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Abstract\nHIGHLIGHTSIn this study, the ability of live mycelia of Schizophyllum commune to remove heavy metals from aqueous solution was investigated. The influence of various experimental parameters, such as pH, temperature, and contact time on the biosorption process was investigated. The maximum biosorption capacity using live biomass was found as 81.5, 90.71, 70.18, and 66.18 mg/g for Pb(II), Sr(II), Zn(II), and Cd(II), respectively, at optimized conditions. The biosorption process reaches equilibrium between 180 and 240 min for the tested metal ions. The experimental data were used to study biosorption isotherm and kinetics models. The thermodynamic parameters, ΔG°, ΔH°, and ΔS°, showed that the biosorption process was endothermic and spontaneous at 303–343 K. SEM images revealed that the presence of metal ions altered the morphology of fungal hyphae. The presence of Pb(II), Sr(II), Zn(II), and Cd(II)on the fungal mycelia was confirmed using SEM-EDX. FTIR spectroscopy of biomass showed the involvement of functional groups like, -CH, amino acid, fatty acid, carboxyl group, and alkane and alkyl groups in adsorption of heavy metal ions. The adsorption capacity of S. commune for removal of heavy metals under the optimized conditions was Sr(II) > Pb(II) > Zn(II) > Cd(II). Thus, the study demonstrated an application of Schizophyllum commune for efficient removal of heavy metals from metal-contaminated water or industrial effluents.The maximum biosorption capacity were 81.5, 90.71, 70.18, and 66.18 mg/g for Pb(II), Sr(II), Zn(II), and Cd(II), respectively.Optimum conditions for the maximum adsorption were pH 4–5, temperature 60–70 °C, and contact time of 180–240 min.The biosorption process was endothermic and spontaneous at 303–343 K and fitted Langmuir isotherm model and pseudo-second-order kinetics.The functional groups including -CH, amino acid, fatty acid, carboxyl group, and alkane and alkyl groups were responsible for the adsorption of metal ions.The maximum biosorption capacity were 81.5, 90.71, 70.18, and 66.18 mg/g for Pb(II), Sr(II), Zn(II), and Cd(II), respectively.Optimum conditions for the maximum adsorption were pH 4–5, temperature 60–70 °C, and contact time of 180–240 min.The biosorption process was endothermic and spontaneous at 303–343 K and fitted Langmuir isotherm model and pseudo-second-order kinetics.The functional groups including -CH, amino acid, fatty acid, carboxyl group, and alkane and alkyl groups were responsible for the adsorption of metal ions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Allergic bronchopulmonary mycosis (ABPM) is a chronic airway disease characterized by the presence of fungi that trigger allergic reactions and airway obstruction. Here, we present a unique case of ABPM in which a patient experienced sudden respiratory failure due to mucus plug-induced airway obstruction. The patient's life was saved by venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VV-ECMO) and bronchoscopic removal of the plug. This case emphasizes the clinical significance of mucus plug-induced airway obstruction in the differential diagnosis of respiratory failure in patients with ABPM. Case study: A 52-year-old female clerical worker with no smoking history, presented with dyspnea. CT scan revealed mucus plugs in both lungs. Despite treatment, the dyspnea progressed rapidly to respiratory failure, leading to VV-ECMO placement. Results: CT revealed bronchial wall thickening, obstruction, and extensive atelectasis. Bronchoscopy revealed extensive mucus plugs that were successfully removed within two days. The patient's respiratory status significantly improved. Follow-up CT revealed no recurrence. Fungal cultures identified Schizophyllum commune, confirming ABPM. Histological examination of the mucus plugs revealed aggregated eosinophils, eosinophil granules, and Charcot-Leyden crystals. Galectin-10 and major basic protein (MBP) staining supported these findings. Eosinophil extracellular traps (EETs) and eosinophil cell death (ETosis), which contribute to mucus plug formation, were identified by citrullinated histone H3 staining. Conclusion: Differentiating between asthma exacerbation and mucus plug-induced airway obstruction in patients with ABPM and those with acute respiratory failure is challenging. Prompt evaluation of mucous plugs and atelectasis using CT and timely decision to introduce ECMO and bronchoscopic mucous plug removal are required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Human immortal keratinocyte cells (HaCaT) are induced with UVB to establish an injury model. This model is utilized to investigate whether oat bran fermentation broth (OBF) has a reparative effect on skin inflammation and damage to the skin barrier caused by UVB irradiation. The results show that compared with unfermented oat bran (OB), OBF exhibits higher structural homogeneity, increased molecular weight size, active substances content, and in vitro antioxidant activity. OBF has a scavenging effect on excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) and increases the intracellular levels of antioxidant enzymes. It was found that OBF has a stronger inhibitory effect on the release of inflammatory factors than OB. It increases the synthesis of AQP3 and FLG proteins while decreasing the secretion of KLK-7. OBF can inhibit the transcription level of inflammatory factors by suppressing the JAK/STAT signaling pathway. Safety experiments demonstrate that OBF has a high safety profile. Graphical Abstract

Synthetic dyes pose a significant environmental threat due to their complex structures and resistance to microbial degradation. S. commune 15R-5-F01 exhibited over 96% degradation efficiency of Methyl Red in a medium with 100 mg L−1 Methyl Red within 3 h. The fungus demonstrated adaptability to various environmental conditions, including different pH levels, temperatures, oxygen concentrations, salinity, and heavy metals. S. commune 15R-5-F01 is capable of achieving repeated cycles of Methyl Red reduction with sustained degradation duration minimum of 6 cycles. It showed a maximum Methyl Red biodegradation capacity of at least 558 mg g−1 dry mycelia and a bioadsorption capacity of 57 mg g−1. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis confirmed the azo reduction of Methyl Red into N,N-dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine and 2-aminobenzoic acid. Enzymatic activity assays indicated the involvement of lignin peroxidases, laccases, and manganese peroxidase in the biodegradation process. Phytotoxicity tests on Triticum eastivum, Oryza sativa, and Vigna umbellata seeds revealed reduced toxicity of the degradation products compared to Methyl Red. This study identifies S. commune 15R-5-F01 as a viable candidate for the sustainable degradation of synthetic dyes in industrial wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For centuries, mushrooms have been used as a component of skincare formulations. Environmental stresses and a modern lifestyle expose the skin to accelerated aging. To slow down this process, natural anti-aging skincare ingredients are being sought. In this review, 52 scientific publications about the effects of chemical compounds extracted from the fruiting bodies of macrofungi on skin cells were selected. The effects of extracts from nine species that are tested for anti-aging effects have been described. According to available literature data, macrofungi contain many polysaccharides, phenolic compounds, polysaccharide peptides, free amino acids, sterols, proteins, glycosides, triterpenes, alkaloids, which can have an anti-aging effect on the skin by acting as antioxidants, photoprotective, skin whitening, moisturizing, anti-inflammatory and stabilizing collagen, elastin and hyaluronic acid levels in the skin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Characterization and identification of potent LMEs (Lignin Modifying Enzymes) producing fungi from Dang (Gujarat) was conducted at Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Navsari Agricultural University, Waghai in 2021-22, Fungal isolates LD1, LD4, LD5, LD9, LD15, LD19, LD20 and LD39 were screened for Lignin Modifying Enzymes (LME) on ABTS (2, 2 azinobis (3-ethylbenz-thiazoline)-6 sulphonate), Methyl orange and a-naphthol agar and observed that all the fungal strains showed color zone/clear zone on different indicator plates. However, fungal strain LD19 showed the highest potency index on both ABTS and methyl orange plates. Among the 8 selected fungal isolates, 5 produced all the three enzymes viz. laccase, lignin peroxidase (LiP) and manganese peroxidase (MnP), 2 produced two enzymes while 1 produced only one enzyme. Isolate LD19 had given maximum laccase activity at all the intervals and it was maximum at 6 DAI (206.74 U ml-1) followed by LD20 (144.79 U ml-1), LD4 (118.38 U ml-1) and LD15 (113.68 U ml-1). Maximum LiP activity was recorded in LD19 (1.314 U ml-1) at 8 DAI followed by LD1 (0.903 U ml-1) and it was lowest in LD39 (0.725 U ml-1). Maximum MnP activity was recorded in LD19 (428.65 U ml-1) at 8 DAI followed by LD39 (308.13 U ml-1), LD15 (290.18 U ml-1), LD4 (262.16 U ml-1) and MnP activity was not detected in LD1 and LD5. The highest LMEs were observed in LD19. Potential LMEs producing fungi LD19 wasidentified as Schizophyllum commune, by morphological, microscopic characteristics and molecular methods and submitted to NCBI GenBank database with accession numbers MW720154. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 10-year-old spayed mixed breed dog presented with severe neurological signs. Computed tomography revealed a cranial mediastinal mass, osteolysis of the right second rib and second thoracic vertebra, tracheobronchial and mesenteric lymph node enlargement, pneumonia and pleural effusion. Magnetic resonance imaging detected lesions in the white matter of the right frontal lobe and left cerebral hemisphere with contrast-enhanced T1-weighted images showing demarcated enhancement. On cut section, the surface of the right cerebral frontal lobe and left cerebral hemisphere corticomedullary junctions were indistinct and the white matter was discoloured. Microscopically, multicentric granulomatous inflammation was seen in the brain, cranial mediastinal mass, masses on the right second rib, tracheobronchial and mesenteric lymph nodes, heart, kidneys, lungs and oesophagus. Necrosis and hyaline fungal structures were frequently observed in the centre of the granulomas. These fungi had septae, Y-shaped branching and were 2–3 μm in width. Sequence analysis of DNA from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded samples identified the fungi as Schizophyllum commune. Based on these findings, this case was diagnosed as disseminated S. commune infection. This is the first report of granulomatous encephalitis caused by S. commune in a dog. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human immortal keratinocyte cells (HaCaT) are induced with UVB to establish an injury model. This model is utilized to investigate whether oat bran fermentation broth (OBF) has a reparative effect on skin inflammation and damage to the skin barrier caused by UVB irradiation. The results show that compared with unfermented oat bran (OB), OBF exhibits higher structural homogeneity, increased molecular weight size, active substances content, and in vitro antioxidant activity. OBF has a scavenging effect on excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) and increases the intracellular levels of antioxidant enzymes. It was found that OBF has a stronger inhibitory effect on the release of inflammatory factors than OB. It increases the synthesis of AQP3 and FLG proteins while decreasing the secretion of KLK-7. OBF can inhibit the transcription level of inflammatory factors by suppressing the JAK/STAT signaling pathway. Safety experiments demonstrate that OBF has a high safety profile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Schizophyllum commune is the third most common causative fungus of allergic bronchopulmonary mycosis(ABPM). Two‐thirds of ABPM caused by S. commune can be positive for Aspergillus fumigatus‐specific IgE, which can be difficult to diagnose. Our patient presented to our hospital with wet cough for 3 months and chest pain for 3 days. Blood tests showed IgE 1522 IU/mL, eosinophils 688/mm3, A. fumigatus ‐specific IgE 2.24 UA/mL, and chest computed tomography showed high‐attenuation mucus. Bronchoscopy showed mucus plugs and speculum examination showed filamentous fungi, but various culture tests did not detect A. fumigatus, Asp f 1‐specific IgE was negative, and S. commune was detected in the culture of bronchial washing. Since he was positive for S. commune‐specific IgE and IgG, he diagnosed ABPM caused by S. commune. These findings demonstrate the importance of identifying the causative fungus in ABPM by detailed examination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To better assess the practical value and avoid potential risks of the traditionally medicinal and edible basidiomycete Schizophyllum commune, which may arise from undescribed metabolites, a combination of elicitors was introduced for the first time to discover products from cryptic and low-expressed gene clusters under laboratory cultivation. Treating S. commune NJFU21 with the combination of five elicitors led to the upregulated production of a class of unusual linear diterpene-derived variants, including eleven new ones (1–11), along with three known ones (12–14). The structures and stereochemistry were determined by 1D and 2D NMR, HRESIMS, ECD, OR and VCD calculations. Notably, the elongation terminus of all the diterpenes was decorated by an unusual butenedioic acid moiety. Compound 1 was a rare monocyclic diterpene, while 2–6 possessed a tetrahydrofuran moiety. The truncated metabolites 4, 5 and 13 belong to the trinorditerpenes. All the diterpenes displayed approximately 70% scavenging of hydroxyl radicals at 50 μM and null cytotoxic activity at 10 μM. In addition, compound 1 exhibited potent antifungal activity against the plant pathogenic fungi Colletotrichum camelliae, with MIC values of 8 μg/mL. Our findings indicated that this class of diterpenes could provide valuable protectants for cosmetic ingredients and the lead compounds for agricultural fungicide development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a 57-year-old male patient with keratitis, he was initially started on topical 0.5% moxifloxacin eye drops, but his symptoms did not resolve and infiltrate continued to increase. Corneal scrapings and microbiological reports suggested the diagnosis of the fungus, Schizophyllum commune, the patient was then switched to topical 5% natamycin eye drops hourly for 1 week followed by eight times per day for 2 weeks and oral tablet fluconazole 200 mg twice daily, following which the infiltrate was reduced, hypopyon resolved and visual acuity improved after 2 weeks of treatment.

In order to improve the economic value of Panax quinquefolius L., this study used Panax quinquefolius L. as raw material to solid state ferment Panax quinquefolius L. by Schizophyllum commune, increased the content of active components in Panax quinquefolius L., and optimized the fermentation technology. In this study, the total ginsenoside content of Panax quinquefolius L. was used as the indicator. First, strain 2 was selected from three strains of Streptomyces as the solid state fermentation strain for Panax quinquefolius L.. Then single factor experiment was conducted on four factors affecting total ginsenoside content. The four factors included: fermentation temperature, inoculation amount of Schizophyllum commune, pH value and fermentation time. On the basis of these results, the technology of solid state fermentation of Panax quinquefolius L. by Schizophyllum commune was further optimized by response surface Box Behnken experimental design. The optimized process conditions were determined as follows: inoculation amount of Schizophyllum commune 10.90%, fermentation temperature 31 ℃, fermentation time 10 d, pH value 5.9. Under the above conditions, the total ginsenoside content of Panax quinquefolius L. fermented by Schizophyllum commune was 10.28%, the content of crude polysaccharide was 12.85%, and the content of total flavonoids was 0.67%, which were higher than that of unfermented Panax quinquefolius L., and the contents of macromolecules ginsenoside Rb1, Rg2 and Re decreased, while the contents of micromolecules ginsenoside Rg1, Rc, Rb2, Rd, Rg3, s-Rh2, r-Rh2 and pseudo-ginsenoside CK increased. Among them, rare ginsenoside Rg3, s-Rh2, r-Rh2, and pseudo-ginsenoside CK were new saponins. In vitro antioxidant tests showed that the IC50 values of DPPH and ABTS+ free radicals scavenging ability of the fermented products of Panax quinquefolius L. by Schizophyllum commune were 3165 and 10910 μg/mL, respectively, which were stronger than those of unfermented Panax quinquefolius L.. This study proved that the solid state fermentation of Panax quinquefolius L. by Schizophyllum commune increased the contents of total ginsenoside, crude polysaccharide, total flavone and rare ginsenoside, and enhanced the antioxidant capacity, which provided data support for the development and utilization of Panax quinquefolius L..

In recent years, blueberry root rot has been caused mainly by Fusarium commune, and there is an urgent need for a green and efficient method to control this disease. To date, research on Schizophyllum commune has focused on antioxidant mechanisms, reactive dye degradation, etc., but the mechanism underlying the inhibition of pathogenic microorganisms is still unclear. Here, the control effects of S. commune on F. commune and blueberry root rot were studied using adversarial culture, tissue culture, and greenhouse pot experiments. The results showed that S. commune can dissolve insoluble phosphorus and secrete various extracellular hydrolases. The results of hyphal confrontation and fermentation broth antagonism experiments showed that S. commune had a significant inhibitory effect on F. commune, with inhibition rates of 70.30% and 22.86%, respectively. Microscopy results showed distortion of F. commune hyphae, indicating that S. commune is strongly parasitic. S. commune had a significant growth-promoting effect on blueberry tissue-cultured seedlings. After inoculation with S. commune, inoculation with the pathogenic fungus, or inoculation at a later time, the strain significantly reduced the root rot disease index in the potted blueberry seedlings, with relative control effects of 79.14% and 62.57%, respectively. In addition, S. commune G18 significantly increased the antioxidant enzyme contents in the aboveground and underground parts of potted blueberry seedlings. We can conclude that S. commune is a potential biocontrol agent that can be used to effectively control blueberry root rot caused by F. commune in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) infections in seals are limited, with only two cases reported. Here, we report a case of meningoencephalitis and bronchopneumonia caused by the co-infection of JEV and Schizophyllum commune in a dead seal (Phoca vitulina) housed in an aquarium in Japan. The JEV isolate from the seal was classified as genotype GIb based on E gene sequences, which included recent Japanese human and mosquito isolates. The Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), a mosquito-borne flavivirus, has a wide host range, extending from pigs and ardeid birds to opportunistic dead-end hosts, such as humans and horses. However, JEV encephalitis infections in aquatic mammals are rare, with only two cases in seals reported to date. Here, we report a lethal case of JEV and Schizophyllum commune co-infection in an aquarium-housed harbor seal in Japan. We isolated JEV from the brain of the dead seal and characterized its phylogeny and pathogenicity in mice. The virus isolate from the seal was classified as genotype GIb, which aligns with recent Japanese human and mosquito isolates as well as other seal viruses detected in China and Korea, and does not exhibit a unique sequence trait distinct from that of human and mosquito strains. We demonstrated that the seal isolate is pathogenic to mice and causes neuronal symptoms. These data suggest that seals should be considered a susceptible dead-end host for circulating JEV in natural settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Introduction: Schizophyllum commune (S. commune) is an opportunistic pathogenic fungus and can cause infection of the respiratory system in immunocompromised hosts. Allergic bronchopulmonary mycosis (ABPM) is the major disease caused by S. commune. However, identification of S. commune using routine mycological diagnostic methods is difficult. It is easy to make mistakes in diagnosis and treatment, resulting in deterioration of the disease. We report the first case of ABPM due to S. commune in a Chinese patient with chronic hepatitis B. Case presentation: The patient presented cough, sputum and dyspnea for six months. The pathogen was missed during routine laboratory workup. We performed bronchoscopy examination and bronchoalveolar lavage. S. commune was identified by metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) of bronchial alveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Hence, the patient was immediately treated with 200 mg voriconazole twice daily (intravenous infusion) and 20 mg prednisone once a day (oral therapy), along with oral entecavir for hepatitis B. There was no recurrence of infection after the medication was discontinued. Conclusions: S. commune infection should be considered in the diagnosis of patients with refractory cough, sputum and dyspnea, especially in immunocompromised individuals. The mNGS technique is an effective supplementary technique for the diagnosis of S. commune infection, enabling precise clinical decision-making and appropriate treatment. Most patients have good prognosis with a combination of proper antifungal therapy and hormonal therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cross-linking, also called tanning, improves mechanical properties of leather and also increases its enzymatic and thermal stability. As a final product, leather has an ultimate tensile strength (σ) of 8–25 MPa and an elongation at break (ε) of >30 %. Mycelium-based materials are a sustainable alternative to leather. Here, the effect of cross-linkers was assessed on mechanical properties of Schizophyllum commune mycelium sheets. To this end, glutaraldehyde and N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N′-ethylcarbodiimide (EDC) were used as well as extracts of Ligustrum vulgare leaves, and bark of Acacia mearnsii and Caesalpinia spinosa. Untanned sheets had a σ of 7.8 MPa and an ε of 15.2 %, while the best overall combination of strength and elasticity was obtained with 0.1 % glutaraldehyde with a σ of 11.1 MPa and an ε of 14.6 %. Cross-linking also increased enzymatic stability and reduced mycelial water absorption but did not result in increased thermal stability. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), 1D nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), and amino acid analysis showed that glutaraldehyde bound both protein amino groups and polysaccharide hydroxyl groups by forming Schiff bases and acetals, respectively. Together, synthetic and vegetable cross-linkers can be used to obtain mycelium materials with leather-like tensile strength.

Abstract Schizophyllum commune is the third most common causative fungus of allergic bronchopulmonary mycosis(ABPM). Two‐thirds of ABPM caused by S. commune can be positive for Aspergillus fumigatus‐specific IgE, which can be difficult to diagnose. Our patient presented to our hospital with wet cough for 3 months and chest pain for 3 days. Blood tests showed IgE 1522 IU/mL, eosinophils 688/mm3, A. fumigatus ‐specific IgE 2.24 UA/mL, and chest computed tomography showed high‐attenuation mucus. Bronchoscopy showed mucus plugs and speculum examination showed filamentous fungi, but various culture tests did not detect A. fumigatus, Asp f 1‐specific IgE was negative, and S. commune was detected in the culture of bronchial washing. Since he was positive for S. commune‐specific IgE and IgG, he diagnosed ABPM caused by S. commune. These findings demonstrate the importance of identifying the causative fungus in ABPM by detailed examination.

We present two cases with a history of trauma to the cornea and after a few days patients developed symptoms of corneal ulcers with one showing hypopyon as well. Due to strong suspicion of fungal keratitis both cases were treated with topical and intravenously voriconazole. Fungal culture showed white fluffy growth which was identified as Schizophyllum commune by conventional and molecular methods. In both cases surgical intervention was essential. Therapeutic keratoplasty was done in both cases but failed. Unfortunately, both patients lost vision in the affected eyes.

Abstract The emergence of antibiotic resistance in pathogens is one of the major health concerns facing mankind as different bacterial strains have developed resistance to antibiotics over the period of time due to overuse and misuse of antibiotics. Besides this, ability to form biofilms is another major factor contributing to antibiotic resistance, which has necessitated the need for exploration for novel and effective compounds with ability to inhibit biofilm formation. Endophytic fungi are reported to exhibit antibacterial and anti-biofilm potential and could serve as a potent source of novel antibacterial compounds. Majority of the bioactivities have been reported from fungi belonging to phylum Ascomycota. Endophytic basidiomycetes, inspite of their profound ability to serve as a source of bioactive compounds have not been exploited extensively. In present study, an attempt was made to assess the antibacterial, anti-biofilm and biofilm dispersion potential of an endophytic basidiomycetous fungus Schizophyllum commune procured from the culture collection of our lab. Ethyl acetate extract of S. commune showed good antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella enterica and Vibrio cholerae. Minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of the extract were in the range of 1.25-10 mg/ml against the tested bacterial pathogens. The mode of action was determined to be bactericidal which was further confirmed by time kill studies. Good anti-biofilm activity of S. commune extract was recorded against K. pneumoniae and S. enterica, which was further validated by fluorescence microscopy. The present study highlights the importance of endophytic basidiomycetes as source of therapeutic compounds.

The emergence of antibiotic resistance in pathogens is one of the major health concerns facing mankind as different bacterial strains have developed resistance to antibiotics over the period of time due to overuse and misuse of antibiotics. Besides this, ability to form biofilms is another major factor contributing to antibiotic resistance, which has necessitated the need for exploration for novel and effective compounds with ability to inhibit biofilm formation. Endophytic fungi are reported to exhibit antibacterial and anti-biofilm potential and could serve as a potent source of novel antibacterial compounds. Majority of the bioactivities have been reported from fungi belonging to phylum Ascomycota. Endophytic basidiomycetes, inspite of their profound ability to serve as a source of bioactive compounds have not been exploited extensively. In present study, an attempt was made to assess the antibacterial, anti-biofilm and biofilm dispersion potential of an endophytic basidiomycetous fungus Schizophyllum commune procured from the culture collection of our lab. Ethyl acetate extract of S. commune showed good antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella enterica and Vibrio cholerae. Minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of the extract were in the range of 1.25-10 mg/ml against the tested bacterial pathogens. The mode of action was determined to be bactericidal which was further confirmed by time kill studies. Good anti-biofilm activity of S. commune extract was recorded against K. pneumoniae and S. enterica, which was further validated by fluorescence microscopy. The present study highlights the importance of endophytic basidiomycetes as source of therapeutic compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Allergic bronchopulmonary mycosis (ABPM) is an allergic disease caused by type I and type III hypersensitivity to environmental fungi. Schizophyllum commune, a basidiomycete fungus, is one of the most common fungi that causes non‐Aspergillus ABPM. Objective: Herein, we attempted to clarify the clinical characteristics of ABPM caused by S. commune (ABPM‐Sc) compared with those of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA). Methods: Patients with ABPM‐Sc or ABPA were recruited from a nationwide survey in Japan, a multicenter cohort, and a fungal database at the Medical Mycology Research Center of Chiba University. The definition of culture‐positive ABPM‐Sc/ABPA is as follows: (1) fulfills five or more of the 10 diagnostic criteria for ABPM proposed by Asano et al., and (2) positive culture of S. commune/Aspergillus spp. in sputum, bronchial lavage fluid, or mucus plugs in the bronchi. Results: Thirty patients with ABPM‐Sc and 46 with ABPA were recruited. Patients with ABPM‐Sc exhibited less severe asthma and presented with better pulmonary function than those with ABPA (p = 0.008–0.03). Central bronchiectasis was more common in ABPM‐Sc than that in ABPA, whereas peripheral lung lesions, including infiltrates/ground‐glass opacities or fibrotic/cystic changes, were less frequent in ABPM‐Sc. Aspergillus fumigatus‐specific immunoglobulin (Ig)E was negative in 10 patients (34%) with ABPM‐Sc, who demonstrated a lower prevalence of asthma and levels of total serum IgE than those with ABPM‐Sc positive for A. fumigatus‐specific IgE or ABPA. Conclusions: Clinical characteristics of ABPM‐Sc, especially those negative for A. fumigatus‐specific IgE, differed from those of ABPA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green-synthesized gold nanoparticles demonstrate several therapeutic benefits due to their safety, non-toxicity, accessibility, and ecological acceptance. In our study, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were created using an extracellular extract from the fungus Schizophyllum commune (S. commune). The reaction color was observed to be a reddish pink after a 24 h reaction, demonstrating the synthesis of the nanoparticles. The myco-produced nanoparticles were investigated using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and UV–visible spectroscopy. The TEM pictures depicted sphere-like shapes with sizes ranging from 60 and 120 nm, with an average diameter of 90 nm, which is in agreement with the DLS results. Furthermore, the efficiency of the AuNPs' antifungal and cytotoxic properties, as well as their production of intracellular ROS, was evaluated. Our findings showed that the AuNPs have strong antifungal effects against Trichoderma sp. and Aspergillus flavus at increasing doses. Additionally, the AuNPs established a dose-dependent activity against human alveolar basal epithelial cells with adenocarcinoma (A549), demonstrating the potency of synthesized AuNPs as a cytotoxic agent. After 4 h of incubation with AuNPs, a significant increase in intracellular ROS was observed in cancer cells. Therefore, these metallic AuNPs produced by fungus (S. commune) can be used as an effective antifungal, anticancer, and non-toxic immunomodulatory delivery agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Schizophyllum commune is a fungus with applications both in medicine and foods, which produces IPS and EPS. However, there is no comparative study on the activity comparison of IPS and EPS and its mechanism of antioxidant effect. In this study, the antioxidant activities of the two polysaccharides were measured in biochemical, cellular and molecular levels, and H2O2 induced oxidative damage model of HSFs was established to explore the protective effects of EPS and IPS. We found IPS and EPS both achieved a good antioxidant effect. They can also improve the cellular levels of SOD and reduce MDA. Insights regarding the molecular mechanism were studied, we found that both EPS and IPS could increase the expression of Nrf2 in Keap1-Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway. At the same time, they could inhibit the expression of the negative feedback gene Keap1 and promote the expression of downstream gene GCLC, Gstt-1, Nqo1 and Ho-1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fungi are producers of lignolytic extracellular enzymes which are used in industries like textile, detergents, biorefineries, and paper pulping. This study assessed for the production, purification, and characterization of novel p-diphenol oxidase (PDO; laccase) enzyme from lignolytic white-rot fungal isolate. Fungi samples collected from different areas of Pakistan were initially screened using guaiacol plate method. The maximum PDO producing fungal isolate was identified on the basis of ITS (internal transcribed spacer sequence of DNA of ribosomal RNA) sequencing. To get optimum enzyme yield, various growth and fermentation conditions were optimized. Later PDO was purified using ammonium sulfate precipitation, size exclusion, and anion exchange chromatography and characterized. It was observed that the maximum PDO producing fungal isolate was Schizophyllum commune (MF-O5). Characterization results showed that the purified PDO was a monomeric protein with a molecular mass of 68 kDa and showed stability at lower temperature (30 °C) for 1 h. The Km and Vmax values of the purified PDO recorded were 2.48 mM and 6.20 U/min. Thermal stability results showed that at 30 °C PDO had 119.17 kJ/K/mol Ea value and 33.64 min half-life. The PDO activity was stimulated by Cu2+ ion at 1.0 mM showing enhanced activity up to 111.04%. Strong inhibition effect was noted for Fe2+ ions at 1 mM showing 12.04% activity. The enzyme showed stability against 10 mM concentration oxidizing reducing agents like DMSO, EDTA, H2O2, NaOCl, and urea and retained more than 75% of relative activity. The characterization of purified PDO enzyme confirmed its tolerance against salt, metal ions, organic solvents, and surfactants indicating its ability to be used in the versatile commercial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACTEdible mushrooms are important in the human diet as a source of nutritive compounds with an appreciated taste. The split gill mushroom (Schizophyllum commune) is popularly consumed in Asia owing to its umami taste relating to a meaty flavor. Typically, blanching and drying are performed to preserve food quality and extend shelf-life and may affect the taste characteristics and bioactivity of mushrooms. This work investigated the effect of different methods of blanching – hot-water (HW) or microwave-assisted (MW) – and drying – hot air drying (HAD) and freeze-drying (FD) – on the characteristics, taste profile, and bioactivity of S. commune. The results showed that S. commune contained umami-related compounds, and the umami level was influenced by the processing conditions. Compared to HW blanching, MW blanching was more efficient at prohibiting polyphenol oxidase activity and maintaining the umami taste of the mushroom. Drying, particularly FD, successfully improved the umami level of S. commune. Nevertheless, HAD tended to provide the mushroom with higher bioaccessibility to phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity levels. The results suggested that S. commune could be promising as a functional ingredient with an umami taste. Pre-treatment using MW blanching, followed by FD could preserve appropriately the umami taste and quality of the mushroom.

For centuries, mushrooms have been used as a component of skincare formulations. Environmental stresses and a modern lifestyle expose the skin to accelerated aging. To slow down this process, natural anti-aging skincare ingredients are being sought. In this review, 52 scientific publications about the effects of chemical compounds extracted from the fruiting bodies of macrofungi on skin cells were selected. The effects of extracts from nine species that are tested for anti-aging effects have been described. According to available literature data, macrofungi contain many polysaccharides, phenolic compounds, polysaccharide peptides, free amino acids, sterols, proteins, glycosides, triterpenes, alkaloids, which can have an anti-aging effect on the skin by acting as antioxidants, photoprotective, skin whitening, moisturizing, anti-inflammatory and stabilizing collagen, elastin and hyaluronic acid levels in the skin.

To better assess the practical value and avoid potential risks of the traditionally medicinal and edible basidiomycete Schizophyllum commune, which may arise from undescribed metabolites, a combination of elicitors was introduced for the first time to discover products from cryptic and low-expressed gene clusters under laboratory cultivation. Treating S. commune NJFU21 with the combination of five elicitors led to the upregulated production of a class of unusual linear diterpene-derived variants, including eleven new ones (1–11), along with three known ones (12–14). The structures and stereochemistry were determined by 1D and 2D NMR, HRESIMS, ECD, OR and VCD calculations. Notably, the elongation terminus of all the diterpenes was decorated by an unusual butenedioic acid moiety. Compound 1 was a rare monocyclic diterpene, while 2–6 possessed a tetrahydrofuran moiety. The truncated metabolites 4, 5 and 13 belong to the trinorditerpenes. All the diterpenes displayed approximately 70% scavenging of hydroxyl radicals at 50 μM and null cytotoxic activity at 10 μM. In addition, compound 1 exhibited potent antifungal activity against the plant pathogenic fungi Colletotrichum camelliae, with MIC values of 8 μg/mL. Our findings indicated that this class of diterpenes could provide valuable protectants for cosmetic ingredients and the lead compounds for agricultural fungicide development.

The expediency of using unique SSR DNA-markers of Schizophyllum commune for population genetic assays in various fungal species has been demonstrated. In Auricularia auricula-judae and Irpex lacteus, we observed formation of heterogeneous amplicons mostly up to 500 bp in length that ensured their high resolution and facilitated data analysis. The established sets of molecular markers are efficient for DNA-fingerprinting of S. commune, I. lacteus, and A. auricula-judae, as well as are prospective for species of the genus Pleurotus, but need to be further enlarged.

The cell wall fulfils several functions in the biology of fungi. For instance, it provides mechanical strength, interacts with the (a)biotic environment, and acts as a molecular sieve. Recently, it was shown that proteins and β-glucans in the cell wall of Schizophyllum commune bind Cu2+. We here show that the cell wall of this mushroom forming fungus also binds other (micro-)nutrients. Ca2+, Mg2+, Mn2+, NO3–, PO43-, and SO42- bound at levels > 1 mg per gram dry weight cell wall, while binding of BO3-, Cu2+, Zn2+ and MoO42- was lower. Sorption of Ca2+, Mn2+, Zn2+ and PO43- was promoted at alkaline pH. These compounds as well as BO33-, Cu2+, Mg2+, NO3–, and SO42- that had bound at pH 4, 6, or 8 could be released from the cell wall at pH 4 with a maximum efficiency of 46–93 %. Solid-state NMR spectroscopy showed that the metals had the same binding sites as Cu2+ when a low concentration of this ion is used. Moreover, data indicate that anions bind to the cell wall as well as to the metal ions. Together, it is shown that the cell wall of S. commune binds various (micro-)nutrients and that this binding is higher than the uptake by hyphae. The binding to the cell wall may be used as a storage mechanism or may reduce availability of these molecules to competitors or prevent toxic influx in the cytoplasm.

ABSTRACTSchizophyllum commune is a fungus with applications both in medicine and foods, which produces IPS and EPS. However, there is no comparative study on the activity comparison of IPS and EPS and its mechanism of antioxidant effect. In this study, the antioxidant activities of the two polysaccharides were measured in biochemical, cellular and molecular levels, and H2O2 induced oxidative damage model of HSFs was established to explore the protective effects of EPS and IPS. We found IPS and EPS both achieved a good antioxidant effect. They can also improve the cellular levels of SOD and reduce MDA. Insights regarding the molecular mechanism were studied, we found that both EPS and IPS could increase the expression of Nrf2 in Keap1-Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway. At the same time, they could inhibit the expression of the negative feedback gene Keap1 and promote the expression of downstream gene GCLC, Gstt-1, Nqo1 and Ho-1.

The study used a single factor and orthogonal experiment design, to optimize the culture medium and study the biological activity of Schizophyllum commune exopolysaccharides. The results showed that the formula of the high yield exopolysaccharide medium was lactose 40 g/L, soybean peptone 8 g/L, 3-indolebutyric acid 1 mg/L, KH2PO4 2 g/L, MgSO4•7H2O 1 g/L, pH value 6.0. After optimization, the polysaccharide yield reached (16.01 ± 0.38) g/L, which was 3.03 times higher that of base medium. The IC50 value of exopolysaccharides for hydroxyl radical and DPPH free radical were 3.146 and 8.291 g/L, respectively. The IC50 value for Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were 3.516 and 9.732 g/L, respectively. At the RH of 43%, 60% and 81%, the moisture absorbance rate of Schizophyllum commune exopolysaccharide within 60 h was 28.0%, 42.0% and 50.9%, respectively, and the moisture retention rate within 48 h was 82.5%. The study indicates that the optimized medium formula can significantly increase the polysaccharide yield, and the Schizophyllum commune exopolysaccharide has a good antioxidant, antibacterial, hygroscopicity and moisture retention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Introduction: Secondary fungal infection following severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 is a serious cause of concern as in majority of cases these are associated with devastating consequences. Invasive mucormycosis which was already prevalent in our country came back with a vengeance during the second wave of COVID-19. Methods: A 34-year-old male who had recovered from mild COVID disease developed invasive rhinosinusitis by two different fungi. The patient was followed up for clinical course, diagnosis, treatment, and outcome. Results: This case illustrates a first of a kind of an invasive fungal rhinosinusitis caused by two different fungi: Schizophyllum commune (of phylum Basidiomycota) and Rhizopus arrhizus (of the Mucorales group) in a patient who had recovered from COVID-19. In this case, conventional methods of direct detection and culture only revealed S. commune. Sequencing after DNA extraction from the paraffin blocks was done due to strong clinical suspicion of invasive mucormycosis and R. arrhizus was detected in the tissue sections. Appropriate antifungals for extended duration ensued complete eradication of the infection. Conclusion: Host risk factors are to be taken into consideration while diagnosing fungal infection. One needs to look beyond the obvious when clinical diagnosis is not consistent with the etiological agent isolated and in this regard molecular tools are a great help in establishing the etiological agent conclusively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant growth and productivity are negatively affected by soil salinity. This study investigated the effects of the rhizosphere-promoting bacterium, Bacillus paramycoides JYZ-SD5, and the ectomycorrhizal fungus, Schizophyllum commune Be, on the growth of Metasequoia glyptostroboides under salt stress. Changes in biomass, root growth, root ion distribution and in vivo enzyme activities were determined under different treatments (Be, JYZ-SD5, and Be + JYZ-SD5). The results show that all inoculations increased chlorophyll content, shoot length and root diameter with or without salt stress, and the effect of Be + JYZ-SD5 was the strongest. JYZ-SD5 and Be + JYZ-SD5 treatments significantly increased root length, surface area, bifurcation number, tip number, main root length and diameter under salt stress. Normal chloroplast structures developed under both single and double inoculations. Relative to the control, root activities of M. glyptostroboides in the Be, JYZ-SD5, and Be + JYZ-SD5 treatments increased by 31.3%, 17.2%, and 33.7%. All treatments increased the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), Na+–K+-ATPase and Ca2+–Mg2+-ATPase. The strongest effect was by Be + JYZ-SD5. Analysis of root ion distribution showed that, under salt stress, Na+ and K+ decreased and were concentrated in the epidermis or cortex. Na/K ratios also decreased. The Be + JYZ-SD5 treatment increased betaine by 130.3% and 97.9% under 50 mM and 100 mM salt stress, respectively. Together, these changes result in the activation of physiological and biochemical processes involved in the mitigation of salinity-induced stress in M. glyptostroboides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Today, one of the most important problems in the livestock industry is related to the high cost of feed and their low quality. Annually, a large amount of agricultural residues are produced in countries around the world, including Iran. These agricultural residues are important foods in the diet of ruminants. However, the use of these products as a food source in the diet of ruminants is limited due to limitations in their complex biological structure and low protein. Today, there is a great interest in using straws as agricultural by-products to feed ruminants in many Asian countries, because on the one hand, the cost of quality fodder is high and on the other hand, access to this fodder is limited. These by-products are often referred to as lignocellulose because they contain a lot of cellulose that is bonded with the lignin biopolymer. It is believed that this large amount of fiber has a negative correlation with the optional consumption of feed, the fermentation rate of organic matter, the amount of microbial cells per unit of fermented organic matter and the ratio of acetate to propionate. Therefore, processing these by-products before consumption is very necessary. Different physical, chemical and biological methods have been used to process wheat straw, all of which aim to break down lignin and make more cellulose and hemicellulose available for fermentation in the rumen. The use of biological processing methods by fungi has received more attention due to the lack of environmental pollution. White rot fungi are the only organisms capable of aerobically degrading lignin to CO2 and water. Degradation of lignin by white rot fungi relies on three enzymes: lignin peroxidase, manganese peroxidase and lacase. Schizophyllum commune is an edible fungus of the basidiomycete’s family. The level of enzyme produced in this fungus is significantly affected by the incubation time of the substrate with the fungus. Spraying of lacase enzyme from Schizophyllum (liquid culture lacase, solid culture lacase and purified lacase) on wheat straw, corn straw and sorghum straw gradually reduces the amount of Neutral Detergent Fiber of straws and As a result, it increases the digestibility of straws. The purpose of this experiment was to determine the chemical composition, volume of gas produced, dry matter degradability, degradability of Neutral Detergent Fiber and volatile fatty acids produced by wheat straw processed with Schizophyllum commune under liquid culture and solid culture using nylon bags And gas production method. Material and methods: To process wheat straw, the straw was first soaked in water for 12 hours and then sterilized in an autoclave at 121 ° C for 20 minutes. For solid culture, a 7-day-old mushroom was transferred to each jar containing sterilized wheat straw and stored at 26 ° C for 25 days. Liquid culture medium containing the secreted enzymes was inoculated after filtration of the fungi on the liquid and into a glass chamber containing sterile and soaked wheat straw and kept at 26 ° C for 25 days. Wheat straw was removed from the jars after 25 days and dried for 4 days at 60 ° C. The gas production of the treatments in glass vials at 2,4,6,8,12,24,48,72,96,120,144 hours and their degradability were measured using nylon bags and three Holstein cows fistulated at 2,4,6,8,12,24,48,72,96 hours of ruminal incubation. Results and discussion: Processing of wheat straw by Schizophyllum commune reduced dry matter and Neutral Detergent Fiber. Solid culture and liquid culture increased the amount of protein from 2.94 to 6.12 and 5.7%, respectively. Cumulative gas production increased during 144 hours of incubation in wheat straw processed by solid culture. Organic matter digestibility percentage, dry matter digestibility percentage and Metabolisable energy in wheat straw processed by liquid culture method showed a significant increase. The amount of crude microbial protein in wheat straw processed by liquid culture method showed a significant increase. Dry matter degradability increased during 96 hours of ruminal incubation and the potentially fermentable portion of processed wheat straw by solid culture. There was no significant difference between different treatments in terms of nutritional value index. The degradability of Neutral Detergent Fiber was reduced during 96 hours of incubation and the effective degradability in the treated groups was reduced. Liquid and solid culture processing increased the total amount of volatile fatty acids and ammonia nitrogen in wheat straw. Conclusion: In general, processing of wheat straw with Schizophyllum by solid culture method improved some nutritional components, but the addition of fungal liquid culture medium did not have a significant positive effect on increasing the nutritional value of wheat straw. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mushroom biodiversity covers some indispensable non-timber forest products that are wide-spread in Africa, although these resources are currently underutilized, underdeveloped, and left to face the vagaries of climate change and human activities unmanaged. The mushrooms of Eastern Africa have barely been identified or examined for their potential to better the livelihood of the inhabitants. This review of published-online-only literature was carried out to systematically document this biodiversity and its potentials. There were 135 edible mushrooms, 9 edible+medicine mushrooms, and 59 species with no ascribed uses out of 205 species altogether in Eastern Africa. Two mushrooms were identified as poisonous. There were 32 key edible mushrooms in Eastern Africa based on their usage. A tally of mushrooms species (based on country where they were sighted) showed that Ethiopia accounted for 96 species, Tanzania (75), Burundi (37), Rwanda (24), Kenya (18), and Uganda (6) while no information was available from the rest of the countries in the region. The most common genera of mushrooms included Termitomyces, Russula, Pleurotus, Marasmius, Lactarius, Coprinus, Cantharellus, Armillaria, Amanita, and Agaricus. While the most popular species (based on consumption by more locations/tribes) were Amanita zambiana, Hypholoma fasciculare (could be poisonous), Pleurotus cystidiosus, Polyporus tenuiculus, Termitomyces letestui, and Termitomyces striatus. However, it was observed that these tribes or locations were often only within a few countries. Therefore, truly regional mushrooms included Schizophyllum commune (could be poisonous), Suillus luteus, Termitomyces clypeatus, Termitomyces striatus, and Termitomyces microcarpus based on their being found in at least three or more countries. Fungi biodiversity conservation is inadequate in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Food Safety & Quality is the property of Journal of Food Safety & Quality Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), a mosquito-borne flavivirus, has a wide host range, extending from pigs and ardeid birds to opportunistic dead-end hosts, such as humans and horses. However, JEV encephalitis infections in aquatic mammals are rare, with only two cases in seals reported to date. Here, we report a lethal case of JEV and Schizophyllum commune co-infection in an aquarium-housed harbor seal in Japan. We isolated JEV from the brain of the dead seal and characterized its phylogeny and pathogenicity in mice. The virus isolate from the seal was classified as genotype GIb, which aligns with recent Japanese human and mosquito isolates as well as other seal viruses detected in China and Korea, and does not exhibit a unique sequence trait distinct from that of human and mosquito strains. We demonstrated that the seal isolate is pathogenic to mice and causes neuronal symptoms. These data suggest that seals should be considered a susceptible dead-end host for circulating JEV in natural settings.

In order to improve the extraction rate of crude polysaccharide from Schizophyllum mycelium and explore the biological activity of purified intracellular polysaccharide, this study adopted the method of ultrasonic-assisted hot water extraction to extract intracellular crude polysaccharide from Schizophyllum mycelium and the extraction process was optimized by response surface method. On this basis, DEAE-52 ion-exchange column and Sephadex G-100 dextran gel column chromatography were used to separate and purify the crude polysaccharide, and then the structural characterization, antioxidant capacity and antibacterial activity of the purified polysaccharide were carried out. Results showed that the optimal extraction conditions of intracellular crude polysaccharides were as follows: Under the extraction temperature of 90 ℃, the water-material ratio 30:1, the ultrasonic time 30 min, the ultrasonic power 230 W. Under these conditions, the extraction rate of intracellular crude polysaccharide was 18.14%±0.33%. The purified polysaccharide fraction NSPG-1 was a β-pyranose sugar with the molecular weight of 1.05×106 Da. NSPG-1 had good antioxidant capacity and the IC50 values for DPPH radical, hydroxyl radical and superoxide anion radical were 6.97 1.07 and 11.41 mg/mL, respectively. NSPG-1 had good antibacterial activity and the IC50 values against Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus were 7.56, 12.54 and 10.42 mg/mL, respectively. The results would provide a basis for the industrial production and utilization of Schizophyllan.

Abstract Background Oxidative stress is responsible for the onset of several chronic and degenerative diseases. Exogenous supply of antioxidants is reported to neutralize the effects of oxidative stress. Several synthetic antioxidants suffer from various side effects which necessitates the exploration of antioxidant compounds from natural sources. Endophytic fungi residing in the plants are gaining the attention of researchers as a source of novel antioxidants. Majority of the research conducted so far on endophytic fungi has been restricted to the members of phylum ascomycota. Basidiomycota, inspite of their immense bioactive potential remain relatively unexploited. This study aimed to assess the ameliorative effects of an endophytic Schizophyllum commune (basidiomycetous fungus) against oxidative stress associated altered antioxidant levels, genotoxicity and cellular damage to different organs in bisphenol A exposed fresh water fish Channa punctatus. Results Good antioxidant and genoprotective potential was exhibited by S. commune extract in in vitro studies conducted using different antioxidant, DNA damage protection, and cytokinesis blocked micronuclei assays. In vivo studies were performed in fresh water fish Channa punctatus exposed to bisphenol A. A significant decrease in the considered parameters for DNA damage (% micronuclei and comet assay) were recorded in fish treated with S. commune extract on comparison with untreated bisphenol A exposed group. The S. commune extract treated fish also exhibited an increase in the level of antioxidant enzymes viz. catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione reductase as well as histoprotective effect on various organs. GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of 3-n-propyl-2,4-pentanedione, n-heptadecanol-1, trans-geranylgeraniol, 3-ethyl-2-pentadecanone, 1-heneicosanol and squalene as some of the compounds in S. commune extract. Conclusion The study highlights the significance of an endophytic basidiomycetous fungus S. commune as a source of antioxidant compounds with possible therapeutic potential.

A two-year-old neutered male Coton de Tulear presented with lethargy, anorexia, and tachypnea. Cystic masses noticed at the cranial mediastinal region were diagnosed as granuloma containing hyphae of Aspergillus versicolor. Despite antifungal treatment using itraconazole, fluconazole, and voriconazole, the lesions spread to the lung. After euthanasia, Schizophyllum commune was identified in the lung and splenic lymph node. This is the first case of fungal infection caused by A. versicolor and S. commune in a dog.

The chitin-glucan complex (CGC) consists of β-glucan and chitin with covalant bonds. CGC with biodegradable, biocompatible, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties is a powerful agent in wound healing. Schizophyllum commune is a source of these metabolite. This study aims to optimize the preparation of CGC nanofibers by electrospinning. Optimal conditions were selected for fabricating nanofibers (10% PVA solution, 2% CGC solution, 0.29 g gelatin, and 2.3 mL of acetic acid) with 17 kV, 900 rpm, and a feed rate of 0.3 mL/min. SEM showed uniform nanofibers with a diameter of 210 ± 71 nm and 56% porosity. FTIR investigates possible interactions between components. CGC/PVA/Gelatin nanofibers are hydrophilic. The tensile strength and Young’s modulus reached 4.223, 2.2092 Mpa, respectively. CGC/PVA/Gelatin nanofibers inhibit the growth of E. coli and S. aureus by 25% and 78% after 24 hours, respectively. These nanofibers are nontoxic to fibroblast cells and improve their proliferation and adhesion. CGC/PVA/Gelatin nanofibers were used to cover grade 2 burn wounds in male Wistar rats. Morphometric results showed that the wound healing rate is 86% in the nanofibers treated group (p< 0.05) and 58% and 49% in the positive and negative control groups. S. commune CGC nanofibers can be used as wound dressings.

AbstractSchizophyllum commune has emerged as the most promising model mushroom to study developmental stages (mycelium, primordium), which are two primary processes of fruit body development. Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) has been proved to participate in fruit development and sex differentiation in fungi. However, potential lncRNAs have not been identified in S. commune from mycelium to primordium developmental stages. In this study, lncRNA-seq was performed in S. commune and 61.56 Gb clean data were generated from mycelium and primordium developmental stages. Furthermore, 191 lncRNAs had been obtained and a total of 49 lncRNAs were classified as differently expressed lncRNAs. Additionally, 26 up-regulated differently expressed lncRNAs and 23 down-regulated between mycelium and primordia libraries were detected. Further, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis showed that differentially expressed lncRNAs target genes from the MAPK pathway, phosphatidylinositol signal, ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis, autophagy, and cell cycle. This study provides a new resource for further research on the relationship between lncRNA and two developmental stages (mycelium, primordium) in S. commune.

Due to their high number and variety, simple sequence repeats in DNA are a valuable source of genetic markers widely used in population genetics, genetic diversity, and fingerprinting. Schizophyllum commune is a cosmopolitan basidiomycete and a valuable object for biotechnology and mycology. It is often used as a model organism in genetic and population studies. Numerous genome sequences of S. commune are available in the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database, allowing for a meticulous study of the distribution of simple tandem nucleotide repeats in the genomes of different strains, based on their origin. Analysis of the average density of simple tandem repeats in the genomes of S. commune fungi reveals the division of cultures into groups based on the USA, Ru (Russian Federation), and EA (South Korea, Japan, China) populations. Intensive point mutations lead to the accumulation and dominance of mononucleotide (C)n and dinucleotide (CG)n motifs in fungal genomes. Results show that the GCT motif contributes more to the divergence of the Ru population, whereas CTC, GAG, and GGA motifs contribute to the divergence of the USA population. Strains MG53 (China) and IUM1114-SS01 (South Korea: Incheon) from the EA population occupy a separate position, mainly because of the CGA motif. The divergence in quantitative traits of motifs between populations provides evidence of the evolutionary transformation of fungal genomes under environmental factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two of the mycotoxins of greatest agroeconomic significance are aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), and ochratoxin A (OTA). It has been reported that extracts from some wood-decaying mushrooms, such as Lentinula edodes and Trametes versicolor showed the ability to inhibit AFB1 or OTA biosynthesis. Therefore, in our study, a wide screening of 42 isolates of different ligninolytic mushrooms was assayed for their ability to inhibit the synthesis of OTA in Aspergillus carbonarius and AFB1 in Aspergillus flavus, in order to find a metabolite that can simultaneously inhibit both mycotoxins. The results showed that four isolates produce metabolites able to inhibit the synthesis of OTA, and 11 isolates produced metabolites that inhibited AFB1 by >50%. Two strains, the Trametes versicolor strain TV117 and the Schizophyllum commune strain S.C. Ailanto, produced metabolites able to significantly inhibit (>90%) the synthesis of both mycotoxins. Preliminary results suggest that the mechanism of efficacy of the S. commune rough and semipurified polysaccharides could be analogous to that found previously for Tramesan®, by enhancing the antioxidant response in the target fungal cells. The overall results indicate that S. commune's polysaccharide(s) could be a potential agent(s) in biological control and/or a useful component of the integrated strategies able to control mycotoxin synthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

β-glucan exerts beneficial biological activities such as immunoregulatory, anticancer, antioxidative, antiaging, and wound healing. However, the effects of β-glucan on constipation have not been thoroughly studied. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the effects of β-glucan-derived from Schizophyllum commune supplementation (TBG-136) on gut microbiota and intestinal health in constipated subjects. As a result, Lactobacillus was significantly increased in the TBG-136 group compared to the placebo group (P

Green-synthesized gold nanoparticles demonstrate several therapeutic benefits due to their safety, non-toxicity, accessibility, and ecological acceptance. In our study, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were created using an extracellular extract from the fungus Schizophyllum commune (S. commune). The reaction color was observed to be a reddish pink after a 24 h reaction, demonstrating the synthesis of the nanoparticles. The myco-produced nanoparticles were investigated using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and UV–visible spectroscopy. The TEM pictures depicted sphere-like shapes with sizes ranging from 60 and 120 nm, with an average diameter of 90 nm, which is in agreement with the DLS results. Furthermore, the efficiency of the AuNPs’ antifungal and cytotoxic properties, as well as their production of intracellular ROS, was evaluated. Our findings showed that the AuNPs have strong antifungal effects against Trichoderma sp. and Aspergillus flavus at increasing doses. Additionally, the AuNPs established a dose-dependent activity against human alveolar basal epithelial cells with adenocarcinoma (A549), demonstrating the potency of synthesized AuNPs as a cytotoxic agent. After 4 h of incubation with AuNPs, a significant increase in intracellular ROS was observed in cancer cells. Therefore, these metallic AuNPs produced by fungus (S. commune) can be used as an effective antifungal, anticancer, and non-toxic immunomodulatory delivery agent.

Herein, we describe the management of nasopharyngitis caused by Schizophyllum commune infection in a captive cheetah. Computed tomography revealed a nodule in the nasal cavity and pharynx, and an endoscopic biopsy was performed. As a result, the nodule was surgically resected because of a suspected carcinoma. However, the surgical specimen was histologically re-evaluated and a fungal granuloma was diagnosed. Sequence analysis of DNA from formalinfixed, paraffin-embedded samples revealed S. commune infection. The cheetah was administered fluconazole orally for 73 days. However, the drug was ineffective and itraconazole was administered for 14 days. Symptoms such as nasal discharge and sneezing have completely resolved for 4 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solid‐state NMR (ssNMR) spectroscopy facilitates the non‐destructive characterization of structurally heterogeneous biomolecules in their native setting, for example, comprising proteins, lipids and polysaccharides. Here we demonstrate the utility of high and ultra‐high field 1H‐detected fast MAS ssNMR spectroscopy, which exhibits increased sensitivity and spectral resolution, to further elucidate the atomic‐level composition and structural arrangement of the cell wall of Schizophyllum commune, a mushroom‐forming fungus from the Basidiomycota phylum. These advancements allowed us to reveal that Cu(II) ions and the antifungal peptide Cathelicidin‐2 mainly bind to cell wall proteins at low concentrations while glucans are targeted at high metal ion concentrations. In addition, our data suggest the presence of polysaccharides containing N‐acetyl galactosamine (GalNAc) and proteins, including the hydrophobin proteins SC3, shedding more light on the molecular make‐up of cells wall as well as the positioning of the polypeptide layer. Obtaining such information may be of critical relevance for future research into fungi in material science and biomedical contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]