Search

Phoebastria albatrus (Pallas, 1769) Diomedea albatrus Pallas, 1769, Spicilegia Zoologica quibus novae imprimis et obscurae animalium species iconibus, descriptionibus atque commentariis illustrantur. Fasciculus Quintus, p. 28. Neotype: Zoological Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences (ZIN) 4388, adult male, collected in the Sea of Okhotsk between Capes Longdar–Negotni and Nurki by Il’ya Gavrilovich Voznesensky on 18 August 1845 (Julian calendar = 30 August Gregorian calendar) (Figs. 1 and 2). Type locality: Sea of Okhotsk. Due to our neotype designation, the type locality of Phoebastria albatrus is restricted to the sea area between the northern part of Cape Longdar–Negotni (56° 28' N, 138° 15' E) and the southern edge of Cape Nurki (56° 46' N, 138° 33' E). Description of the neotype: The neotype is in adult plumage. Head and back are white washed with a golden tinge that is particularly distinct on the occiput and hind-neck. Rectrices are black but have white bases. Ventrally the bird is white. The wings are black with a white patch on the elbow joint narrowing distally along the leading edge of the wing towards the carpal joint. Measurements of the neotype: NW 534 mm; TAIL 156 mm; TAR 95.6 mm; EC 135.6 mm; NF 100.1 mm; GAPE 166.4 mm; NFW 31.3 mm; BW 39.6 mm; NFH 39.0 mm; BH 47.1 mm. For comparison with the Senkaku and Torishima species see Table 1. Taxonomic aspects: Pallas (1769) reported two color morphs (alba and fusca) of this species in the original description. Their characteristics are those of adult and juvenile, respectively. The plumage of ZIN 4388 agrees with the description of alba, and is thus evidently adult and appropriate for designation as a neotype. Size and slender bill, calculated from the quadratic discriminant function of Eda et al. (2020) (F QSM -F QTM = 18.1), identify the neotype with the Senkaku species. Qualifications for neotypification: The neotype designation here complies with the qualifying conditions for neotypification required by Article 75.3 of the Code, as shown below. (1) We here designate the neotype to objectively establish the taxonomic application of the species name albatrus Pallas (Article 75.3.1). (2) The slender bill distinguishes P. albatrus from the Torishima species. For adult males, the quadratic discriminant function of the three bill measurements culmen length (EC), bill height at nares (NFH), and bill height at base (BH) developed by Eda et al. (2020) shows positive values for P. albatrus and negative values for the Torishima species (Article 75.3.2). (3) The descriptions in the above five subsections and Figs. 1 and 2 are sufficient to ensure the recognition of the designated specimen (Article 75.3.3). (4) For reasons given in the introduction, we judge that the original name-bearing types have been discarded (Article 75.3.4). (5) As mentioned in the above subsection “Taxonomic aspects”, the plumage of the neotype matches that of one of the original name-bearing types. The genders of the original name-bearing types are unknown (Article 75.3.4). (6) As mentioned in the Introduction, the original name-bearing types were collected from the Sea of Okhotsk. As mentioned in the “Type locality” subsection, labels on the neotype (Fig. 2) indicate that it was collected from the Sea of Okhotsk (Article 75.3.6). (7) As mentioned in the “ Neotype ” subsection, the neotype is deposited at the Zoological Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences (Article 75.3.7)., Published as part of Yamasaki, Takeshi, Eda, Masaki, Schodde, Richard & Loskot, Vladimir, 2022, Neotype designation of the Short-tailed Albatross Phoebastria albatrus (Pallas 1769) (Aves: Procellariiformes: Diomedeidae), pp. 81-87 in Zootaxa 5124 (1) on pages 84-86, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5124.1.6, http://zenodo.org/record/6404810, {"references":["Pallas, P. S. (1769) Spicilegia Zoologica quibus novae imprimis et obscurae animalium species iconibus, descriptionibus atque commentariis illustrantur. Fasciculus Quintus. Lange, Berlin, 34 pp.","Eda, M., Yamasaki, T., Izumi, H., Tomita, N., Konno, S., Konno, M., Murakami, H. & Sato, F. (2020) Cryptic species in a vulnerable seabird: Short-tailed Albatross consists of two species. Endangered Species Research, 43, 375 - 386. https: // doi. org / 10.3354 / esr 01078"]}

4.6 Cacomantis addendus Rothschild & Hartert, 1901 Range: Solomon Islands, from Buka and Bougainville south to Makira (San Cristobal). Diagnosis: main song of one type or blended with a second ‘where’s the tea’ vocalization, elements of the main song long and flattened, resembling those of blandus from the Admiralty Islands, but still longer and slower paced (Fig. 2); basic morph of Solomons morphotype (see 3.2.2.(5) above); body medium-sized and tail proportionally long: wing c. 113–123 mm, tail/wing ratio 1.09–1.15 (Table 2); barred females with dorsa dully barred black on dark cinnamon, and ventral white heavily barred black and pervasively washed cinnamon; juveniles dark in tone and coarsely mottled and barred black on tawny-cinnamon, extending to very broad rufous barring in outer rectrices. Element length, slow song pace and chimeric character of the main song, where main song and ‘brain-fever’ call run into each other, are unique and render the Solomon population bioacoustically distinct. So does the pervasive rufous wash over the ventrum in barred-morph females and over dorsum and through outer rectrices in juveniles. Except for Rothschild & Hartert (1901), C. addendus has, until now, been treated as a subspecies of variolosus by all reviewers since Hartert (1925).

4.3 Cacomantis aeruginosus Salvadori, 1878 Range: North and south Moluccas, perhaps limited to the main islands of Buru, Ambon and Seram in the south. Diagnosis: main song of two types, one representing the main song in the rest of the complex with elements resembling those of sepulcralis but more variable in form (Fig. 2), and the other a unique and more frequent ���locomotive��� vocalization of prolonged series of rapidly uttered clipped whistles on the same pitch; basic morph of Wallacean morphotype (see 3.2.2(2) above), but paler with light copper-green dorsal sheen and mid brownish rufous ventral surface, and extensive white toothing on inner vanes of outer rectrices; body medium-sized and tail proportionally long: wing c. 112���122 mm, tail/wing ratio 1.02���1.14 (Table 2); barred females with dorsa dully barred dusky on cinnamon, and ventral white barred clearly black with moderate, if variable, cinnamon wash; juveniles dark-toned with fine markings. The ���locomotive��� vocalization (Rheindt & Hutchinson 2007; Tebb et al. 2008; Thibault et al. 2013) has provided grounds for separating this form from sepulcralis at species rank (del Hoyo & Collar 2014; Clements et al. 2019; Gill et al. 2021). Payne (2005) assessed its populations as intergradient with dorsiventrally greyer Australo-Papuan variolosus, using comments from Hartert (1925) in support. We read those comments as referring instead to putative intergradation between two subspecies of variolosus in the Moluccas (see 4.4.1.1 below). Adding to the original six AMNH specimens of the north Moluccan population (heinrichi Stresemann, 1931), we have now traced a further six in AMNH, RMNH, ANSP, identified by tail/wing ratios greater than 1.02. The resulting series, from Obi, Bacan and Halmahera, is uniform in plumage and long-tailed (Table 2), without any phenotypic sign of intergradation with Moluccan populations of variolosus. If the main song common to the complex is ancestral, then the ���locomotive��� vocalization in aeruginosus may well have developed as an isolating mechanism against migrant and, in the north, resident populations of variolosus., Published as part of Wu, Meng Yue, Schodde, Richard & Rheindt, Frank E., 2022, Integrating voice and phenotype in a revision of the brush cuckoo Cacomantis variolosus (Aves: Cuculidae) complex, pp. 69-106 in Zootaxa 5091 (1) on page 94, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5091.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/5840523, {"references":["Salvadori, T. (1878) Prodromus Ornithologiae Papuasiae et Moluccarum. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, 13, 456 - 463.","Rheindt, F. E. & Hutchinson, R. O. (2007) A photoshot odyssey through the confused avian taxonomy of Seram and Buru (southern Moluccas). BirdingASIA, 7, 18 - 38.","Tebb, G., Morris, P. & Los, P. (2008) New and interesting bird records from Sulawesi and Halmahera, Indonesia. BirdingASIA, 10, 67 - 76.","Thibault, M., du Rau, P. D., Pineau, O. & Pangimangen, W. (2013) New and interesting records for the Obi Archipelago (north Maluku, Indonesia), including field observations and first description of the vocalisation of Moluccan Woodcock Scolopax rochussenii. Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club, 133 (2), 83 - 115.","Clements, J. F., Schulenberg, T. S., Iliff, M. J., Billerman, S. M., Fredericks, T. A., Sullivan, B. L. & Wood, C. L. (2019) The eBird / Clements Checklist of Birds of the World: v 2019. Available from: https: // www. birds. cornell. edu / clementschecklist / download / (accessed 19 September 2020)","Gill, F., Donsker, D. & Rasmussen, P. (2021) IOC World Bird List. Version 11.2. Available from: http: // www. worldbirdnames. org / new / ioc-lists / master-list- 2 / (accessed 19 September 2020) https: // doi. org / 10.14344 / IOC. ML. 11.1","Payne, R. B. (2005) The Cuckoos. Oxford University Press, London, xxii + 618 pp.","Hartert, E. (1925) Review of the genus Cacomantis Mull. Novitates Zoologicae, 32, 164 - 174. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 4504","Stresemann, E. (1931) Vorlaufiges uber die ornithologischen Ergebnisse der Expedition Heinrich 1930 - 1931. V. Zur Ornithologie von Halmahera und Batjan. Ornithologische Monatsberichte, 39, 167 - 171."]}

4.5 Cacomantis blandus Rothschild & Hartert, 1914b Range: Admiralty Islands (Manus). Diagnosis: main song of one type, elements long and flattened and rather slow-paced (n = 2, Fig. 2); basic morph of Admiralties morphotype (see 3.2.2.(4) above); body small and tail proportionally mid-length: wing c. 106–115 mm, tail/wing ratio 0.96–1.02 (Table 2); barred females with dorsa dully barred dusky on greyish cinnamon, and ventral white distinct, barred discretely black without cinnamon wash; juveniles intermediate in depth of tones and density of markings, but whiter ventrally than in other differentiates (n = 1). Element shape of song notes is unique except for those in the Solomon differentiate C. addendus (Fig. 2; see below). The bill is also distinctively broad, and this, together with tail proportions, are shared with Bismarck populations and arguably indicative of its derivation (Table 2; also Mayr & Diamond 2001: 235). The greyer dorsum and sharply demarcated grey-and-rufous ventral surface in C. blandus are also unique in the complex, resembling east Asian C. merulinus and leading Rothschild & Hartert (1914b) to query affinities. White barring in outer rectrices, however, is altogether different—fine teeth in blandus and complete diagonal bars in merulinus. So is the main song, which in merulinus is sepulcralis -like except for falling away in a bubbled jumble of notes at the end. C. blandus has been treated as a subspecies of variolosus by all reviewers since Hartert (1925), based on morphology alone; and its respective phenotypic and vocal similarities to merulinus and Solomon addendus could be either convergent or retained ancestral traits.

4.4 Cacomantis variolosus (Vigors & Horsfield, 1827) Range: Moluccas, Timor-Rote, Australia, New Guinea and its satellite islands, Bismarck Archipelago. Diagnosis: main song of one type, elements consistently and characteristically ���M���-shaped (Fig. 2) and delivered at moderate pace; basic morph of Australasian morphotype that varies from pale to dark (see 3.2.2(3) above); body medium-sized to large and tail proportionally short to mid-length: wing c. 115���145 mm, tail/wing ratio 0.80��� 1.06 (Table 2); barred females with dorsa grading from plain with russet flecking on shoulders in paler populations to dully barred dusky on cinnamon in darker birds, and ventral white barred finely dusky in paler populations to boldly black in darker ones, with light to moderate cinnamon wash; juveniles ranging from dark in tone and clouded in markings to pale, brightly and coarsely patterned (Australian populations). In this group, the acoustic impression of the elements of the main song is dominated by the final deflection (Fig. 2). This is reflected quantitatively in terms of the frequency change between element sections, with significant differences from elements in all other primary differentiates (Fig. 4). Element duration is also generally longer, with some overlap only with Sundaic populations (Fig. 4). This species, known traditionally as the ���Brush Cuckoo��� throughout Australasia, varies more regionally than any other in the variolosus complex, and has differentiated into 8���9 subspecies, as detailed below (see 4.4.1 following)., Published as part of Wu, Meng Yue, Schodde, Richard & Rheindt, Frank E., 2022, Integrating voice and phenotype in a revision of the brush cuckoo Cacomantis variolosus (Aves: Cuculidae) complex, pp. 69-106 in Zootaxa 5091 (1) on page 95, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5091.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/5840523, {"references":["Vigors, N. A. & Horsfield, T. (1827) A description of the Australian birds in the collection of the Linnean Society; with an attempt at arranging them according to their natural affinities. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, 15, 170 - 331. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8339.1826. tb 00115. x"]}

4.1 Cacomantis sepulcralis (S. M��ller, 1843) Range: Malay Peninsula, Greater Sundas, Sulu Archipelago, main Philippines and west Nusa Tenggara east to Sumba and Alor. Diagnosis: elements of the main song sharply inflected (Fig. 2), differing significantly from those of all other taxa except the resident aeruginosus populations in the Moluccas (Figs. 2, 3); basic morph of Sundaic morphotype (see 3.2.2(1) above); body medium-sized and tail proportionally long: wing c. 110���120 mm, tail/wing ratio 1.00���1.12 (Table 2); barred females with dorsa clearly barred dusky on cinnamon, and ventral white barred clearly black with vestigial cinnamon wash; juveniles intermediate in depth of tones and density of markings. Although populations from Sundaland and the Philippines exhibit the greatest variation in song note pace, overlapping many other taxa, their song is characterized by elements of a generally shorter duration (Fig. 4). On bioacoustic grounds, therefore, these populations form a clearly diagnosable taxon group within the complex. Whether as a species or subspecies of variolosus sensu lato, sepulcralis has been recognized by all reviewers since Stresemann (1912) distinguished it from similar-looking but sympatric east Asian Cacomantis merulinus (Table 1)., Published as part of Wu, Meng Yue, Schodde, Richard & Rheindt, Frank E., 2022, Integrating voice and phenotype in a revision of the brush cuckoo Cacomantis variolosus (Aves: Cuculidae) complex, pp. 69-106 in Zootaxa 5091 (1) on page 93, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5091.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/5840523, {"references":["Muller, S. (1843) Verhandelingen over de natuurlijke geschiedenis der Nederlandsche overzeesche bezittingen. Vol. 1. In Commissie bij S. en J. Luchtmans en C. C. van der Hoek, Leiden, 472 pp., 86 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 114730","Stresemann, E. (1912). Ornithologische Miszellen aus dem Indo-Australischen Gebiet. Novitates Zoologicae, 19, 311 - 351. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 1551"]}

Additional file 1: Table S1. Trait optima (��) and rate of evolution or ���drift variance��� (��2) estimated for both categorizations (nectarivory, 2-regimes: N = nectarivorous, NN = non-nectarivorous; diet, 5-regimes: O = omnivory; F = fruits; P = plants; S = seeds; N = nectar) using the full model (OUMVA) in ���OUwie��� (Beaulieu & O���Meara, 2015). This model all allows all parameters (��, ��2 and ��) to vary by regime. Due to its complexity the likelihood of the OUMVA model for both PCa1 and size did not converge when discerning among the five dietary regimes. It resulted in biologically unfeasible �� values and negative eigenvalues of the Hessian matrix so instead, we reported values obtained using a simpler model (OUMA), which assumes distinct �� and �� for each regime while keeping constant ��2. Fig. S1. Stochastically mapped discrete character history of diet in psittaculid parrots overlaid on a traitgram plot of PCa1, PCb1, body size, and HWI. The posterior probabilities from stochastic mapping are represented at each node. Fig. S2. Stochastically mapped discrete character history of nectarivory in psittaculid parrots overlaid on a traitgram plot of PCa1, PCb1, body size, and HWI. The posterior probabilities from stochastic mapping are represented at each node. Fig. S3. Posterior probability that a branch has a jump (left) and the posterior mean number of jumps per branch (right) on a color scale from black (no jump) to red (jumps) for each trait (a: body size, b: PCa1; c: PCb1; and d: HWI) following the approach devised by [32]. Fig. S4. Rate-through-time plots for phenotypic evolution rate (with 95% confidence intervals indicated by shaded areas) in lories (Loriinae) obtained using Bayesian analysis of macroevolutionary mixtures. Fig. S5. Rates of phenotypic evolution, estimated using BAMM, on different traits (a: PCa1, b: PCb1, c: body size, and d: HWI) during the radiation of Australasian psittaculid parrots. Smaller multipanel phylogenies (a-d) show the distinct rate-shift configurations with the highest posterior probability. For each distinct shift configuration, the locations of rate shifts are shown as circles, with circle size proportional to the marginal probability of the shift. Text labels (e.g., f = 0.25) indicate the posterior probability of each shift configuration.