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5. Incidence, Risk Factors, and Outcomes of Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment after Intravitreal Injections of Anti-VEGF for Retinal Diseases

Author

Gabrielle, Pierre-Henry, primary, Nguyen, Vuong, additional, Arnould, Louis, additional, Viola, Francesco, additional, Zarranz-Ventura, Javier, additional, Barthelmes, Daniel, additional, Creuzot-Garcher, Catherine, additional, Gillies, Mark, additional, Squirrell, D., additional, Gilhotra, J., additional, Brooijmans, C., additional, Tigchelaar-Besling, O., additional, Cohn, A., additional, Chen, F., additional, McGeorge, A., additional, Welch, S., additional, Jaross, N., additional, Peters, P., additional, Barry, R., additional, McLean, I., additional, Guillaumie, T., additional, Miri, A., additional, Korobelnik, J., additional, Gabrielle, P., additional, Weber, M., additional, Walid, B., additional, Tick, S., additional, Valen, S., additional, Field, A., additional, Wickremasinghe, S., additional, Dayajeewa, C., additional, Wells, J., additional, Essex, R., additional, Dunlop, A., additional, Michalova, K., additional, Ng, C., additional, Young, S., additional, MIMOUN, G., additional, Generic, C., additional, Guymer, R., additional, Carnota, P., additional, Torres Borrego, C., additional, Dolz Marco, R., additional, Gallego-Pinazo, R., additional, Pareja Esteban, J., additional, García Layana, A., additional, Saenz-de-Viteri, M., additional, Uzzan, J., additional, Ferrier, R., additional, Ah-Chan, J., additional, Chow, L., additional, Steiner, H., additional, Amini, A., additional, Clark, G., additional, Wittles, N., additional, Windle, P., additional, Vingerling, J., additional, Clement, C., additional, Gillies, M., additional, Hunt, A., additional, Beaumont, P., additional, Cottee, L., additional, Lee, K., additional, Mack, H., additional, Louw, Z., additional, Lusthaus, J., additional, Chen, J., additional, Landers, J., additional, Billing, K., additional, Saha, N., additional, Lake, S., additional, Qatarneh, D., additional, Phillips, R., additional, Perks, M., additional, Banon, K., additional, Guarro, M., additional, Londoño, G., additional, Rethati, C., additional, Sararols, L., additional, Suarez, J., additional, Viola, F., additional, Lan Oei, S., additional, Fraser-Bell, S., additional, Montejano Milner, R., additional, Arruabarrena, C., additional, Chong, E., additional, Lal, S., additional, Higueras, A., additional, Ascaso, F., additional, Boned Murillo, A., additional, Díaz, M., additional, Perez Rivases, G., additional, Alforja Castiella, S., additional, Bernal-Morales, C., additional, Casaroli-Marano, R., additional, Figueras-Roca, M., additional, Izquierdo-Serra, J., additional, Moll Udina, A., additional, Parrado-Carrillo, A., additional, Zarranz-Ventura, J., additional, escobar, j., additional, Lavid, F., additional, Alvarez Gil, M., additional, Catalán Muñoz, P., additional, Tena Sempere, M., additional, Cerri, L., additional, RICCI, F., additional, Broc Iturralde, L., additional, Campos Figueroa, P., additional, Gómez Sánchez, S., additional, Valldeperas, X., additional, Vilaplana, F., additional, Carreño, E., additional, Munoz Sanz, N., additional, Ventura Abreu, N., additional, Asencio Duran, M., additional, Calvo, P., additional, Sanchez, J., additional, Almazan Alonso, E., additional, Flores-Moreno, I., additional, Garcia Zamora, M., additional, Ciancas, E., additional, Gonzalez-Lopez, J., additional, de la Fuente, M., additional, Rodriguez Maqueda, M., additional, Cobos, E., additional, Lorenzo, D., additional, Cordoves, L., additional, Acebes, m., additional, Aparicio-Sanchis, S., additional, Fernández Hortelano, A., additional, Zarallo-Gallardo, J., additional, Azrak, C., additional, Piñero Sánchez, A., additional, Almuina-Varela, P., additional, García García, L., additional, Salinas Martínez, E., additional, Castilla Marti, M., additional, Campo Gesto, A., additional, Rodriguez Núñez, M., additional, Furness, G., additional, Ponsioen, T., additional, Wilson, G., additional, Manning, L., additional, McAllister, I., additional, Isaacs, Tim, additional, Invernizzi, A., additional, Castelnovo, L., additional, Michel, G., additional, Wolff, B., additional, Arnold, J., additional, Cass, H., additional, Chan, D., additional, Tan, T., additional, OToole, L., additional, Tang, K., additional, Chung, C., additional, Beylerian, H., additional, DAIEN, V., additional, Banerjee, G., additional, Morgan, M., additional, Reddie, I., additional, Ongkosuwito, J., additional, Verbraak, F., additional, Schlingemann, R., additional, piermarocchi, s., additional, Thompson, A., additional, Game, J., additional, Thompson, C., additional, Chalasani, R., additional, Chilov, M., additional, Fung, A., additional, Nothling, S., additional, Chong, R., additional, Hunyor, A., additional, Younan, C., additional, Barnes, R., additional, Sharp, D., additional, Vincent, A., additional, Murray, N., additional, Ah-Moye, S., additional, Hennings, C., additional, Mehta, H., additional, Monaco, P., additional, Cheung, G., additional, Karia, N., additional, Louis, D., additional, Every, S., additional, Lockie, P., additional, van Hecke, M., additional, van Lith-Verhoeven, J., additional, Wong, J., additional, Grigg, J., additional, Hinchcliffe, P., additional, Barthelmes, D., additional, Diaz De Durana Santa Coloma, E., additional, Garay-Aramburu, G., additional, Vujosevic, S., additional, Brosa Morros, H., additional, Daniell, M., additional, Harper, A., additional, Lim, L., additional, ODay, J., additional, Velazquez Villoria, D., additional, Hooper, C., additional, Klaassen-Broekema, N., additional, and Smit, R., additional

Published
2022
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7. Patients' and health professionals' views on shared decision-making in age-related macular degeneration care: A qualitative study

Author

Scheffer, M, Menting, J., Roodbeen, R., Dulmen, S. van, Hecke, M. van, Schlingemann, R., Nispen, R. van, Boeije, H., Scheffer, M, Menting, J., Roodbeen, R., Dulmen, S. van, Hecke, M. van, Schlingemann, R., Nispen, R. van, and Boeije, H.

Abstract

Item does not contain fulltext, BACKGROUND: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is one of the principal causes of irreversible visual impairment in the older adult population. Recent evidence indicates that there are signs of undertreatment and overtreatment, underdiagnosis and insufficient information provision in AMD care. Shared decision-making (SDM) can aid information sharing between patients and health professionals and enhances high-quality care. This research aimed to gain insight into patients' and professionals' views on SDM in AMD care. METHODS: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 20 patients with AMD and 19 health professionals in June and July 2020. Participants were recruited through hospitals, professional and patient associations and (social) networks. Sample representativeness was ensured in terms of sociodemographic and disease characteristics for patients, and profession-related characteristics for health professionals. Interviews were analysed according to a predetermined coding framework. RESULTS: Although SDM is receiving attention in AMD care, health professionals and patients experienced barriers in making shared decisions. The most common barriers reported included limitations in treatment options, time constraints, strict treatment guidelines and patients' comorbidity. Furthermore, most patients indicated that they were not (fully) informed about all aspects of AMD trajectory, such as the possibility to discontinue therapy or the long-term and invasive character of treatment. Some patients expressed the need for a more empathic and person-centred communication style from their health professional. CONCLUSION: The concerns raised by patients and health professionals suggest that there is room for improvement in delivery of SDM in AMD care. Findings from this study indicate that information provision and communication can be improved.

Published
2022

11. Effect of pegaptanib sodium 0.3□mg intravitreal injections (Macugen) in intraocular pressure: posthoc analysis from V.I.S.I.O.N. study

Author

Boyer, David S, Goldbaum, Mauro, Leys, Anita M, Starita, Carla, Blumenkranz, M, Buyse, M, Goldberg, M, Gragoudas, E S, Miller, J, Schwartz, S D, Singerman, L, Yannuzzi, L, Adamis, A P, Guyer, D R, OʼShaughnessy, D, de Gronckel, S, Fesneau, G, Quinaux, E, Tremolet, D, Wang, K, Brailey, A, Finman, J, Ting, N, Bressler, N M, Bressler, S B, Denblow, R, Schein, O D, Seabrook, S, Solomon, S, Schachat, A P, Philips, D, Altaweel, M, Davis, M D, Blodi, B A, Danis, R P, Ip, M S, Hiner, C, Elledge, J, Webster, M, Hannan, C, Ficken, J, Alexander, S, Neider, M, Wabers, H, Vargo, P, Lambert, E, Kastorff, L, Carr, A, Shkiele, A, Baliker, J, Guymer, R, Constable, I, Arnold, J, Sarks, S, Chang, A, Gillies, M, Mitchell, P, Haas, A, Stur, M, Leys, A, Moreira, C, Portella, E, de Avila, M, Taleb, A C, Lavinsky, J, Lavinsky, D, Farah, M E, Williams, G, Leonard, B, Garcia, R, Maberley, D, Lopez, J M, Rodriguez, F J, Fiser, I, Larsen, M, Korobelnik, J-F, Soubrane, G, Koenig, F, Gaudric, A, Dithmar, S, Holz, F G, Joussen, A, Kirchhof, B, Wiedemann, P, Pauleikhoff, D, Schneider, U, Suveges, I, Gyory, J, Pollack, A, Loewenstein, A, Rosenblatt, I, Giovannini, A, Menchini, U, Brancato, R, Piccolino, Cardillo F, Grignolo, F M, Bandello, F, Schlingemann, R O, Deutman, A, Kaluzny, J, Pecold, K, Cunha-Vaz, J, da Silva, R, Ruiz Moreno, J M, Mones, J, Figueroa, M, Pournaras, C, Zografos, L, Lois, N, Chakravarthy, U, Hykin, P, Chisholm, I, Johnson, M W, Marcus, D M, Mandava, N, Haller, J A, Cangemi, F, Boyer, D, Kim, I, Loewenstein, J, Heier, J, Reichel, E, Falcone, P M, Weissgold, D J, Conway, B P, Garfinkel, R, Glaser, B, Lyon, A T, Lewis, H, Wells, J A, Wilcox, L, Fish, G, Eliott, D, Fekrat, S, Taney, B, Eaton, A M, Deramo, V, Wroblewski, J, Tom, D, Chow, D R, Orth, D H, Packo, K H, Holz, E, Mieler, W, Kuppermann, B, Sabates, N, Cummings, H, Pendergast, S D, Gonzales, C, Lim, J I, Charles, S, Sanislo, S, Rosenfeld, P, Connor, T, Cantrill, H, Willson, R, Bailey-Freund, K, Rosen, R, Leonard, R, Brucker, A, Ho, A, Sneed, S, Friberg, T, Klein, M, Tornambe, P, Stoller, G, Capone, A, Jr, Bernstein, P S, McDonald, H R, Schatz, H, Johnson, R N, Nanda, M, Avery, R, Wong, K, Grizzard, W S, Higgins, P, Hudson, H, Joffe, L, Varenhorst, M, Slusher, M M, Betts, F, Cunningham, E, Jr, Curtiss, K, Harrison, E, Katz, B, Masonson, H N, DeMarco, R, Beals, C, Patel, M, Rodriguez, I, and Starita, C

Published
2014
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44. Efficacy and Safety of Lampalizumab for Geographic Atrophy Due to Age-Related Macular Degeneration Chroma and Spectri Phase 3 Randomized Clinical Trials

Author

Holz, Fg, Sadda, Sr, Busbee, B, Chew, Ey, Mitchell, P, Tufail, A, Brittain, C, Ferrara, D, Gray, S, Honigberg, L, Martin, J, Tong, B, Ehrlich, Js, Bressler, Nm, Sola, Ff, Schlottmann, P, Zambrano, A, Zeolite, C, Arnold, J, Gillies, M, Luckie, A, Schneltzer, N, de Zaeytijd, J, Boyd, S, Cruess, A, Kertes, P, Lalonde, L, Maberley, D, Laugesen, C, Bodaghi, B, Cohen, Sy, Francais, C, Souied, E, Tadayoni, R, Altay, L, Eter, N, Feltgen, N, Framme, C, Grisanti, S, Holz, F, Pauleikhoff, D, Seres, A, Vajas, A, Varsanyi, B, Boscia, F, Parravano, Mc, Ricci, F, Viola, F, Rechy, Dl, Morales, V, Dijkman, G, Schlingemann, R, Reategui, G, Raczynska, D, Romanowska-Dixon, B, Teper, S, Kacerik, M, Lipkova, B, Oddelenie, O, Mikova, H, Araiz, J, Arias, L, Mataix, J, Mones, J, Montero, J, Sararols, L, Michels, S, Brand, C, Dhillon, B, Agarwal, A, Alfaro, V, Baker, B, Berger, B, Bhisitkul, R, Blodi, B, Boyer, D, Brooks, Hl, Burgess, S, Busquets, M, Callanan, D, Chan, C, Chang, J, Chen, S, Combs, J, Dhoot, D, Dugel, P, Eichenbaum, D, Feist, R, Ferrone, P, Fine, H, Fortun, J, Fox, Ga, Fu, A, Gentile, R, Ghorayeb, G, Gill, M, Gonzalez, V, Gordon, C, Gupta, S, Hampton, R, Heier, J, Hershberger, V, Higgins, P, Ie, D, Isernhagen, R, Katz, R, Kokame, G, Kwun, R, Lee, P, Lee, S, Mansour, S, Marcus, D, Maturi, R, Michels, M, Moore, J, Nielsen, J, Novalis, G, Ober, M, Olsen, K, Patel, S, Pieramici, D, Raskauskas, P, Rofagha, S, Ruby, A, Schneiderman, T, Schwartz, S, Shah, R, Sheth, V, Singerman, L, Singh, R, Sjaarda, R, Stoller, G, Stoltz, R, Suner, I, Tabassian, A, Tarantola, R, Thach, A, Ufret-Vincenty, R, Wirthlin, R, Witkin, A, Wong, R, Wood, M, Zheutlin, J, Alezzandrini, A, Cartier, Mm, Chauhan, D, Chen, F, Gilhotra, J, Guymer, R, Kwan, A, Schmidt-Erfurth, U, Jacob, J, Postelmans, L, Larsen, M, Garcher, Cc, Bocage, C, Devin, F, Kodjikian, L, Korobelnik, Jf, Said, Sm, Weber, M, Agostini, H, Auffarth, G, Bartz-Schmidt, U, Bell, K, Gamulescu, A, Hattenbach, L, Lohmann, Cp, Wolf, A, Nemeth, J, Vamosi, P, Bandello, F, Eandi, C, Lanzetta, P, Nicolo, M, Staurenghi, G, Virgili, G, Franco, Rg, Estudillo, Jr, Hoyng, C, Fernandez, C, Guzman, M, Lujan, S, Herba, E, Kaluzny, J, Misiuk-Hojlo, M, Nawrocki, J, Carneiro, A, Figueira, J, Silva, R, Vaz-Pereira, S, Abdulaeva, E, Erichev, V, Zolotarev, A, Cernak, A, Figueroa, M, Gallego-Pinazo, R, Garcia-Layana, A, Ulla, Fg, Navarro, R, Ortiz, Jm, Imaz, Rt, Kvanta, A, Hatz, K, Wolf, S, Eldem, B, Kir, N, Mentes, J, Saatci, O, Yilmaz, G, Bailey, C, Banerjee, S, Browning, A, Esposti, S, Gale, R, Ghanchi, F, Jackson, T, Lotery, A, Mahmood, S, Mohamed, Q, Narendran, N, Pearce, I, Williams, M, Abraham, P, Abrams, G, Adrean, S, Antoszyk, A, Baker, C, Breazeale, R, Bridges, Wz, Brown, Dm, Calzada, J, Campochiaro, P, Chaudhry, N, Clark, L, Connolly, B, Csaky, K, Do, D, Dreyer, R, Durant, W, Eaton, A, Feiner, L, Ferreyra, H, Flaxel, C, Foxman, S, Freund, Kb, Gonzales, Cr, Gordon, A, Halperin, L, Ho, A, Holekamp, N, Husain, D, Jain, N, Javid, C, Johnson, M, Kiss, S, Lad, E, Leng, T, Liu, M, London, N, Madow, B, Miller, D, Morse, L, Ohr, M, Oliver, S, Pearlman, J, Ray, Sk, Regillo, C, Rosa, R, Rosenfeld, P, Saperstein, D, Sarraf, D, Shildkrot, Y, Suan, E, Weishaar, P, Wieland, M, Williams, D, Williams, J, Wykoff, Cc, Ophthalmology, ACS - Atherosclerosis & ischemic syndromes, ANS - Cellular & Molecular Mechanisms, and ANS - Systems & Network Neuroscience

Subjects
Male, 0301 basic medicine, medicine.medical_specialty, Visual acuity, Population, Visual Acuity, Urology, law.invention, Lesion, Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments, Macular Degeneration, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Atrophy, Double-Blind Method, Randomized controlled trial, law, Settore MED/30, Geographic Atrophy, 80 and over, medicine, Humans, Prospective Studies, Fluorescein Angiography, Prospective cohort study, education, Aged, Original Investigation, Aged, 80 and over, education.field_of_study, business.industry, Middle Aged, Macular degeneration, Complement Factor D, Female, Intravitreal Injections, Treatment Outcome, medicine.disease, Clinical trial, Ophthalmology, 030104 developmental biology, 030221 ophthalmology & optometry, medicine.symptom, business
Abstract

Importance Geographic atrophy (GA) secondary to age-related macular degeneration is a leading cause of visual disability in older individuals. A phase 2 trial suggested that lampalizumab, a selective complement factor D inhibitor, reduced the rate of GA enlargement, warranting phase 3 trials. Objective To assess the safety and efficacy of lampalizumab vs sham procedure on enlargement of GA. Design, Setting, and Participants Two identically designed phase 3 double-masked, randomized, sham-controlled clinical trials, Chroma and Spectri, enrolled participants from August 28, 2014, to October 6, 2016, at 275 sites in 23 countries. Participants were aged 50 years or older, with bilateral GA and no prior or active choroidal neovascularization in either eye and GA lesions in the study eye measuring 2.54 to 17.78 mm 2 with diffuse or banded fundus autofluorescence patterns. Interventions Participants were randomized 2:1:2:1 to receive 10 mg of intravitreous lampalizumab every 4 weeks, sham procedure every 4 weeks, 10 mg of lampalizumab every 6 weeks, or sham procedure every 6 weeks, through 96 weeks. Main Outcomes and Measures Safety and efficacy assessed as mean change from baseline in GA lesion area at week 48 from centrally read fundus autofluorescence images of the lampalizumab arms vs pooled sham arms, in the intent-to-treat population and by complement factor I–profile genetic biomarker. Results A total of 906 participants (553 women and 353 men; mean [SD] age, 78.1 [8.1] years) were enrolled in Chroma and 975 participants (578 women and 397 men; mean [SD] age, 77.9 [8.1] years) were enrolled in Spectri; 1733 of the 1881 participants (92.1%) completed the studies through 48 weeks. The adjusted mean increases in GA lesion area from baseline at week 48 were 1.93 to 2.09 mm 2 across all groups in both studies. Differences in adjusted mean change in GA lesion area (lampalizumab minus sham) were −0.02 mm 2 (95% CI, −0.21 to 0.16 mm 2 ; P = .80) for lampalizumab every 4 weeks in Chroma, 0.16 mm 2 (95% CI, 0.00-0.31 mm 2 ; P = .048) for lampalizumab every 4 weeks in Spectri, 0.05 mm 2 (95% CI, −0.13 to 0.24 mm 2 ; P = .59) for lampalizumab every 6 weeks in Chroma, and 0.09 mm 2 (95% CI, −0.07 to 0.24 mm 2 ; P = .27) for lampalizumab every 6 weeks in Spectri. No benefit of lampalizumab was observed across prespecified subgroups, including by complement factor I–profile biomarker. Endophthalmitis occurred after 5 of 12 447 injections (0.04%) or in 5 of 1252 treated participants (0.4%) through week 48. Conclusions and Relevance In Chroma and Spectri, the largest studies of GA conducted to date, lampalizumab did not reduce GA enlargement vs sham during 48 weeks of treatment. Results highlight the substantial and consistent enlargement of GA, at a mean of approximately 2 mm 2 per year. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:NCT02247479andNCT02247531

Published
2018
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47. Plasmalemma Vesicle-Associated Protein Has a Key Role in Blood-Retinal Barrier Loss: Am J Pathol

Author

Wisniewska-Kruk, J., van der Wijk, A. E., van Veen, H. A., Gorgels, T. G., Vogels, I. M., Versteeg, D., Van Noorden, C. J., Schlingemann, R. O., Klaassen, I., and Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research

Subjects
Animals Blood-Retinal Barrier/*metabolism Capillary Permeability/drug effects/*physiology Diabetic Retinopathy/*metabolism Disease Models, Animal Humans Macular Edema/metabolism/pathology Mice Rats Retina/*metabolism Retinal Vessels/*metabolism/*ultrastructure Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/metabolism, sense organs
Abstract

Loss of blood-retinal barrier (BRB) properties induced by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and other factors is an important cause of diabetic macular edema. Previously, we found that the presence of plasmalemma vesicle-associated protein (PLVAP) in retinal capillaries associates with loss of BRB properties and correlates with increased vascular permeability in diabetic macular edema. In this study, we investigated whether absence of PLVAP protects the BRB from VEGF-induced permeability. We used lentiviral-delivered shRNA or siRNA to inhibit PLVAP expression. The barrier properties of in vitro BRB models were assessed by measuring transendothelial electrical resistance, permeability of differently sized tracers, and the presence of endothelial junction complexes. The effect of VEGF on caveolae formation was studied in human retinal explants. BRB loss in vivo was studied in the mouse oxygen-induced retinopathy model. The inhibition of PLVAP expression resulted in decreased VEGF-induced BRB permeability of fluorescent tracers, both in vivo and in vitro. PLVAP inhibition attenuated transendothelial electrical resistance reduction induced by VEGF in BRB models in vitro and significantly increased transendothelial electrical resistance of the nonbarrier human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Furthermore, PLVAP knockdown prevented VEGF-induced caveolae formation in retinal explants but did not rescue VEGF-induced alterations in endothelial junction complexes. In conclusion, PLVAP is an essential cofactor in VEGF-induced BRB permeability and may become an interesting novel target for diabetic macular edema therapy.

Published
2016

50. Stem Cell Derived Retinal Pigment Epithelium: The Role of Pigmentation as Maturation Marker and Gene Expression Profile Comparison with Human Endogenous Retinal Pigment Epithelium

Author

Bennis, A, Jacobs, J G, Catsburg, L A E, Ten Brink, J B, Koster, C, Schlingemann, R O, van Meurs, J, Gorgels, T G M F, Moerland, P D, Heine, V M, Bergen, A A, Bennis, A, Jacobs, J G, Catsburg, L A E, Ten Brink, J B, Koster, C, Schlingemann, R O, van Meurs, J, Gorgels, T G M F, Moerland, P D, Heine, V M, and Bergen, A A

Abstract

In age-related macular degeneration (AMD) the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) deteriorates, leading to photoreceptor decay and severe vision loss. New therapeutic strategies aim at RPE replacement by transplantation of pluripotent stem cell (PSC)-derived RPE. Several protocols to generate RPE have been developed where appearance of pigmentation is commonly used as indicator of RPE differentiation and maturation. It is, however, unclear how different pigmentation stages reflect developmental stages and functionality of PSC-derived RPE cells. We generated human embryonic stem cell-derived RPE (hESC-RPE) cells and investigated their gene expression profiles at early pigmentation (EP) and late pigmentation (LP) stages. In addition, we compared the hESC-RPE samples with human endogenous RPE. We used a common reference design microarray (44 K). Our analysis showed that maturing hESC-RPE, upon acquiring pigmentation, expresses markers specific for human RPE. Interestingly, our analysis revealed that EP and LP hESC-RPE do not differ much in gene expression. Our data further showed that pigmented hESC-RPE has a significant lower expression than human endogenous RPE in the visual cycle and oxidative stress pathways. In contrast, we observed a significantly higher expression of pathways related to the process adhesion-to-polarity model that is typical of developing epithelial cells. We conclude that, in vitro, the first appearance of pigmentation hallmarks differentiated RPE. However, further increase in pigmentation does not result in much significant gene expression changes and does not add important RPE functionalities. Consequently, our results suggest that the time span for obtaining differentiated hESC-RPE cells, that are suitable for transplantation, may be greatly reduced.

Published
2017

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