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The interest in low-carbon hydrogen technologies is growing fast in politics and the economy. The ramp-up of a hydrogen market is a critical phase, which requires the engagement and coordination of many heterogeneous stakeholders. A better understanding of who these stakeholders are and what relationships, chances, and risks they perceive is crucial to guide a hydrogen market ramp-up. This paper conducts a stakeholder analysis for Germany with a focus on the market ramp-up period. Interviews with 36 hydrogen experts, literature, and stakeholders from 78 real-world hydrogen research and demonstration projects are analysed with qualitative content analysis and social network analysis. In total, 49 stakeholder groups are identified and defined accordingly. Our results indicate that established stakeholders' roles will significantly change in a future hydrogen market. Risks range from economic and supply chain risks to impacts on international policy. Chances are found along economic, ecological, and political dimensions. Political intervention during the market ramp-up should mostly focus on the economic gap between low-carbon hydrogen and fossil alternatives and on prioritising the allocation of scarce hydrogen supply on heterogeneous demand. Simultaneously, a long-term strategy should be envisaged to guarantee a competitive and nondiscriminatory hydrogen market in the future.

Hydrogen is viewed as a promising supplement in future energy systems with high penetration rates of renewable energy (RE) generation. As conversion technology between the two secondary energy carriers, hydrogen and electricity, particularly grid-connected electrolysers, have a role to play. During the market ramp-up, grid-connected electrolysers could cause unwanted side-effects through inducing additional CO2 emissions from the power sector. Since the reduction of CO2 remains the overall goal, a simultaneity obligation between RE generation and hydrogen production for the dispatch are being discussed to limit associated emissions from an electrolyser's energy consumption. The paper presents a model framework including a mixed-integer linear program and a Markov chain Monte Carlo simulation for stochastic electricity market prices to assess a grid-connected electrolyser's dispatch. Within a case study representing the current state of the German electricity market, the effect of simultaneity on the electrolyser's dispatch is assessed. The results show that the simultaneity reduces the CO2 emission intensity of hydrogen while constraining the profits from cost-optimal dispatch. The simultaneity represents implicit storage of the RE generation's green characteristic, which allows the electrolyser to shift RE production to low price periods. Depending on the simultaneity interval, this affects both the average contribution margin and the risk of the electrolyser dispatch. Regulations aiming at the interface between hydrogen and electricity must consider the trade-off between the economic viability of electrolysers, fullload hours, and the associated emissions of electricity-based hydrogen.