertain whether a particular deficit in blood flow to a brain region is due to behavior or to the underlying illness. In this report, investigators used an auditory recognition task to assess brain blood flow patterns and behavioral correlates of schizophrenic patient volunteers trained on the task. Method: Twelve healthy volunteers and 18 volunteers with schizophrenia were trained to make tone frequency recognitions. Accuracy and stimuli were matched between groups. Participants were required to press a button to indicate whether a briefly presented tone was the high-frequency (1500 Hz) reference tone or one of a lower frequency level (level chosen to elicit an 80% accuracy score). Subjects underwent bolus [[sup.15]O][H.sub.2]O blood flow positron emission tomography during inactive rest, a sensory motor control condition, and the decision task. Blood flow patterns were assessed between conditions and between groups. Results: As a group, the patients with schizophrenia (who performed as quickly and accurately as the comparison subjects) exhibited significantly less change in regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) to the anterior cingulate and supplementary motor cortices when switching from the sensory motor control to the decision condition. There were also marked between-group differences in correlations between rCBF and response time. Whereas the comparison subjects exhibited progressively greater blood flow to the frontal cortex in association with longer response times, the schizophrenic patients exhibited progressively lower blood flow in conjunction with extended response times. Conclusions: The failure to appropriately enhance cingulate activity when engaged in a demanding task and the progressive, time-dependent decline in frontal blood flow suggest that patients with schizophrenia are unable to make optimal use of frontocingulate systems when maximally engaged in high-error tasks. (Am J Psychiatry 2000; 157:1634-1645)
- Published
- 2000
13. The prognostic significance of negative symptoms in schizophrenia
- Author
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Pogue-Geile, Michael F.
- Subjects
Schizophrenics -- Evaluation ,Schizophrenia -- Prognosis ,Emotions and cognition -- Evaluation ,Health - Abstract
A review of research on the negative symptoms of schizophrenia reveals confusing variations in experimental methodology and diagnostic criteria, as well as inconsistent results. Negative symptoms are usually defined by blunted mood and emotions (affect), poverty of speech and slow movement. Studies of the prognostic or predictive value of negative symptoms assessed during an acute schizophrenic episode have been inconclusive. However, studies that have looked at symptoms occurring during nonacute or posthospitalization periods have found negative symptoms to be strong predictors of poor overall functioning at two- and five-year follow-up evaluations. This may be because negative symptoms during postacute episodes are less likely to be secondary symptoms related to neuroleptic (antipsychotic) medication side-effects, or responses to psychosis. Studies examining social withdrawal and functioning deficits prior to first schizophrenic hospital admission suggest a moderate ability to predict the eventual development of negative symptoms. The overall prognostic utility of negative symptoms in evaluating illness outcome is much more moderate than previously thought. Studies also suggest that more changes occur in negative symptoms over time than previously expected. We still do not know whether or not negative symptoms stabilize or become more predominant during the later course of illness, but the degree of symptom instability demonstrated by recent studies argues against a model relating all negative symptoms to brain abnormalities. (Consumer Summary produced by Reliance Medical Information, Inc.)
- Published
- 1989
14. Depression, affect and negative symptoms in schizophrenia
- Author
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Lindenmayer, J.-P. and Kay, Stanley R.
- Subjects
Psychiatric disability evaluation -- Usage ,Depression, Mental -- Prognosis ,Schizophrenia -- Prognosis ,Schizophrenics -- Evaluation ,Health - Abstract
In order to evaluate relationships between depression, impaired mood and emotionality (affect), and the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia, 37 newly admitted, young urban patients of mixed ethnic backgrounds (with an average age of 24 years) and an illness onset of two years or less were studied and followed-up for two years. During the first two weeks of their first schizophrenic admission, they were given a battery of tests to assess affect, attention span, drug-induced neurological symptoms, and positive and negative syndrome factors. A positive symptom score was obtained by summing ratings of delusions, thought disorder, paranoia, hallucinations, excitability, grandiosity, and hostility. A negative score added ratings for blunted affect, emotional withdrawal, passivity, poor abstract thinking, and poverty of speech. Factor analysis of the initial tests revealed three distinct affective clusters: (1) emotional unrelatedness; (2) immobility of facial and gestural expression; and (3) inappropriate affect. The first two factors were significantly related to each other and to depression. Depression was also significantly related to concurrent negative symptoms. The third factor was only significantly related to high positive scores. A two-year follow-up evaluation revealed that an initial high depression rating was significantly related to better overall level of functioning, social relations and occupational adjustment. Poor premorbid functioning (that is, before onset of the illness) was found to be highly related to (1). At the onset of the study, depression was significantly higher among nonparanoid patients. After two years, paranoia was only significantly related to an initial high rating on factor (3). Results suggest that the affective profiles of young, acute schizophrenics include three distinct dimensions with concurrent and predictive significance. (Consumer Summary produced by Reliance Medical Information, Inc.)
- Published
- 1989
15. Sunrise police search for missing man
- Author
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Piedra, Jennifer Mooney
- Subjects
Missing persons -- Investigations ,Schizophrenics -- Evaluation ,Company legal issue - Published
- 2007
16. Return to reality
- Author
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Earnest, Leslie
- Subjects
Laguna Beach, California -- Services ,Schizophrenics -- Evaluation ,Psychiatric social work -- Case studies - Published
- 1994
17. Neuropsychological deficits in neuroleptic naive patients with first-episode schizophrenia
- Author
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Saykin, Andrew J.
- Subjects
Schizophrenia -- Health aspects ,Schizophrenics -- Evaluation - Abstract
Background: Medication and chronicity have complicated past attempts to characterize the neuropsychological performance of patients with schizophrenia. There have been inconsistencies regarding the pattern, selectivity, and sources of observed deficits. Our objective was to comprehensively examine neuropsychological function in patients with schizophrenia who had never been exposed to neuroleptic medication, and who were experiencing their first episode (FE) of psychosis. Methods: Subjects were consecutive recruitments that included 37 patients with FE schizophrenia who were never exposed to neuroleptics. These subjects were compared with 65 unmedicated, previously treated (PT) patients and 131 healthy controls. Results: The patient groups had nearly identical profiles showing generalized impairment, particularly in verbal memory and learning, attention-vigilance, and speeded visual-motor processing and attention. Verbal memory and learning accounted for most of the variance between patients and controls and removing this effect substantially attenuated all other differences. By contrast, both the FE group and PT group continued to show highly significant deficits in verbal memory and learning after controlling for attention, abstraction, and all other functions. Some functions not typically implicated in schizophrenia (spatial cognition, fine motor speed, and visual memory) were more impaired in the PT group than in the FE group. Conclusions: Verbal memory, as a primary neuropsychological deficit present early in the course of schizophrenia, implicates the left temporal-hippocampal system. Neuropsychological evaluations before treatment permit differentiation of primary deficits from changes secondary to medication or chronicity. This is essential for developing a neurobehavioral perspective on schizophrenia.
- Published
- 1994
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