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4. Investigating the behavioural consequences of evolutionary signal loss in the context of a naturalistic environment

Author

Schneider, Will, Bailey, Nathan William, and Rutz, Christian

Subjects
595.7, QL508.G8S6, Oceanic field cricket--Vocalization, Oceanic field cricket--Sexual behavior, Sexual behavior in animals--Evolution
Abstract

The evolutionary loss of sexual traits is thought to be common, but empirical examples of it occurring are rare. In this thesis, I investigate social and other behavioural factors that might facilitate signal loss. Specifically, I took an empirical approach to evaluate the ways in which the loss of a long-range acoustic signal, song, alters the mating dynamics and social behaviours of individuals in affected populations. This confronts a methodological challenge in behavioural research - the difficulty of observing and measuring behaviours from within a natural context - a context that includes the physical and social environmental conditions in which they evolved. To overcome this challenge and to study the consequences of sexual signal loss, I developed a novel tracking system to monitor, in a laboratory setting that mimicked field-like conditions, the behaviour of a cricket species in which some males have lost the ability to sing. In populations of the Hawaiian field cricket, Teleogryllus oceanicus, silent 'flatwing' males carry mutations that remove key wing structures, eliminating acoustic signalling and affording protection against an acoustically-orientating parasitoid fly (Ormia ochracea). This also removes their ability to attract females via song. Despite this, largely silent populations persist in the wild. Using the developed tracking system to monitor groups of individually-tagged crickets, I show how behavioural plasticity of both males and females might accommodate the disappearance of song and mitigate negative effects on reproductive fitness. This appears to be achieved by increased movement activity and changes to key social interaction dynamics. My results highlight the flexible and potentially compensatory nature of animal behaviour in facilitating rapid evolutionary change.

Published
2019
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7. Coaching and Quality Assistance in Quality Rating Improvement Systems: Approaches Used by TA Providers to Improve Quality in Early Care and Education Programs and Home-Based Settings

Author

National Center for Children in Poverty, Smith, Sheila, Robbins, Taylor, Schneider, Will, Kreader, J. Lee, and Ong, Christine

Abstract

Quality Rating Improvement Systems (QRISs) commonly offer on-site technical assistance (TA) and coaching to help early care and education settings achieve quality improvements and a higher QRIS rating. In surveys of administrators overseeing statewide QRISs, almost all states reported the use of on-site TA and coaching in both center-based and home-based settings. Coaching is also a key component of several pilot and local QRISs. While recently proposed definitions of technical assistance and coaching help distinguish these forms of quality assistance from other types of professional development, it will be important to learn more about how on-site assistance is delivered and supported in QRISs. This report presents findings from an interview study with TA providers in 17 states that have statewide QRISs. The aims of the study are: (1) to learn about features of on-site quality assistance so that a key strategy used by QRISs to improve quality is better understood; and (2) to examine approaches used by TA providers in light of current research on early learning and quality improvement in order to consider the potential of on-site assistance, as it is currently being delivered, to improve quality. The four main sections of the report present: (1) key findings from existing research relevant to technical assistance and coaching; (2) results from interviews with QRIS technical assistance (TA) providers showing trends in: (a) the types of settings receiving TA and coaching; (b) the amount, frequency, and content focus of on-site assistance; (c) TA providers' use of different coaching methods; and (d) training and supports available to TA providers; (3) a summary of interview study results; and (4) recommendations for strengthening and documenting QRIS technical assistance and coaching.

Published
2012

9. Features of Professional Development and On-Site Assistance in Child Care Quality Rating Improvement Systems: A Survey of State-Wide Systems

Author

National Center for Children in Poverty, Smith, Sheila, Schneider, Will, and Kreader, J. Lee

Abstract

Quality Rating Improvement Systems (QRIS) are now operating state-wide in 18 states. An additional 13 states are implementing QRIS in selected regions or as pilot initiatives. While highly varied in their specific features, these systems all use a set of interrelated strategies that aim to raise the quality of early care and education programs. These strategies include quality standards that programs must meet to obtain ratings at different levels, financial incentives for programs to meet quality standards, and assistance to help center-based programs and home-based providers improve the quality of supports for children's well-being and early learning. As these systems increase in number across the states, ongoing examination of their characteristics and impacts can inform efforts to strengthen them. This report presents findings from an interview study that investigated features of the professional development and on-site assistance available to center-based staff and home-based providers who participate in states' Quality Rating Improvement Systems. The report's five sections address the following topics: (1) Rational for the study and research that helped frame the project; (2) Project overview and methods; (3) Key findings: (a) Supports used during the "entry phase"; (b) Availability and targeting of on-site assistance; (c) Features of on-site assistance; (d) Features of group training; and (e) Credentials and support of trainers and technical assistance providers; (4) Summary of findings; and (5) Recommendations.

Published
2010

11. Behavioural plasticity compensates for adaptive loss of cricket song.

Author

Schneider, Will T., Rutz, Christian, and Bailey, Nathan W.

Subjects
*BIOLOGICAL evolution, *ANIMAL communication, *TELECOMMUNICATION systems, *GENETIC variation, *BIRDSONGS, *HUMAN-animal communication, *ANIMAL offspring sex ratio
Abstract

Behavioural flexibility might help animals cope with costs of genetic variants under selection, promoting genetic adaptation. However, it has proven challenging to experimentally link behavioural flexibility to the predicted compensation of population‐level fitness. We tested this prediction using the field cricket Teleogryllus oceanicus. In Hawaiian populations, a mutation silences males and protects against eavesdropping parasitoids. To examine how the loss of this critical acoustic communication signal impacts offspring production and mate location, we developed a high‐resolution, individual‐based tracking system for low‐light, naturalistic conditions. Offspring production did not differ significantly in replicate silent versus singing populations, and fitness compensation in silent conditions was associated with significantly increased locomotion in both sexes. Our results provide evidence that flexible behaviour can promote genetic adaptation via compensation in reproductive output and suggest that rapid evolution of animal communication systems may be less constrained than previously appreciated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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12. Machine learning reveals singing rhythms of male Pacific field crickets are clock controlled.

Author

Westwood, Mary L, Geissmann, Quentin, O'Donnell, Aidan J, Rayner, Jack, Schneider, Will, Zuk, Marlene, Bailey, Nathan W, and Reece, Sarah E

Subjects
MACHINE learning, NATURAL selection, SEXUAL selection, SINGING, RHYTHM
Abstract

Circadian rhythms are ubiquitous in nature and endogenous circadian clocks drive the daily expression of many fitness-related behaviors. However, little is known about whether such traits are targets of selection imposed by natural enemies. In Hawaiian populations of the nocturnally active Pacific field cricket (Teleogryllus oceanicus) , males sing to attract mates, yet sexually selected singing rhythms are also subject to natural selection from the acoustically orienting and deadly parasitoid fly, Ormia ochracea. Here, we use T. oceanicus to test whether singing rhythms are endogenous and scheduled by circadian clocks, making them possible targets of selection imposed by flies. We also develop a novel audio-to-circadian analysis pipeline, capable of extracting useful parameters from which to train machine learning algorithms and process large quantities of audio data. Singing rhythms fulfilled all criteria for endogenous circadian clock control, including being driven by photoschedule, self-sustained periodicity of approximately 24 h, and being robust to variation in temperature. Furthermore, singing rhythms varied across individuals, which might suggest genetic variation on which natural and sexual selection pressures can act. Sexual signals and ornaments are well-known targets of selection by natural enemies, but our findings indicate that the circadian timing of those traits' expression may also determine fitness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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16. Electronic Supplementary Material from: 'Vestigial singing behaviour persists after the evolutionary loss of song in crickets'

Author

Schneider, Will T., Rutz, Christian, Hedwig, Berthold, and Bailey, Nathan W.

Abstract

The evolutionary loss of sexual traits is widely predicted. Because sexual signals can arise from the coupling of specialized motor activity with morphological structures, disruption to a single component could lead to overall loss of function. Opportunities to observe this process and characterize any remaining signal components are rare, but could provide insight into the mechanisms, indirect costs, and evolutionary consequences of signal loss. We investigated the recent evolutionary loss of a long-range acoustic sexual signal in the Hawaiian field cricket Teleogryllus oceanicus. Flatwing males carry mutations that remove sound-producing wing structures, eliminating all acoustic signalling and affording protection against an acoustically-orientating parasitoid fly. We show that flatwing males produce wing movement patterns indistinguishable from those that generate sonorous calling song in normal-wing males. Evolutionary song loss caused by the disappearance of structural components of the sound-producing apparatus has left behind the energetically-costly motor behaviour underlying normal singing. These results provide a rare example of a vestigial behaviour and raise the possibility that such traits could be co-opted for novel functions.

Published
2018
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17. Part I. Overviews of Philanthropic Areas of Engagement

Author

Wang, Xiaoyun, Byers, Philip D., Hansen, Ruth K., Koch, Amanda, Ji, Chen, Weber, Peter, Badertscher, Katherine, Van Allen, Elizabeth J., Freeman, Tyrone McKinley, Etcheson, Nicole, Schneider, William H., Crowley, Caitlin, Pribbenow, Paul C., Connelly, James J., Crocker, Ruth C., King, David P., Madison, James H., Robbins, Clay, and Witkowski, Gregory R.

Published
2022

18. 13. Gary Neighborhood House: Managing Mission and Uncertainty in the Civil Rights Era

Author

Wang, Xiaoyun, Byers, Philip D., Hansen, Ruth K., Koch, Amanda, Ji, Chen, Weber, Peter, Badertscher, Katherine, Van Allen, Elizabeth J., Freeman, Tyrone McKinley, Etcheson, Nicole, Schneider, William H., Crowley, Caitlin, Pribbenow, Paul C., Connelly, James J., Crocker, Ruth C., King, David P., Madison, James H., Robbins, Clay, and Witkowski, Gregory R.

Published
2022

19. Index

Author

Wang, Xiaoyun, Byers, Philip D., Hansen, Ruth K., Koch, Amanda, Ji, Chen, Weber, Peter, Badertscher, Katherine, Van Allen, Elizabeth J., Freeman, Tyrone McKinley, Etcheson, Nicole, Schneider, William H., Crowley, Caitlin, Pribbenow, Paul C., Connelly, James J., Crocker, Ruth C., King, David P., Madison, James H., Robbins, Clay, and Witkowski, Gregory R.

Published
2022

21. 15. Seeding Community Foundations in Indiana: A History of the GIFT Initiative

Author

Wang, Xiaoyun, Byers, Philip D., Hansen, Ruth K., Koch, Amanda, Ji, Chen, Weber, Peter, Badertscher, Katherine, Van Allen, Elizabeth J., Freeman, Tyrone McKinley, Etcheson, Nicole, Schneider, William H., Crowley, Caitlin, Pribbenow, Paul C., Connelly, James J., Crocker, Ruth C., King, David P., Madison, James H., Robbins, Clay, and Witkowski, Gregory R.

Published
2022

22. Contributors

Author

Wang, Xiaoyun, Byers, Philip D., Hansen, Ruth K., Koch, Amanda, Ji, Chen, Weber, Peter, Badertscher, Katherine, Van Allen, Elizabeth J., Freeman, Tyrone McKinley, Etcheson, Nicole, Schneider, William H., Crowley, Caitlin, Pribbenow, Paul C., Connelly, James J., Crocker, Ruth C., King, David P., Madison, James H., Robbins, Clay, and Witkowski, Gregory R.

Published
2022

23. Section Two: Experiments in Social Change

Author

Wang, Xiaoyun, Byers, Philip D., Hansen, Ruth K., Koch, Amanda, Ji, Chen, Weber, Peter, Badertscher, Katherine, Van Allen, Elizabeth J., Freeman, Tyrone McKinley, Etcheson, Nicole, Schneider, William H., Crowley, Caitlin, Pribbenow, Paul C., Connelly, James J., Crocker, Ruth C., King, David P., Madison, James H., Robbins, Clay, and Witkowski, Gregory R.

Published
2022

24. Section Four: Networks and Collaborations

Author

Wang, Xiaoyun, Byers, Philip D., Hansen, Ruth K., Koch, Amanda, Ji, Chen, Weber, Peter, Badertscher, Katherine, Van Allen, Elizabeth J., Freeman, Tyrone McKinley, Etcheson, Nicole, Schneider, William H., Crowley, Caitlin, Pribbenow, Paul C., Connelly, James J., Crocker, Ruth C., King, David P., Madison, James H., Robbins, Clay, and Witkowski, Gregory R.

Published
2022

25. 8. The Big-Hearted, Race Loving Woman

Author

Wang, Xiaoyun, Byers, Philip D., Hansen, Ruth K., Koch, Amanda, Ji, Chen, Weber, Peter, Badertscher, Katherine, Van Allen, Elizabeth J., Freeman, Tyrone McKinley, Etcheson, Nicole, Schneider, William H., Crowley, Caitlin, Pribbenow, Paul C., Connelly, James J., Crocker, Ruth C., King, David P., Madison, James H., Robbins, Clay, and Witkowski, Gregory R.

Published
2022

26. Section Three: Adjusting to Change and Maintaining Mission

Author

Wang, Xiaoyun, Byers, Philip D., Hansen, Ruth K., Koch, Amanda, Ji, Chen, Weber, Peter, Badertscher, Katherine, Van Allen, Elizabeth J., Freeman, Tyrone McKinley, Etcheson, Nicole, Schneider, William H., Crowley, Caitlin, Pribbenow, Paul C., Connelly, James J., Crocker, Ruth C., King, David P., Madison, James H., Robbins, Clay, and Witkowski, Gregory R.

Published
2022

27. 12. Same Goals, Different Paths: The Wheeler City Rescue Mission and the Indianapolis Community Fund in the Mid-Twentieth Century

Author

Wang, Xiaoyun, Byers, Philip D., Hansen, Ruth K., Koch, Amanda, Ji, Chen, Weber, Peter, Badertscher, Katherine, Van Allen, Elizabeth J., Freeman, Tyrone McKinley, Etcheson, Nicole, Schneider, William H., Crowley, Caitlin, Pribbenow, Paul C., Connelly, James J., Crocker, Ruth C., King, David P., Madison, James H., Robbins, Clay, and Witkowski, Gregory R.

Published
2022

28. 10. The Emergence of Charity Evaluation

Author

Wang, Xiaoyun, Byers, Philip D., Hansen, Ruth K., Koch, Amanda, Ji, Chen, Weber, Peter, Badertscher, Katherine, Van Allen, Elizabeth J., Freeman, Tyrone McKinley, Etcheson, Nicole, Schneider, William H., Crowley, Caitlin, Pribbenow, Paul C., Connelly, James J., Crocker, Ruth C., King, David P., Madison, James H., Robbins, Clay, and Witkowski, Gregory R.

Published
2022

29. Section One: Motivations to Give

Author

Wang, Xiaoyun, Byers, Philip D., Hansen, Ruth K., Koch, Amanda, Ji, Chen, Weber, Peter, Badertscher, Katherine, Van Allen, Elizabeth J., Freeman, Tyrone McKinley, Etcheson, Nicole, Schneider, William H., Crowley, Caitlin, Pribbenow, Paul C., Connelly, James J., Crocker, Ruth C., King, David P., Madison, James H., Robbins, Clay, and Witkowski, Gregory R.

Published
2022

30. 11. Social Innovation in the Heartland

Author

Wang, Xiaoyun, Byers, Philip D., Hansen, Ruth K., Koch, Amanda, Ji, Chen, Weber, Peter, Badertscher, Katherine, Van Allen, Elizabeth J., Freeman, Tyrone McKinley, Etcheson, Nicole, Schneider, William H., Crowley, Caitlin, Pribbenow, Paul C., Connelly, James J., Crocker, Ruth C., King, David P., Madison, James H., Robbins, Clay, and Witkowski, Gregory R.

Published
2022

31. 7. The Cause of Benevolence: Calvin Fletcher as Philanthropist

Author

Wang, Xiaoyun, Byers, Philip D., Hansen, Ruth K., Koch, Amanda, Ji, Chen, Weber, Peter, Badertscher, Katherine, Van Allen, Elizabeth J., Freeman, Tyrone McKinley, Etcheson, Nicole, Schneider, William H., Crowley, Caitlin, Pribbenow, Paul C., Connelly, James J., Crocker, Ruth C., King, David P., Madison, James H., Robbins, Clay, and Witkowski, Gregory R.

Published
2022

32. 9. Take what you find here and make it better and better

Author

Wang, Xiaoyun, Byers, Philip D., Hansen, Ruth K., Koch, Amanda, Ji, Chen, Weber, Peter, Badertscher, Katherine, Van Allen, Elizabeth J., Freeman, Tyrone McKinley, Etcheson, Nicole, Schneider, William H., Crowley, Caitlin, Pribbenow, Paul C., Connelly, James J., Crocker, Ruth C., King, David P., Madison, James H., Robbins, Clay, and Witkowski, Gregory R.

Published
2022

33. Part II. Trends and Innovations

Author

Wang, Xiaoyun, Byers, Philip D., Hansen, Ruth K., Koch, Amanda, Ji, Chen, Weber, Peter, Badertscher, Katherine, Van Allen, Elizabeth J., Freeman, Tyrone McKinley, Etcheson, Nicole, Schneider, William H., Crowley, Caitlin, Pribbenow, Paul C., Connelly, James J., Crocker, Ruth C., King, David P., Madison, James H., Robbins, Clay, and Witkowski, Gregory R.

Published
2022

34. 4. In Search of the Ethical Society: A History of Voluntary Associations in Indiana

Author

Wang, Xiaoyun, Byers, Philip D., Hansen, Ruth K., Koch, Amanda, Ji, Chen, Weber, Peter, Badertscher, Katherine, Van Allen, Elizabeth J., Freeman, Tyrone McKinley, Etcheson, Nicole, Schneider, William H., Crowley, Caitlin, Pribbenow, Paul C., Connelly, James J., Crocker, Ruth C., King, David P., Madison, James H., Robbins, Clay, and Witkowski, Gregory R.

Published
2022

35. 6. Hoosier Health Philanthropy: Understanding the Past

Author

Wang, Xiaoyun, Byers, Philip D., Hansen, Ruth K., Koch, Amanda, Ji, Chen, Weber, Peter, Badertscher, Katherine, Van Allen, Elizabeth J., Freeman, Tyrone McKinley, Etcheson, Nicole, Schneider, William H., Crowley, Caitlin, Pribbenow, Paul C., Connelly, James J., Crocker, Ruth C., King, David P., Madison, James H., Robbins, Clay, and Witkowski, Gregory R.

Published
2022

37. 3. Social Services in Indiana

Author

Wang, Xiaoyun, Byers, Philip D., Hansen, Ruth K., Koch, Amanda, Ji, Chen, Weber, Peter, Badertscher, Katherine, Van Allen, Elizabeth J., Freeman, Tyrone McKinley, Etcheson, Nicole, Schneider, William H., Crowley, Caitlin, Pribbenow, Paul C., Connelly, James J., Crocker, Ruth C., King, David P., Madison, James H., Robbins, Clay, and Witkowski, Gregory R.

Published
2022

38. 2. Religion and Philanthropy: Indiana's Traditions

Author

Wang, Xiaoyun, Byers, Philip D., Hansen, Ruth K., Koch, Amanda, Ji, Chen, Weber, Peter, Badertscher, Katherine, Van Allen, Elizabeth J., Freeman, Tyrone McKinley, Etcheson, Nicole, Schneider, William H., Crowley, Caitlin, Pribbenow, Paul C., Connelly, James J., Crocker, Ruth C., King, David P., Madison, James H., Robbins, Clay, and Witkowski, Gregory R.

Published
2022

39. 1. Indiana's Philanthropic History: A Continuing Legacy

Author

Wang, Xiaoyun, Byers, Philip D., Hansen, Ruth K., Koch, Amanda, Ji, Chen, Weber, Peter, Badertscher, Katherine, Van Allen, Elizabeth J., Freeman, Tyrone McKinley, Etcheson, Nicole, Schneider, William H., Crowley, Caitlin, Pribbenow, Paul C., Connelly, James J., Crocker, Ruth C., King, David P., Madison, James H., Robbins, Clay, and Witkowski, Gregory R.

Published
2022

40. Foreword

Author

Wang, Xiaoyun, Byers, Philip D., Hansen, Ruth K., Koch, Amanda, Ji, Chen, Weber, Peter, Badertscher, Katherine, Van Allen, Elizabeth J., Freeman, Tyrone McKinley, Etcheson, Nicole, Schneider, William H., Crowley, Caitlin, Pribbenow, Paul C., Connelly, James J., Crocker, Ruth C., King, David P., Madison, James H., Robbins, Clay, and Witkowski, Gregory R.

Published
2022

41. Acknowledgments

Author

Wang, Xiaoyun, Byers, Philip D., Hansen, Ruth K., Koch, Amanda, Ji, Chen, Weber, Peter, Badertscher, Katherine, Van Allen, Elizabeth J., Freeman, Tyrone McKinley, Etcheson, Nicole, Schneider, William H., Crowley, Caitlin, Pribbenow, Paul C., Connelly, James J., Crocker, Ruth C., King, David P., Madison, James H., Robbins, Clay, and Witkowski, Gregory R.

Published
2022

42. Title Page, Copyright, Dedication

Author

Wang, Xiaoyun, Byers, Philip D., Hansen, Ruth K., Koch, Amanda, Ji, Chen, Weber, Peter, Badertscher, Katherine, Van Allen, Elizabeth J., Freeman, Tyrone McKinley, Etcheson, Nicole, Schneider, William H., Crowley, Caitlin, Pribbenow, Paul C., Connelly, James J., Crocker, Ruth C., King, David P., Madison, James H., Robbins, Clay, and Witkowski, Gregory R.

Published
2022

44. Cover

Author

Schneider, William H.

Published
2021

47. Index

Author

Schneider, William H.

Published
2021

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