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We report the generation of a gene-edited human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) line from an Alzheimer's disease patient-derived iPSC line harbouring the PSEN1 H163R mutation. This line demonstrates pluripotent stem cell morphology, expression of pluripotency markers, and maintains a normal karyotype.

INTRODUCTION: The distinction between low-grade (grade 1) chondrosarcoma and its benign counterparts can be challenging. This systematic review aims to quantify the diagnostic accuracies of all functional imaging modalities used in the diagnosis of chondrosarcoma. METHODS: Medline and Embase were searched in February 2019. We included studies of either retrospective or prospective design if the results of functional scans were compared with pre-determined reference standards. Studies had to be primary diagnostic reports on patients with chondral tumours at first diagnosis. Two review authors independently performed study selection, extracted data and assessed the methodological quality. We calculated diagnostic accuracy measures for each included study. RESULTS: Four functional imaging modalities were identified across thirteen studies that met the inclusion criteria. 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) was a sensitive and specific test. Technetium-99 m with methylene diphosphonate (Tc-99 m MDP) had an overall low specificity of 4%. Thallium-201 scintigraphy demonstrated high positive predictive values across the studies. The negative predictive values of Technetium-99 m pentavalent dimercaptosuccinic acid (Tc-99 m DMSA (V)) were consistently 100%. CONCLUSIONS: Low-grade chondrosarcomas continue to pose a diagnostic dilemma. FDG-PET demonstrated superior diagnostic accuracy compared to Tc-99 m MDP, Thallium-201 and Tc-99 m DMSA (V). Characteristic uptake patterns of Thallium-201 and Tc-99 m DMSA (V) may provide additional metabolic information to guide the diagnosis in this challenging group of tumours.

Background: CSF Shunt studies are an important, but infrequently used nuclear medicine study to evaluate the function of ventriculo-peritoneal or lumbo-peritoneal shunts Anecdotally our department is performing a significant number of these studies. Our department consists of a private and public department, supplying services to St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, St. Vincent Private Hospital and the Royal Victorian Ear and Ear Hospital. Aim(s): To audit all the CSF shunts studies performed in our department from Jan 2013 to Dec 2015. To determine the demographics of the patients, usefulness and outcomes of CSF shunt studies. Method(s): All patients, having a CSF shunt study from the Jan 2013 to Dec 2015 were identified through the PACs database, demographic and follow up were obtained from review of the electronic medical records. Result(s): A total of 117 studies were performed on 69 patients. 12 patients had two studies, 7 patients had three studies and a single patient each had five, seven and thirteen studies. 26 of the 69 patients were male (38%). Mean age at the time of the study was 46 years. Average imaging length of time was 353min with a median of 4 hours. Overall 38% of studies were abnormal, demonstrating either obstructed or slow flow. Of the 45 positive studies, 29 shunt revisions resulted. Of the 72 normal studies, only 7 shunts revisions and 7 pressure adjustments resulted. Conclusion(s): Our department performed 117 CSF Shunt studies from Jan 2013 to Dec 2015. 45 of studies were abnormal (38%) leading to 29 revised shunts. In the 72 "normal studies" there were only 7 revised shunts and 7 shunt pressure adjustments. In our institution, CSF studies are strongly associated with follow up shunt revision or intervention. The high abnormal rate of 38%, would indicate that these studies are not being over ordered.

Background: CSF shunt study is an infrequently used nuclear medicine study to assess patency of either ventriculoperitoneal (VP) or lumboperitoneal (LP) shunts typically in patients with recurrent neurological symptoms. Usually nuclear medicine imaging is performed following some form of structural imaging which includes shunt series (radiographs) to assess the continuity of the shunt as well as CT and/or MRI brain to assess ventricular calibre. Imaging protocols vary from institution to institution. Imaging of normal as well as abnormal CSF shunt studies also has a wide range. Awareness of the range of normal and abnormal is important for the reporting nuclear medicine specialist. Aim(s): We aim to present a pictorial essay of normal, abnormal and interesting CSF shunt studies performed at our institution. Method(s): We reviewed images of all the CSF shunt studies on PACS performed from January 2004 till December 2015 at public and private departments of St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne. We present some of the normal, abnormal and interesting CSF shunt studies. Result(s): A total of 150 CSF shunt studies were reviewed and selected examples are used to construct a pictorial essay. Conclusion(s): Nuclear medicine CSF shunt study has a role in assessment of shunt function, however it is infrequently used. This pictorial essay gives examples of the range of normal as well as abnormal studies for the reporting nuclear medicine specialists.

Summary Retroperitoneal sarcomas are a rare disease. The overall 5-year survival rate for these lesions remains low, and surgical management offers the only option for effective treatment and potential for cure. Radiotherapy is increasingly being employed in addition to standard surgical treatment. Improvements in cross-sectional imaging have also facilitated better characterisation of lesions, preoperative planning and long-term follow-up. This article reviews the current literature and documents the various types of retroperitoneal sarcomas with a particular approach to their imaging features. We also highlight the pathology, diagnostic methods and most current management of these tumours. © 2013 The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Radiologists.

BACKGROUND: Docetaxel has marked inter-patient PK variability, and metabolic phenotypic probes may enable individualised dosing. This is the first report directly comparing the erythromycin breath test (EBT) (a CYP3A4 probe) with the antipyrine clearance test (ACT), (a general CYP-P450/predominant CYP3A4 probe) for the correlation with docetaxel PK and toxicity. METHODS: Patients pretherapy underwent: (A) EBT: IV C(14)[N-methyl]-erythromycin was administered and breath samples analysed for (14)CO(2), derived parameters included (1) (14)CO(2) flux at 10-min (CO(2)f(10)), (2) 20-min (CO(2)f(20)), (3) terminal rate constant k(CO2) and (4) AUC(CO2,(0-∞)) and AUC(CO2,(0-60).) (B) ACL test: patients were given oral antipyrine 10 mg/kg, blood samples were taken for PK, and the clearance (CL(Ant)) was derived. Docetaxel was then given at 75 mg/m(2)/3-weekly or 35 mg/m(2)/weekly. Samples taken for docetaxel PK in first course on day 1 and PK parameters included clearance (CL(Doc)). RESULTS: Twenty patients accrued, docetaxel: 3-weekly/weekly = 13:7. EBT parameters (N = 19) (mean, [CV%]): CO(2)f(10) (%/min) 0.051 (106), CO(2)f(20) 0.052 (82), k(CO2) (min(-1)) 0.007 (22), AUC(CO2,(0-∞)) 7.9 (85), AUC(CO2,(0-60)) 2.64 (81). CL(Ant) (N = 19) (ml/min); 35.8 (37). Docetaxel PK parameters (N = 19): CL(Doc) (l/h) = 57.2 (36), t(Doc1/2) (h) = 12.7 (33). No correlations were observed between the docetaxel PK and EBT parameters. For docetaxel weekly patients, a significant linear relationship was observed between CL(Doc) and CL(Ant) (P = 0.007, R (2) = 79.47%). CONCLUSIONS: The utility of EBT for the prediction of docetaxel PK was not confirmed in this study. The antipyrine clearance test may be superior in this regard for docetaxel, but regimen dependent and hence warrants further evaluation.

Adhesive capsulitis or frozen shoulder is a common condition characterized by shoulder pain and stiffness. In patients in whom conservative measures have failed, more invasive interventions such as arthrographic or arthroscopic distension can be very effective in relieving symptoms and improving range of movement. However, absolute contraindications to these procedures include the presence of neoplasia around the shoulder girdle. We present five cases referred to our institution where the diagnosis of shoulder joint malignancy was delayed, following prolonged, ineffective treatment for frozen shoulder. These cases highlight the importance of careful review of the radiology and the need for reconsideration of the diagnosis in refractory "frozen shoulder".

INTRODUCTION: Heterogeneity of cartilage tumours may confound accurate diagnosis and grading resulting in under and over treatment. Improved preoperative assessment of malignancy and grade would be invaluable for developing a rational plan for treatment. We examined correlations between nuclear tracer avidity and malignancy grade in cartilage tumours. METHODS: Between 1996 and 2000, 92 consecutive patients with cartilaginous tumours (50 benign, 42 non-metastatic malignant) underwent nuclear scanning. Thallium-201 (TL-201) and pentavalent dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSAV) were used as nuclear isotopes. Scanning with these agents was performed on separate days 48 hours apart. Static and SPECT images were obtained at 30 m and 4 h after injection of nuclear tracer. Pathology review was undertaken blinded to the results of the nuclear scans and correlations between histologic results and trace uptake at 4 hours examined. RESULTS: 25 patients with negative DMSAV had benign tumours. 15/17 tumours with positive TL-201 had malignant tumours. 11/13 patients with both positive DMSAV and TL-201 scans had intermediate or high grade tumours and 4 of these developed metastases. We have developed an algorithm for the management of patients with tumours that aims to avoid over treatment of low grade tumours and under treatment of high grade tumours. CONCLUSION: Functional nuclear scanning with TL-201 and DMSAV complements other imaging modalities in the management of cartilaginous tumours.