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7. Interactions Strategy (OASIS) for a Predicted Ocean, a satellite event for the UN Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development - Predicted Ocean Laboratory

Author

Cronin, Meghan, primary, Marandino, Christa, additional, Schwartz, Sheri, additional, Chory, Maggie, additional, Browne, Phil, additional, Subramanian, Aneesh, additional, Joubert, Warren, additional, Arbic, Brian, additional, Bourassa, Mark, additional, Plessis, Marcel du, additional, Swart, Sebastiaan, additional, Schuster, Ute, additional, Gentemann, Chelle, additional, Sun, Riu, additional, Reeves, Jack, additional, Hormann, Verena, additional, Alves, Oscar, additional, February, Faith, additional, Mongwe, Precious, additional, Zippel, Seth, additional, Menezes, Viviane, additional, Blair, Daneisha, additional, Deppenmeier, Anna-Lena, additional, Martin, Paige, additional, Palter, Jaime, additional, Venkatesen, R-, additional, Gray, Alison, additional, Clayson, Carol Anne, additional, and Shutler, Jamie D., additional

Published
2021
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8. Trends in the sources and sinks of carbon dioxide

Author

Le Quéré, Corinne, Raupach, Michael R, Canadell, Josep G, Marland, Gregg, Bopp, Laurent, Ciais, Philippe, Conway, Thomas J, Doney, Scott C, Feely, Richard A, Foster, Pru, Friedlingstein, Pierre, Gurney, Kevin, Houghton, Richard A, House, Joanna I, Huntingford, Chris, Levy, Peter E, Lomas, Mark R, Majkut, Joseph, Metzl, Nicolas, Ometto, Jean P, Peters, Glen P, Prentice, I Colin, Randerson, James T, Running, Steven W, Sarmiento, Jorge L, Schuster, Ute, Sitch, Stephen, Takahashi, Taro, Viovy, Nicolas, van der Werf, Guido R, and Woodward, F Ian

Subjects
Climate Action, Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences
Abstract

Efforts to control climate change require the stabilization of atmospheric CO 2 concentrations. This can only be achieved through a drastic reduction of global CO 2 emissions. Yet fossil fuel emissions increased by 29% between 2000 and 2008, in conjunction with increased contributions from emerging economies, from the production and international trade of goods and services, and from the use of coal as a fuel source. In contrast, emissions from land-use changes were nearly constant. Between 1959 and 2008, 43% of each year's CO 2 emissions remained in the atmosphere on average; the rest was absorbed by carbon sinks on land and in the oceans. In the past 50 years, the fraction of CO 2 emissions that remains in the atmosphere each year has likely increased, from about 40% to 45%, and models suggest that this trend was caused by a decrease in the uptake of CO 2 by the carbon sinks in response to climate change and variability. Changes in the CO 2 sinks are highly uncertain, but they could have a significant influence on future atmospheric CO 2 levels. It is therefore crucial to reduce the uncertainties. © 2009 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved.

Published
2009

10. Perspectives and Integration in SOLAS Science

Author

Garçon, Véronique C., Bell, Thomas G., Wallace, Douglas, Arnold, Steve R., Baker, Alex, Bakker, Dorothee C. E., Bange, Hermann W., Bates, Nicholas R., Bopp, Laurent, Boutin, Jacqueline, Boyd, Philip W., Bracher, Astrid, Burrows, John P., Carpenter, Lucy J., de Leeuw, Gerrit, Fennel, Katja, Font, Jordi, Friedrich, Tobias, Garbe, Christoph S., Gruber, Nicolas, Jaeglé, Lyatt, Lana, Arancha, Lee, James D., Liss, Peter S., Miller, Lisa A., Olgun, Nazli, Olsen, Are, Pfeil, Benjamin, Quack, Birgit, Read, Katie A., Reul, Nicolas, Rödenbeck, Christian, Rohekar, Shital S., Saiz-Lopez, Alfonso, Saltzman, Eric S., Schneising, Oliver, Schuster, Ute, Seferian, Roland, Steinhoff, Tobias, Traon, Pierre-Yves Le, Ziska, Franziska, Liss, Peter S., editor, and Johnson, Martin T., editor

Published
2014
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14. Variability of North Atlantic CO2 fluxes for the 2000–2017 period estimated from atmospheric inverse analyses

Author

Chen, Zhaohui, Suntharalingam, Parvadha, Watson, Andrew J., Schuster, Ute, Zhu, Jiang, and Zeng, Ning

Subjects
QE1-996.5, TheoryofComputation_MATHEMATICALLOGICANDFORMALLANGUAGES, Ecology, Life, QH501-531, Geology, QH540-549.5
Abstract

We present new estimates of the regional North Atlantic (15–80∘ N) CO2 flux for the 2000–2017 period using atmospheric CO2 measurements from the NOAA long-term surface site network in combination with an atmospheric carbon cycle data assimilation system (GEOS-Chem–LETKF, Local Ensemble Transform Kalman Filter). We assess the sensitivity of flux estimates to alternative ocean CO2 prior flux distributions and to the specification of uncertainties associated with ocean fluxes. We present a new scheme to characterize uncertainty in ocean prior fluxes, derived from a set of eight surface pCO2-based ocean flux products, and which reflects uncertainties associated with measurement density and pCO2-interpolation methods. This scheme provides improved model performance in comparison to fixed prior uncertainty schemes, based on metrics of model–observation differences at the network of surface sites. Long-term average posterior flux estimates for the 2000–2017 period from our GEOS-Chem–LETKF analyses are −0.255 ± 0.037 PgC yr−1 for the subtropical basin (15–50∘ N) and −0.203 ± 0.037 PgC yr−1 for the subpolar region (50–80∘ N, eastern boundary at 20∘ E). Our basin-scale estimates of interannual variability (IAV) are 0.036 ± 0.006 and 0.034 ± 0.009 PgC yr−1 for subtropical and subpolar regions, respectively. We find statistically significant trends in carbon uptake for the subtropical and subpolar North Atlantic of −0.064 ± 0.007 and −0.063 ± 0.008 PgC yr−1 decade−1; these trends are of comparable magnitude to estimates from surface ocean pCO2-based flux products, but they are larger, by a factor of 3–4, than trends estimated from global ocean biogeochemistry models.

Published
2021

15. Tidal mixing of estuarine and coastal waters in the western English Channel is a control on spatial and temporal variability in seawater CO2

Author

Sims, Richard P., Bedington, Michael, Schuster, Ute, Watson, Andrew J., Kitidis, Vassilis, Torres, Ricardo, Findlay, Helen S., Fishwick, James R., Brown, Ian, and Bell, Thomas G.

Abstract

Surface ocean carbon dioxide (CO2) measurements are used to compute the oceanic air–sea CO2 flux. The CO2 flux component from rivers and estuaries is uncertain due to the high spatial and seasonal heterogeneity of CO2 in coastal waters. Existing high-quality CO2 instrumentation predominantly utilises showerhead and percolating style equilibrators optimised for open-ocean observations. The intervals between measurements made with such instrumentation make it difficult to resolve the fine-scale spatial variability of surface water CO2 at timescales relevant to the high frequency variability in estuarine and coastal environments. Here we present a novel dataset with unprecedented frequency and spatial resolution transects made at the Western Channel Observatory in the south-west of the UK from June to September 2016, using a fast-response seawater CO2 system. Novel observations were made along the estuarine–coastal continuum at different stages of the tide and reveal distinct spatial patterns in the surface water CO2 fugacity (fCO2) at different stages of the tidal cycle. Changes in salinity and fCO2 were closely correlated at all stages of the tidal cycle and suggest that the mixing of oceanic and riverine endmembers partially determines the variations in fCO2. The correlation between salinity and fCO2 was different in Cawsand Bay, which could be due to enhanced gas exchange or to enhanced biological activity in the region. The observations demonstrate the complex dynamics determining spatial and temporal patterns of salinity and fCO2 in the region. Spatial variations in observed surface salinity were used to validate the output of a regional high-resolution hydrodynamic model. The model enables a novel estimate of the air–sea CO2 flux in the estuarine–coastal zone. Air–sea CO2 flux variability in the estuarine–coastal boundary region is influenced by the state of the tide because of strong CO2 outgassing from the river plume. The observations and model output demonstrate that undersampling the complex tidal and mixing processes characteristic of estuarine and coastal environment biases quantification of air–sea CO2 fluxes in coastal waters. The results provide a mechanism to support critical national and regional policy implementation by reducing uncertainty in carbon budgets.

Published
2022

16. Tidal mixing of estuarine and coastal waters in the western English Channel is a control on spatial and temporal variability in seawater CO<sub>2</sub>

Author

Sims, Richard P., primary, Bedington, Michael, additional, Schuster, Ute, additional, Watson, Andrew J., additional, Kitidis, Vassilis, additional, Torres, Ricardo, additional, Findlay, Helen S., additional, Fishwick, James R., additional, Brown, Ian, additional, and Bell, Thomas G., additional

Published
2022
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18. Global Carbon Budget 2016

Author

Quéré, Corinne Le, Andrew, Robbie M, Canadell, Josep G, Sitch, Stephen, Korsbakken, Jan Ivar, Peters, Glen P, Manning, Andrew C, Boden, Thomas A, Tans, Pieter P, Houghton, Richard A, Keeling, Ralph F, Alin, Simone, Andrews, Oliver D, Anthoni, Peter, Barbero, Leticia, Bopp, Laurent, Chevallier, Frédéric, Chini, Louise P, Ciais, Philippe, Currie, Kim, Delire, Christine, Doney, Scott C, Friedlingstein, Pierre, Gkritzalis, Thanos, Harris, Ian, Hauck, Judith, Haverd, Vanessa, Hoppema, Mario, Goldewijk, Kees Klein, Jain, Atul K, Kato, Etsushi, Koertzinger, Arne, Landschuetzer, Peter, Lefèvre, Nathalie, Lenton, Andrew, Lienert, Sebastian, Lombardozzi, Danica, Melton, Joe R, Metzl, Nicolas, Millero, Frank, Monteiro, Pedro M. S, Munro, David R, Nabel, Julia E. M. S, Nakaoka, Shin-ichiro, O’Brien, Kevin, Olsen, Are, Omar, Abdirahman M, Ono, Tsuneo, Pierrot, Denis, Poulter, Benjamin, Roedenbeck, Christian, Salisbury, Joe, Schuster, Ute, Schwinger, Joerg, Séférian, Roland, Skjelvan, Ingunn, Stocker, Benjamin D, Sutton, Adrienne J, Takahashi, Taro, Tian, Hanqin, Tilbrook, Bronte, van der Laan-Luijkx, Ingrid T, van der Werf, Guido R, Viovy, Nicolas, Walker, Anthony P, Wiltshire, Andrew J, and Zaehle, Soenke

Subjects
Meteorology And Climatology
Abstract

Accurate assessment of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and their redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere the global carbon budget is important to better understand the global carbon cycle, support the development of climate policies, and project future climate change. Here we describe data sets and methodology to quantify all major components of the global carbon budget, including their uncertainties, based on the combination of a range of data, algorithms, statistics, and model estimates and their interpretation by a broad scientific community. We discuss changes compared to previous estimates and consistency within and among components, alongside methodology and data limitations. CO2 emissions from fossil fuels and industry (EFF) are based on energy statistics and cement production data, respectively, while emissions from land-use change (ELUC), mainly deforestation, are based on combined evidence from land-cover change data, fire activity associated with deforestation, and models. The global atmospheric CO2 concentration is measured directly and its rate of growth (GATM) is computed from the annual changes in concentration. The mean ocean CO2 sink (SOCEAN) is based on observations from the 1990s, while the annual anomalies and trends are estimated with ocean models. The variability in SOCEAN is evaluated with data products based on surveys of ocean CO2 measurements. The global residual terrestrial CO2 sink (SLAND) is estimated by the difference of the other terms of the global carbon budget and compared to results of independent dynamic global vegetation models. We compare the mean land and ocean fluxes and their variability to estimates from three atmospheric inverse methods for three broad latitude bands. All uncertainties are reported as +/- 1(sigma), reflecting the current capacity to characterize the annual estimates of each component of the global carbon budget. For the last decade available (2006-2015), EFF was 9.3+/-0.5 GtC/yr, ELUC 1.0+/-0.5 GtC/yr,GATM 4.5+/-0.1 GtC/yr, SOCEAN 2.6+/-0.5 GtC/yr, and SLAND 3.1+/-0.9 GtC/yr. For year 2015 alone, the growth in EFF was approximately zero and emissions remained at 9.9+/-0.5 GtC/yr, showing a slowdown in growth of these emissions compared to the average growth of 1.8/yr that took place during 2006-2015.Also, for 2015, ELUC was 1.3+/-0.5 GtC/yr, GATM was 6.3+/-0.2 GtC/yr, SOCEAN was 3.0+/-0.5 GtC/yr, and SLAND was 1.9+/-0.9 GtC/yr. GATM was higher in 2015 compared to the past decade (2006-2015), reflecting a smaller SLAND for that year. The global atmospheric CO2 concentration reached 399.4+/-0.1 ppm averaged over 2015. For 2016, preliminary data indicate the continuation of low growth in EFF with +0.2% (range of -1.0 to +1.8% ) based on national emissions projections for China and USA, and projections of gross domestic product corrected for recent changes in the carbon intensity of the economy for the rest of the world. In spite of the low growth of EFF in 2016, the growth rate in atmospheric CO2 concentration is expected to be relatively high because of the persistence of the smaller residual terrestrial sink (SLAND) in response to El Nino conditions of 2015-2016. From this projection of EFF and assumed constant ELUC for 2016, cumulative emissions of CO2 will reach 565+/-55 GtC (2075+/-205 GtCO2) for 1870-2016, about 75% from EFF and 25% from ELUC. This living data update documents changes in the methods and data sets used in this new carbon budget compared with previous publications of this data set.

Published
2016
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19. Tracking the Variable North Atlantic Sink for Atmospheric CO2

Author

Watson, Andrew J., Schuster, Ute, Bakker, Dorothee C. E., Bates, Nicholas R., Corbière, Antoine, González-Dávila, Melchor, Friedrich, Tobias, Hauck, Judith, Heinze, Christoph, Johannessen, Truls, Körtzinger, Arne, Metzl, Nicolas, Olafsson, Jon, Olsen, Are, Oschlies, Andreas, Padin, X. Antonio, Pfeil, Benjamin, Santana-Casiano, J. Magdalena, Steinhoff, Tobias, Telszewski, Maciej, Rios, Aida F., Wallace, Douglas W. R., and Wanninkhof, Rik

Published
2009
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20. SUPPLEMENT : UK–SOLAS FIELD MEASUREMENTS OF AIR–SEA EXCHANGE Instrumentation

Author

Brooks, Ian M., Yelland, Margaret J., Upstill-Goddard, Robert C., Nightingale, Philip D., Archer, Steve, d’Asaro, Eric, Beale, Rachael, Beatty, Cory, Blomquist, Byron, Bloom, A. Anthony, Brooks, Barbara J., Cluderay, John, Coles, David, Dacey, John, DeGrandpre, Michael, Dixon, Jo, Drennan, William M., Gabriele, Joseph, Goldson, Laura, Hardman-Mountford, Nick, Hill, Martin K., Horn, Matt, Hsueh, Ping-Chang, Huebert, Barry, de Leeuw, Gerrit, Leighton, Timothy G., Liddicoat, Malcolm, Lingard, Justin J. N., McNeil, Craig, McQuaid, James B., Moat, Ben I., Moore, Gerald, Neill, Craig, Norris, Sarah J., O’Doherty, Simon, Pascal, Robin W., Prytherch, John, Rebozo, Mike, Sahlee, Erik, Salter, Matt, Schuster, Ute, Skjelvan, Ingunn, Slagter, Hans, Smith, Michael H., Smith, Paul D., Srokosz, Meric, Stephens, John A., Taylor, Peter K., Telszewski, Maciej, Walsh, Roisin, Ward, Brian, Woolf, David K., Young, Dickon, and Zemmelink, Henk

Published
2009

21. PHYSICAL EXCHANGES AT THE AIR–SEA INTERFACE : UK–SOLAS Field Measurements

Author

Brooks, Ian M., Yelland, Margaret J., Upstill-Goddard, Robert C., Nightingale, Philip D., Archer, Steve, d’Asaro, Eric, Beale, Rachael, Beatty, Cory, Blomquist, Byron, Bloom, A. Anthony, Brooks, Barbara J., Cluderay, John, Coles, David, Dacey, John, DeGrandpre, Michael, Dixon, Jo, Drennan, William M., Gabriele, Joseph, Goldson, Laura, Hardman-Mountford, Nick, Hill, Martin K., Horn, Matt, Hsueh, Ping-Chang, Huebert, Barry, de Leeuw, Gerrit, Leighton, Timothy G., Liddicoat, Malcolm, Lingard, Justin J. N., McNeil, Craig, McQuaid, James B., Moat, Ben I., Moore, Gerald, Neill, Craig, Norris, Sarah J., O’Doherty, Simon, Pascal, Robin W., Prytherch, John, Rebozo, Mike, Sahlee, Erik, Salter, Matt, Schuster, Ute, Skjelvan, Ingunn, Slagter, Hans, Smith, Michael H., Smith, Paul D., Srokosz, Meric, Stephens, John A., Taylor, Peter K., Telszewski, Maciej, Walsh, Roisin, Ward, Brian, Woolf, David K., Young, Dickon, and Zemmelink, Henk

Published
2009

22. Tidal mixing of estuarine and coastal waters in the Western English Channel controls spatial and temporal variability in seawater CO2

Author

Sims, Richard Peter, Bedington, Michael, Schuster, Ute, Watson, Andrew, Kitidis, Vassilis, Torres, Ricardo, Findlay, Helen, Fishwick, James, Brown, Ian, and Bell, Thomas

Abstract

Surface ocean CO2 measurements are used to compute the oceanic air–sea CO2 flux. The CO2 flux component from rivers and estuaries is uncertain. Estuarine and coastal water carbon dioxide (CO2) observations are relatively few compared to observations in the open ocean. The contribution of these regions to the global air–sea CO2 flux remains uncertain due to systematic under-sampling. Existing high-quality CO2 instrumentation predominantly utilise showerhead and percolating style equilibrators optimised for open ocean observations. The intervals between measurements made with such instrumentation make it difficult to resolve the fine-scale spatial variability of surface water CO2 at timescales relevant to the high frequency variability in estuarine and coastal environments. Here we present a novel dataset with unprecedented frequency and spatial resolution transects made at the Western Channel Observatory in the south west of the UK from June to September 2016, using a fast response seawater CO2 system. Novel observations were made along the estuarine–coastal continuum at different stages of the tide and reveal distinct spatial patterns in the surface water CO2 fugacity (fCO2) at different stages of the tidal cycle. Changes in salinity and fCO2 were closely correlated at all stages of the tidal cycle and suggest that the mixing of oceanic and riverine end members determines the variations in fCO2. The observations demonstrate the complex dynamics determining spatial and temporal patterns of salinity and fCO2 in the region. Spatial variations in observed surface salinity were used to validate the output of a regional high resolution hydrodynamic model. The model enables a novel estimate of the air–sea CO2 flux in the estuarine–coastal zone. Air–sea CO2 flux variability in the estuarine–coastal boundary region is dominated by the state of the tide because of strong CO2 outgassing from the river plume. The observations and model output demonstrate that undersampling the complex tidal and mixing processes characteristic of estuarine and coastal environment bias quantification of air-sea CO2 fluxes in coastal waters. The results provide a mechanism to support critical national and regional policy implementation by reducing uncertainty in carbon budgets.

Published
2021

24. Supplementary material to "Tidal mixing of estuarine and coastal waters in the Western English Channel controls spatial and temporal variability in seawater CO<sub>2</sub>"

Author

Sims, Richard Peter, primary, Bedington, Michael, additional, Schuster, Ute, additional, Watson, Andrew, additional, Kitidis, Vassilis, additional, Torres, Ricardo, additional, Findlay, Helen, additional, Fishwick, James, additional, Brown, Ian, additional, and Bell, Thomas, additional

Published
2021
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25. Integrated Ocean Carbon Research: A Summary of Ocean Carbon Research, and Vision of Coordinated Ocean Carbon Research and Observations for the Next Decade

Author

IOC Working Group on Integrated Ocean Carbon Research (IOC-R), Aricò, Salvatore, Arrieta, Jesús M., Bakker, Dorothée C.E., Boyd, Philip W., Cotrim da Cunha, Leticia, Chai, Fei, Dai, Minhan, Gruber, Nicolas, Isensee, Kirsten, Ishii, Masao, Jiao, Nianzhi, Lauvset, Siv K., McKinley, Galen A., Monteiro, Pedro, Robinson, Carol, Sabine, Christopher, Sanders, Richard, Schoo, Katherina L., Schuster, Ute, Shutler, Jamie D., Thomas, Helmuth, Wanninkhof, Rik, Watson, Andrew J., Bopp, Laurent, Boss, Emmanuel, Bracco, Annalisa, Cai, Wenju, Fay, Amanda, Feely, Richard A., Gregor, Luke, Hauck, Judith, Heinze, Christoph, Henson, Stephanie, Hwang, Jeomshik, Post, Joanna, Suntharalingam, Parvadha, Telszewski, Maciej, Tilbrook, Bronte, Valsala, Vinu, Rojas Aldana, Alejandro, Wanninkhof, Rik, Sabine, Christopher, and Aricò, Salvatore

Abstract

IOC Technical Series, 158 Rev.

Published
2021

26. Integrated ocean carbon research: a summary of ocean carbon research, and vision of coordinated ocean carbon research and observations for the next decade

Author

Arico, Salvatore, Arrieta, Jesús M., Bakker, Dorothee C. E., Boyd, Philip W., Da Cunha, Leticia Cotrim, Chai, Fei, Dai, Minhan, Gruber, Nicolas, Isensee, Kirsten, Ishii, Masso, Jiao, Nianzhi, Lauvset, Siv K., McKinley, Galen A., Monteiro, Pedro, Robinson, Carol, Sabine, Christopher, Sanders, Richard, Schoo, Katherina L., Schuster, Ute, Shutler, Jamie D., Thomas, Helmuth, Watson, Andrew J., Bopp, Laurent, Boss, Emmanuel, Bracco, Annalisa, Cai, Wenju, Fay, Amanda, Feely, Richard A., Gregor, Luke, Hauck, Judith, Heinze, Christoph, Henson, Stephanie, Hwang, Jennifer, Post, Joanna, Suntharalingam, Parvadha, Telszewski, Maciej, Tilbrook, Bronte, Valsala, Vinu, Rojas Aldana, Alejandro, and Wanninkhof, Rik

Published
2021

27. Integrated Ocean Carbon Research

Author

IOC Working Group on Integrated Ocean Carbon Research (IOC-R), Aricò, Salvatore, Watson, Andrew J., Wanninkhof, Rik, Thomas, Helmuth, Shutler, Jamie D., Schuster, Ute, Schoo, Katherina L., Sanders, Richard, Sabine, Christopher, Robinson, Carol, Monteiro, Pedro, McKinley, Galen A., Jiao, Nianzhi, Ishii, Masao, Isensee, Kirsten, Gruber, Nicolas, Dai, Minhan, Chai, Fei, Cotrim da Cunha, Leticia, Boyd, Philip W., Bakker, Dorothee C. E., Arrieta, Jesús M., and Lauvset, Siv K.

Subjects
fish, vision, carbon, Climatic changes, 12. Responsible consumption, Dissolved inorganic carbon, access, Carbon dioxide, 13. Climate action, 11. Sustainability, Centro Oceanográfico de Canarias, 14. Life underwater, Medio Marino, Dissolved organic carbon, documents
Abstract

The Integrated Ocean Carbon Research (IOC-R) programme is a formal working group of the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) that was formed in 2018 in response to the United Nations (UN) Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development (2021-2030), “the Decade.” The IOC-R will contribute to the science elements of the overarching Implementation Plan for the Decade1. The Implementation Plan is a high-level framework to guide actions by which ocean science can more effectively deliver its contribution and co-development with other entities to achieve the societal outcomes outlined in the Decade plan and the sustainable development goals (SDGs) of the UN., PERSISTENCIA DE SUSTRATOS ORGANICOS EN AMBIENTES OCEANICOS DILUIDOS, UNESCO, POSEIDON

Published
2021
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28. Variability of North Atlantic CO2 fluxes for the 2000–2017 period

Author

Chen, Zhaohui, Suntharalingam, Parvadha, Watson, Andrew J., Schuster, Ute, Zhu, Jiang, and Zeng, Ning

Abstract

We present new estimates of the regional North Atlantic (15° N–80° N) CO2 flux for the 2000–2017 period using atmospheric CO2 measurements from the NOAA long term surface site network in combination with an atmospheric data assimilation system (GEOSChem–LETKF). We also assess the sensitivity of flux estimates to the representation of the prior ocean flux distribution and to the associated specification of prior flux uncertainty, including a specification that is dependent on the agreement among the multiple representations of the prior ocean flux. Long term average flux estimates for the 2000–2017 period are −0.26±0.04 PgC y−1 for the subtropical basin (15° N–50° N), and −0.25±0.04 PgC y−1 for the subpolar region (50° N–80° N, west of 20° E). Our basin–scale estimates of the amplitude of interannual variability (IAV) are 0.037±0.006 PgC y−1 and 0.025±0.009 PgC y−1 for subtropical and subpolar regions respectively. We find a statistically significant trend in carbon uptake for the subtropical North Atlantic of −0.062±0.009 PgC y−1 decade−1 over this period.

Published
2020

31. Perspectives and Integration in SOLAS Science

Author

Garçon, Véronique C., primary, Bell, Thomas G., additional, Wallace, Douglas, additional, Arnold, Steve R., additional, Baker, Alex, additional, Bakker, Dorothee C. E., additional, Bange, Hermann W., additional, Bates, Nicholas R., additional, Bopp, Laurent, additional, Boutin, Jacqueline, additional, Boyd, Philip W., additional, Bracher, Astrid, additional, Burrows, John P., additional, Carpenter, Lucy J., additional, de Leeuw, Gerrit, additional, Fennel, Katja, additional, Font, Jordi, additional, Friedrich, Tobias, additional, Garbe, Christoph S., additional, Gruber, Nicolas, additional, Jaeglé, Lyatt, additional, Lana, Arancha, additional, Lee, James D., additional, Liss, Peter S., additional, Miller, Lisa A., additional, Olgun, Nazli, additional, Olsen, Are, additional, Pfeil, Benjamin, additional, Quack, Birgit, additional, Read, Katie A., additional, Reul, Nicolas, additional, Rödenbeck, Christian, additional, Rohekar, Shital S., additional, Saiz-Lopez, Alfonso, additional, Saltzman, Eric S., additional, Schneising, Oliver, additional, Schuster, Ute, additional, Seferian, Roland, additional, Steinhoff, Tobias, additional, Traon, Pierre-Yves Le, additional, and Ziska, Franziska, additional

Published
2013
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33. Winter weather controls net influx of atmospheric CO2 on the north-west European shelf

Author

Kitidis, Vassilis, primary, Shutler, Jamie D., additional, Ashton, Ian, additional, Warren, Mark, additional, Brown, Ian, additional, Findlay, Helen, additional, Hartman, Sue E., additional, Sanders, Richard, additional, Humphreys, Matthew, additional, Kivimäe, Caroline, additional, Greenwood, Naomi, additional, Hull, Tom, additional, Pearce, David, additional, McGrath, Triona, additional, Stewart, Brian M., additional, Walsham, Pamela, additional, McGovern, Evin, additional, Bozec, Yann, additional, Gac, Jean-Philippe, additional, van Heuven, Steven M. A. C., additional, Hoppema, Mario, additional, Schuster, Ute, additional, Johannessen, Truls, additional, Omar, Abdirahman, additional, Lauvset, Siv K., additional, Skjelvan, Ingunn, additional, Olsen, Are, additional, Steinhoff, Tobias, additional, Körtzinger, Arne, additional, Becker, Meike, additional, Lefevre, Nathalie, additional, Diverrès, Denis, additional, Gkritzalis, Thanos, additional, Cattrijsse, André, additional, Petersen, Wilhelm, additional, Voynova, Yoana G., additional, Chapron, Bertrand, additional, Grouazel, Antoine, additional, Land, Peter E., additional, Sharples, Jonathan, additional, and Nightingale, Philip D., additional

Published
2019
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35. Satellites will address critical science priorities for quantifying ocean carbon

Author

Shutler, Jamie D, primary, Wanninkhof, Rik, additional, Nightingale, Philip D, additional, Woolf, David K, additional, Bakker, Dorothee CE, additional, Watson, Andy, additional, Ashton, Ian, additional, Holding, Thomas, additional, Chapron, Bertrand, additional, Quilfen, Yves, additional, Fairall, Chris, additional, Schuster, Ute, additional, Nakajima, Masakatsu, additional, and Donlon, Craig J, additional

Published
2019
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38. Constraining the Oceanic Uptake and Fluxes of Greenhouse Gases by Building an Ocean Network of Certified Stations: The Ocean Component of the Integrated Carbon Observation System, ICOS-Oceans

Author

Steinhoff, Tobias, Gkritzalis, Thanos, Lauvset, Siv K., Jones, Stephen D., Schuster, Ute, Olsen, Are, Becker, Meike, Bozzano, Roberto, Brunetti, Fabio, Cantoni, Carolina, Cardin, Vanessa, Diverrès, Denis, Fiedler, Björn, Fransson, Agneta, Giani, Michele, Hartman, Sue, Hoppema, Mario, Jeansson, Emil, Johannessen, Truls, Kitidis, Vassilis, Körtzinger, Arne, Landa, Camilla S., Lefèvre, Nathalie, Luchetta, Anna, Naudts, Lieven, Nightingale, Philip, Omar, Abdirahman M., Pensieri, Sara, Pfeil, Benjamin, Castaño-Primo, Rocío, Rehder, Gregor, Rutgersson, Anna, Sanders, Richard, Schewe, Ingo, Siena, Giuseppe, Skjelvan, Ingunn, Soltwedel, Thomas, Van Heuven, Steven M. A. C., Watson, Andrew J., Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research [Kiel] (GEOMAR), Flanders Marine Institute, VLIZ, Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research (BCCR), Department of Biological Sciences [Bergen] (BIO / UiB), University of Bergen (UiB)-University of Bergen (UiB), College of Life and Environmental Sciences [Exeter], University of Exeter, University of Leeds, Instrumentation, Moyens analytiques, Observatoires en Géophysique et Océanographie (IMAGO), Norwegian Polar Institute, Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e di Oceanografia Sperimentale (OGS), Meteorological Research Institute [Tsukuba] (MRI), Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML), Austral, Boréal et Carbone (ABC), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences (RBINS), University of Bergen (UiB), Department of Earth Sciences [Uppsala], Uppsala University, Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung (AWI), Centre for Isotope Research [Groningen] (CIO), University of Groningen [Groningen], European Project: 654410,H2020,H2020-INFRAIA-2014-2015,JERICO-NEXT(2015), Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU), GEOMAR - Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research [Kiel] (GEOMAR), University of Bergen (UIB), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Earth Sciences [ Uppsala], and NASA Ames Research Center (ARC)

Subjects
[PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], autonomous surface vehicle, Climate Research, ATC, dissolved inorganic, carbon portal, ocean observation, network design, Oceanografi, hydrologi och vattenresurser, flux maps, Klimatforskning, Oceanography, Hydrology and Water Resources, CO2 fluxes, Atmospheric Thematic Centre, DIC, CP, carbon sink, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, ASV
Abstract

The European Research Infrastructure Consortium “Integrated Carbon Observation System” (ICOS) aims at delivering high quality greenhouse gas (GHG) observations and derived data products (e.g., regional GHG-flux maps) for constraining the GHG balance on a European level, on a sustained long-term basis. The marine domain (ICOS-Oceans) currently consists of 11 Ship of Opportunity lines (SOOP – Ship of Opportunity Program) and 10 Fixed Ocean Stations (FOSs) spread across European waters, including the North Atlantic and Arctic Oceans and the Barents, North, Baltic, and Mediterranean Seas. The stations operate in a harmonized and standardized way based on community-proven protocols and methods for ocean GHG observations, improving operational conformity as well as quality control and assurance of the data. This enables the network to focus on long term research into the marine carbon cycle and the anthropogenic carbon sink, while preparing the network to include other GHG fluxes. ICOS data are processed on a near real-time basis and will be published on the ICOS Carbon Portal (CP), allowing monthly estimates of CO2 air-sea exchange to be quantified for European waters. ICOS establishes transparent operational data management routines following the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable) guiding principles allowing amongst others reproducibility, interoperability, and traceability. The ICOS-Oceans network is actively integrating with the atmospheric (e.g., improved atmospheric measurements onboard SOOP lines) and ecosystem (e.g., oceanic direct gas flux measurements) domains of ICOS, and utilizes techniques developed by the ICOS Central Facilities and the CP. There is a strong interaction with the international ocean carbon cycle community to enhance interoperability and harmonize data flow. The future vision of ICOS-Oceans includes ship-based ocean survey sections to obtain a three-dimensional understanding of marine carbon cycle processes and optimize the existing network design. publishedVersion

Published
2019

39. Tidal mixing of estuarine and coastal waters in the Western English Channel controls spatial and temporal variability in seawater CO2.

Author

Sims, Richard Peter, Bedington, Michael, Schuster, Ute, Watson, Andrew, Kitidis, Vassilis, Torres, Ricardo, Findlay, Helen, Fishwick, James, Brown, Ian, and Bell, Thomas

Subjects
TERRITORIAL waters, CARBON dioxide in water, OCEANIC mixing, REGIONS of freshwater influence, SEAWATER, SALTWATER encroachment
Abstract

Surface ocean CO2 measurements are used to compute the oceanic air-sea CO2 flux. The CO2 flux component from rivers and estuaries is uncertain. Estuarine and coastal water carbon dioxide (CO2) observations are relatively few compared to observations in the open ocean. The contribution of these regions to the global air-sea CO2 flux remains uncertain due to systematic under-sampling. Existing high-quality CO2 instrumentation predominantly utilise showerhead and percolating style equilibrators optimised for open ocean observations. The intervals between measurements made with such instrumentation make it difficult to resolve the fine-scale spatial variability of surface water CO2 at timescales relevant to the high frequency variability in estuarine and coastal environments. Here we present a novel dataset with unprecedented frequency and spatial resolution transects made at the Western Channel Observatory in the south west of the UK from June to September 2016, using a fast response seawater CO2 system. Novel observations were made along the estuarine-coastal continuum at different stages of the tide and reveal distinct spatial patterns in the surface water CO2 fugacity (fCO2) at different stages of the tidal cycle. Changes in salinity and fCO2 were closely correlated at all stages of the tidal cycle and suggest that the mixing of oceanic and riverine end members determines the variations in fCO2. The observations demonstrate the complex dynamics determining spatial and temporal patterns of salinity and fCO2 in the region. Spatial variations in observed surface salinity were used to validate the output of a regional high resolution hydrodynamic model. The model enables a novel estimate of the air-sea CO2 flux in the estuarine-coastal zone. Air-sea CO2 flux variability in the estuarine-coastal boundary region is dominated by the state of the tide because of strong CO2 outgassing from the river plume. The observations and model output demonstrate that undersampling the complex tidal and mixing processes characteristic of estuarine and coastal environment bias quantification of air-sea CO2 fluxes in coastal waters. The results provide a mechanism to support critical national and regional policy implementation by reducing uncertainty in carbon budgets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2021
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40. Atlantic Ocean Observing Networks: Cost and feasibility study

Author

Reilly, Kieran, Cusack, Caroline, Fernandez, Vicente, Buch, Erik, Ott, Michael, Araujo, Moacyr, Bourles, Bernard, Cancouet, Romain, Connell, Kenneth, Cristini, Luisa, Dolk, Shaun, Edwards, Martin, Emzivat, Gilbert, Fischer, Albert, Fitzhenry, Deirdre, Gourcuff, Claire, Karstensen, Johannes, King, Andrew, Kuska, Gerhard, Lampitt, Richard, Lumpkin, Rick, McDonough, Niall, McPhaden, Mike, Nobre, Paulo, O'Conchubhair, Diarmuid, O'Rourke, Eleanor, Obolensky, Grigor, Piotrowicz, Stephen, Poli, Paul, Pouliquen, Sylvie, Rae, Margaret, Schauer, Ursula, Schuster, Ute, Sloyan, Bernadette, Steventon, Emma, Tanhua, Toste, Tanner, Gil, Testor, Pierre, Trotte, Janice, Turpin, Victor, Turton, Jon, Townsend, Brendal, Wanninkhof, Rik, and Whoriskey, Fred

Subjects
14. Life underwater
Abstract

Results of a cost and feasibility study of the present and planned integrated Atlantic Ocean Observing System, including assessing the readiness and feasibility of implementation of different observing technologies

Published
2018

41. Ship-Based Contributions to Global Ocean, Weather, and Climate Observing Systems

Author

Smith, Shawn R., primary, Alory, Gaël, additional, Andersson, Axel, additional, Asher, William, additional, Baker, Alex, additional, Berry, David I., additional, Drushka, Kyla, additional, Figurskey, Darin, additional, Freeman, Eric, additional, Holthus, Paul, additional, Jickells, Tim, additional, Kleta, Henry, additional, Kent, Elizabeth C., additional, Kolodziejczyk, Nicolas, additional, Kramp, Martin, additional, Loh, Zoe, additional, Poli, Paul, additional, Schuster, Ute, additional, Steventon, Emma, additional, Swart, Sebastiaan, additional, Tarasova, Oksana, additional, de la Villéon, Loic Petit, additional, and Vinogradova-Shiffer, Nadya, additional

Published
2019
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42. A Surface Ocean CO2 Reference Network, SOCONET and Associated Marine Boundary Layer CO2 Measurements

Author

Wanninkhof, Rik, primary, Pickers, Penelope A., additional, Omar, Abdirahman M., additional, Sutton, Adrienne, additional, Murata, Akihiko, additional, Olsen, Are, additional, Stephens, Britton B., additional, Tilbrook, Bronte, additional, Munro, David, additional, Pierrot, Denis, additional, Rehder, Gregor, additional, Santana-Casiano, J. Magdalena, additional, Müller, Jens D., additional, Trinanes, Joaquin, additional, Tedesco, Kathy, additional, O’Brien, Kevin, additional, Currie, Kim, additional, Barbero, Leticia, additional, Telszewski, Maciej, additional, Hoppema, Mario, additional, Ishii, Masao, additional, González-Dávila, Melchor, additional, Bates, Nicholas R., additional, Metzl, Nicolas, additional, Suntharalingam, Parvadha, additional, Feely, Richard A., additional, Nakaoka, Shin-ichiro, additional, Lauvset, Siv K., additional, Takahashi, Taro, additional, Steinhoff, Tobias, additional, and Schuster, Ute, additional

Published
2019
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43. Global Carbon Budget 2018

Author

Le Quéré, Corinne, primary, Andrew, Robbie M., additional, Friedlingstein, Pierre, additional, Sitch, Stephen, additional, Hauck, Judith, additional, Pongratz, Julia, additional, Pickers, Penelope A., additional, Korsbakken, Jan Ivar, additional, Peters, Glen P., additional, Canadell, Josep G., additional, Arneth, Almut, additional, Arora, Vivek K., additional, Barbero, Leticia, additional, Bastos, Ana, additional, Bopp, Laurent, additional, Chevallier, Frédéric, additional, Chini, Louise P., additional, Ciais, Philippe, additional, Doney, Scott C., additional, Gkritzalis, Thanos, additional, Goll, Daniel S., additional, Harris, Ian, additional, Haverd, Vanessa, additional, Hoffman, Forrest M., additional, Hoppema, Mario, additional, Houghton, Richard A., additional, Hurtt, George, additional, Ilyina, Tatiana, additional, Jain, Atul K., additional, Johannessen, Truls, additional, Jones, Chris D., additional, Kato, Etsushi, additional, Keeling, Ralph F., additional, Goldewijk, Kees Klein, additional, Landschützer, Peter, additional, Lefèvre, Nathalie, additional, Lienert, Sebastian, additional, Liu, Zhu, additional, Lombardozzi, Danica, additional, Metzl, Nicolas, additional, Munro, David R., additional, Nabel, Julia E. M. S., additional, Nakaoka, Shin-ichiro, additional, Neill, Craig, additional, Olsen, Are, additional, Ono, Tsueno, additional, Patra, Prabir, additional, Peregon, Anna, additional, Peters, Wouter, additional, Peylin, Philippe, additional, Pfeil, Benjamin, additional, Pierrot, Denis, additional, Poulter, Benjamin, additional, Rehder, Gregor, additional, Resplandy, Laure, additional, Robertson, Eddy, additional, Rocher, Matthias, additional, Rödenbeck, Christian, additional, Schuster, Ute, additional, Schwinger, Jörg, additional, Séférian, Roland, additional, Skjelvan, Ingunn, additional, Steinhoff, Tobias, additional, Sutton, Adrienne, additional, Tans, Pieter P., additional, Tian, Hanqin, additional, Tilbrook, Bronte, additional, Tubiello, Francesco N., additional, van der Laan-Luijkx, Ingrid T., additional, van der Werf, Guido R., additional, Viovy, Nicolas, additional, Walker, Anthony P., additional, Wiltshire, Andrew J., additional, Wright, Rebecca, additional, Zaehle, Sönke, additional, and Zheng, Bo, additional

Published
2018
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44. Variability of North Atlantic CO2 fluxes for the 2000-2017 period.

Author

Chen, Zhaohui, Suntharalingam, Parvadha, Watson, Andrew J., Schuster, Ute, Zhu, Jiang, and Zeng, Ning

Subjects
FLUX (Energy), OCEAN, UNCERTAINTY, ESTIMATES, TECHNICAL specifications
Abstract

We present new estimates of the regional North Atlantic (15° N-80° N) CO2 flux for the 2000-2017 period using atmospheric CO2 measurements from the NOAA long term surface site network in combination with an atmospheric data assimilation system (GEOSChem-LETKF). We also assess the sensitivity of flux estimates to the representation of the prior ocean flux distribution and to the associated specification of prior flux uncertainty, including a specification that is dependent on the agreement among the multiple representations of the prior ocean flux. Long term average flux estimates for the 2000-2017 period are -0.26±0.04 PgC y-1 for the subtropical basin (15° N-50° N), and -0.25±0.04 PgC y-1 for the subpolar region (50° N-80° N, west of 20° E). Our basin-scale estimates of the amplitude of interannual variability (IAV) are 0.037±0.006 PgC y-1 and 0.025±0.009 PgC y-1 for subtropical and subpolar regions respectively. We find a statistically significant trend in carbon uptake for the subtropical North Atlantic of -0.062±0.009 PgC y-1 decade-1 over this period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2020
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45. Quantification of the ocean carbon sink using surface ocean observations

Author

Bakker, Dorothee C. E., Olsen, Are, Sabine, Christopher L., Pfeil, Benjamin, Alin, Simone R., Cosca, Catherine E., Currie, Kim, Feely, Richard A., Jones, Stephen D., Kozyr, Alex, Landa, Camilla S., Landschützer, Peter, Lefèvre, Nathalie, Metzl, Nicolas, Nakaoka, Shin-ichiro, Nojiri, Yukihiro, O'Brien, Kevin M., Pierrot, Denis, Rödenbeck, Christian, Schuster, Ute, Smith, Karl M., Takahashi, Taro, Telszewski, Maciej, Tilbrook, Bronte, Wanninkhof, Rik H., SOCAT, contributors, Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research (BCCR), Department of Biological Sciences [Bergen] (BIO / UiB), University of Bergen (UiB)-University of Bergen (UiB), NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory [Seattle] (PMEL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research [Wellington] (NIWA), Oak Ridge National Laboratory [Oak Ridge] (ORNL), UT-Battelle, LLC, Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie (MPI-M), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Austral, Boréal et Carbone (ABC), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Équipe CO2 (E-CO2), National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), Max-Planck-Institut, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean (JISAO), University of Washington [Seattle], Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (LDEO), Columbia University [New York], NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), and University of Exeter

Subjects
[PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

International audience

Published
2017

46. Developments in marine pCO2 measurement technology: towards sustained in situ observations

Author

Clarke, Jennifer S., Achterberg, Eric P., Connelly, Douglas P., Schuster, Ute, and Mowlem, Matthew

Subjects
Environmental Chemistry, Spectroscopy, Analytical Chemistry
Abstract

Highlights • Evaluation of currently available marine pCO2 sensors with respect to in situ deployment potential. • In depth review of novel optode technology for pCO2. • A pCO2 optode was calibrated using modified time-domain dual lifetime referencing, over the range 280–480 μatm, with a precision of 0.8 μatm. Abstract The oceanic uptake of anthropogenic CO2 causes pronounced changes to the marine carbonate system. High quality pCO2 measurements with good temporal and spatial coverage are required to monitor the oceanic uptake, identify regions with pronounced carbonate system changes, and observe the effectiveness of CO2 emission mitigation strategies. There are currently several instruments available, but many are unsuitable for autonomous deployments on in situ platforms such as gliders, moorings and Argo floats. We assess currently available technology on its suitability for in situ deployment, with a focus on optode technology developments. Optodes for pCO2 measurements provide a promising new technological approach, and were successfully calibrated over the range of 280–480 μatm applying modified time-domain dual lifetime referencing. A laboratory precision of 0.8 μatm (n = 10) and a response time (τ90) of 165 s were achieved, and with further development pCO2 optodes may become as widely used as their oxygen counterparts.

Published
2017

48. Cell‐autonomous impact of polysialic acid‐producing enzyme ST8SIA2 on developmental migration and distribution of cortical interneurons.

Author

Schuster, Ute E., Rossdam, Charlotte, Röckle, Iris, Schiff, Miriam, and Hildebrandt, Herbert

Subjects
*INTERNEURONS, *EMBRYOLOGY, *PREFRONTAL cortex, *BRANCHING processes, *MOTOR cortex, *SOMATOSENSORY cortex
Abstract

In humans, variations in the polysialic acid‐producing enzyme ST8SIA2 and disturbances in the cortical inhibitory system are associated with neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia and autism. In mice, the ST8SIA2‐dependent formation of polysialic acid during embryonic development is crucial for the establishment of interneuron populations of the medial prefrontal cortex. However, the spatial pattern and the neurodevelopmental mechanisms of interneuron changes caused by loss of ST8SIA2 function have not been fully characterized. Here, we use immunohistochemical analysis to demonstrate that densities of parvalbumin‐positive interneurons are not only reduced in the medial prefrontal cortex, but also in the adjacent motor and somatosensory cortices of St8sia2‐deficient male mice. These reductions, however, were confined to the rostral parts of the analyzed region. Mice with conditional knockout of St8sia2 under the interneuron‐specific Lhx6 promoter, but not mice with a deletion under the Emx1 promoter that targets cortical excitatory neurons and glia, largely recapitulated the area‐specific changes of parvalbumin‐positive interneurons in the anterior cortex of St8sia2‐/‐ mice. Live imaging of interneuron migration in slice cultures of the developing cortex revealed a comparable reduction of directional persistence accompanied by increased branching of leading processes in slice cultures obtained from St8sia2‐/‐ embryos or from embryos with interneuron‐specific ablation of St8sia2. Together, the data demonstrate a cell‐autonomous impact of ST8SIA2 on cortical interneuron migration and the distribution of parvalbumin‐positive interneurons in the anterior cortex. This provides a neurodevelopmental mechanism for how dysregulation of ST8SIA2 may lead to disturbed inhibitory balance as observed in schizophrenia and autism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2020
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49. Reconciling Observation and Model Trends in North Atlantic Surface CO2.

Author

Lebehot, Alice D., Halloran, Paul R., Watson, Andrew J., McNeall, Doug, Ford, David A., Landschützer, Peter, Lauvset, Siv K., and Schuster, Ute

Subjects
ATMOSPHERIC models, EARTH system science, FUGACITY, BIOGEOCHEMISTRY
Abstract

The North Atlantic Ocean is a region of intense uptake of atmospheric CO2. To assess how this CO2 sink has evolved over recent decades, various approaches have been used to estimate basin‐wide uptake from the irregularly sampled in situ CO2 observations. Until now, the lack of robust uncertainties associated with observation‐based gap‐filling methods required to produce these estimates has limited the capacity to validate climate model simulated surface ocean CO2 concentrations. After robustly quantifying basin‐wide and annually varying interpolation uncertainties using both observational and model data, we show that the North Atlantic surface ocean fugacity of CO2 (fCO2−ocean) increased at a significantly slower rate than that simulated by the latest generation of Earth System Models during the period 1992–2014. We further show, with initialized model simulations, that the inability of these models to capture the observed trend in surface fCO2−ocean is primarily due to biases in the models' ocean biogeochemistry. Our results imply that current projections may underestimate the contribution of the North Atlantic to mitigating increasing future atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Key Points: Robust uncertainties for the recent change in the North Atlantic surface fCO2 are determined by using observational‐based and model productsThe increasing North Atlantic surface fCO2 is overestimated by ESMs during 1992–2014, and not captured by models' internal variabilitySimulation initialised with biogeochemical observations correct for the models' bias in the trend in surface CO2 trends [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2019
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50. A multi-decade record of high-quality fCO2 data in version 3 of the Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT)

Author

Bakker, Dorothee C. E., Pfeil, Benjamin, Landa, Camilla S., Metzl, Nicolas, O'Brien, Kevin M., Olsen, Are, Smith, Karl M., Cosca, Catherine E., Harasawa, Sumiko, Jones, Stephen D., Nakaoka, Shin-Ichiro, Nojiri, Yukihiro, Schuster, Ute, Steinhoff, Tobias, Sweeney, Colm, Takahashi, Taro, Tilbrook, Bronte, Wada, Chisato, Wanninkhof, Rik H., Alin, Simone R., Balestrini, Carlos F., Barbero, Leticia, Bates, Nicholas R., Bianchi, Alejandro A., Bonou, Frédéric, Boutin, Jacqueline, Bozec, Yann, Burger, Eugene F., Cai, Wei-Jun, Castle, Robert D., Chen, Liqi, Chierici, Melissa, Currie, Kim, Evans, Wiley, Featherstone, Charles, Feely, Richard A., Fransson, Agneta, Goyet, Catherine, Greenwood, Naomi, Gregor, Luke, Hankin, Steven, Hardman-Mountford, Nick J., Harlay, Jérôme, Hauck, Judith, Hoppema, Mario, Humphreys, Matthew P., Hunt, Christopher W., Huss, Betty, Ibánhez, J. Severino P., Johannessen, Truls, Keeling, Ralph F., Kitidis, Vassilis, Körtzinger, Arne, Kozyr, Alex, Krasakopoulou, Evangelia, Kuwata, Akira, Landschützer, Peter, Lauvset, Siv K., Lefèvre, Nathalie, Lo Monaco, Claire, Manke, Ansley B., Mathis, Jeremy T., Merlivat, Liliane, Millero, Frank J., Monteiro, Pedro M. S., Munro, David R., Murata, Akihiko, Newberger, Timothy, Omar, Abdirahman M., Ono, Tsuneo, Paterson, Kristina, Pearce, David, Pierrot, Denis, Robbins, Lisa L., Saito, Shu, Salisbury, Joseph E., Schlitzer, Reiner, Schneider, Bernd, Schweitzer, Roland, Sieger, Rainer, Skjelvan, Ingunn, Sullivan, Kevin F., Sutherland, Stewart C., Sutton, Adrienne J., Tadokoro, Kazuaki, Telszewski, Maciej, Tuma, Matthias, van Heuven, Steven M. A. C., Vandemark, Doug, Ward, Brian, Watson, Andrew J., Xu, Suqing, Centre for Ocean and Atmospheric, school of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia [Norwich] (UEA), University of Bergen (UiB), Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research (BCCR), Department of Biological Sciences [Bergen] (BIO / UiB), University of Bergen (UiB)-University of Bergen (UiB), Équipe CO2 (E-CO2), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory [Seattle] (PMEL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean (JISAO), University of Washington [Seattle], National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), University of Exeter, Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research [Kiel] (GEOMAR), NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL), Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (LDEO), Columbia University [New York], CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research (CSIRO-MAR), Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML), Departamento de Oceanografia, Servicio de Hidrografía Naval, Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies, Rosenstiel School for Marine and Atmospheric Science (CIMAS), Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science (RSMAS), University of Miami [Coral Gables]-University of Miami [Coral Gables], Ocean and Earth Science [Southampton], University of Southampton-National Oceanography Centre (NOC), Departmento de Engenharia de Produção, Centro de Estudos e Ensaios em Risco e Modelagem Ambiental, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco [Recife] (UFPE), Interactions et Processus au sein de la couche de Surface Océanique (IPSO), Adaptation et diversité en milieu marin (AD2M), Station biologique de Roscoff [Roscoff] (SBR), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), School of Marine Science and Policy, University of Delaware [Newark], The Third Institute of Oceanography SOA, Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg (GU), National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research [Wellington] (NIWA), Norwegian Polar Institute, Institut de Modélisation et d'Analyses en géo-environnement et santé - Espace Développement (IMAGES-Espace DEV), UMR 228 Espace-Dev, Espace pour le développement, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Avignon Université (AU)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Université de Guyane (UG)-Université des Antilles (UA)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Avignon Université (AU)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Université de Guyane (UG)-Université des Antilles (UA), Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science [Lowestoft] (CEFAS), Ocean Systems and Climate Group, CSIR, CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, CISRO Oceans and Atmosphere, University of Hawai‘i [Mānoa] (UHM), Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung (AWI), Ocean Process Analysis Laboratory, University of New Hampshire (UNH), IRD Lago Sul, Brazil, University of California [San Diego] (UC San Diego), University of California (UC), Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML), Oak Ridge National Laboratory [Oak Ridge] (ORNL), UT-Battelle, LLC, University of the Aegean, Tohoku National Fisheries Research Institute, National Fisheries Research Institute, Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie (MPI-M), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Geophysical Institute [Bergen] (GFI / BiU), Austral, Boréal et Carbone (ABC), Department of Ocean Sciences, University of Miami [Coral Gables], Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences [Boulder] (ATOC), University of Colorado [Boulder], Institute of Arctic Alpine Research [University of Colorado Boulder] (INSTAAR), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado [Boulder]-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), National Research Institute for Fisheries Science,Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), United States Geological Survey [Reston] (USGS), Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), Ocean Process Analysis Laboratory (OPAL), Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde, Weathertop consulting LLC, International Ocean Carbon Coordination Project, WCRP Joint planning staff, World Meteorological Organization (WCRP), Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ), AirSea Laboratory, School of Physics and Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland [Galway] (NUI Galway), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), University of Leeds, College of Life and Environmental Sciences [Exeter], Met Eireann, CSIRO Wealth from Oceans National Research Flagship and Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems CRC, Helmholtz Zentrum für Umweltforschung = Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences (BIOS), Centre de résonance magnétique des systèmes biologiques (CRMSB), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bordeaux (UB), CHImie Marine (CHIM), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Station biologique de Roscoff [Roscoff] (SBR), Department of Chemistry, Computer Science Department (UBC-Computer Science), University of British Columbia (UBC), Laboratoire de Biophysique et Dynamique des Systèmes Intégrés (BDSI), Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD), Oceans and Atmosphere Flagship (CSIRO), CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere Flagship, Department of Oceanography (DOCEAN), Federal University of Pernambuco [Recife], University of California, Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel (CAU), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering [Berkeley] (CEE), University of California [Berkeley], University of California-University of California, University of Wisconsin Whitewater, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Department of Computer Science [Royal Holloway], Royal Holloway [University of London] (RHUL), Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies (CIMAS), Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, School of Physics [NUI Galway], School of Environmental Sciences [Norwich], College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Université de Guyane (UG)-Université des Antilles (UA)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Avignon Université (AU)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Université de Guyane (UG)-Université des Antilles (UA)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Avignon Université (AU)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research (INSTAAR), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of California [Berkeley] (UC Berkeley), and University of California (UC)-University of California (UC)

Subjects
lcsh:GE1-350, lcsh:Geology, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], lcsh:QE1-996.5, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], lcsh:Environmental sciences, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, [SDU.STU.OC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography
Abstract

The Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT) is a synthesis of quality-controlled fCO2 (fugacity of carbon dioxide) values for the global surface oceans and coastal seas with regular updates. Version 3 of SOCAT has 14.7 million fCO2 values from 3646 data sets covering the years 1957 to 2014. This latest version has an additional 4.6 million fCO2 values relative to version 2 and extends the record from 2011 to 2014. Version 3 also significantly increases the data availability for 2005 to 2013. SOCAT has an average of approximately 1.2 million surface water fCO2 values per year for the years 2006 to 2012. Quality and documentation of the data has improved. A new feature is the data set quality control (QC) flag of E for data from alternative sensors and platforms. The accuracy of surface water fCO2 has been defined for all data set QC flags. Automated range checking has been carried out for all data sets during their upload into SOCAT. The upgrade of the interactive Data Set Viewer (previously known as the Cruise Data Viewer) allows better interrogation of the SOCAT data collection and rapid creation of high-quality figures for scientific presentations. Automated data upload has been launched for version 4 and will enable more frequent SOCAT releases in the future. High-profile scientific applications of SOCAT include quantification of the ocean sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide and its long-term variation, detection of ocean acidification, as well as evaluation of coupled-climate and ocean-only biogeochemical models. Users of SOCAT data products are urged to acknowledge the contribution of data providers, as stated in the SOCAT Fair Data Use Statement. This ESSD (Earth System Science Data) "living data" publication documents the methods and data sets used for the assembly of this new version of the SOCAT data collection and compares these with those used for earlier versions of the data collection (Pfeil et al., 2013; Sabine et al., 2013; Bakker et al., 2014). Individual data set files, included in the synthesis product, can be downloaded here: doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.849770. The gridded products are available here: doi:10.3334/CDIAC/OTG.SOCAT_V3_GRID.

Published
2016

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