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1. Priorities for synthesis research in ecology and environmental science

Author

Halpern, Benjamin S, Boettiger, Carl, Dietze, Michael C, Gephart, Jessica A, Gonzalez, Patrick, Grimm, Nancy B, Groffman, Peter M, Gurevitch, Jessica, Hobbie, Sarah E, Komatsu, Kimberly J, Kroeker, Kristy J, Lahr, Heather J, Lodge, David M, Lortie, Christopher J, Lowndes, Julie SS, Micheli, Fiorenza, Possingham, Hugh P, Ruckelshaus, Mary H, Scarborough, Courtney, Wood, Chelsea L, Wu, Grace C, Aoyama, Lina, Arroyo, Eva E, Bahlai, Christie A, Beller, Erin E, Blake, Rachael E, Bork, Karrigan S, Branch, Trevor A, Brown, Norah EM, Brun, Julien, Bruna, Emilio M, Buckley, Lauren B, Burnett, Jessica L, Castorani, Max CN, Cheng, Samantha H, Cohen, Sarah C, Couture, Jessica L, Crowder, Larry B, Dee, Laura E, Dias, Arildo S, Diaz‐Maroto, Ignacio J, Downs, Martha R, Dudney, Joan C, Ellis, Erle C, Emery, Kyle A, Eurich, Jacob G, Ferriss, Bridget E, Fredston, Alexa, Furukawa, Hikaru, Gagné, Sara A, Garlick, Sarah R, Garroway, Colin J, Gaynor, Kaitlyn M, González, Angélica L, Grames, Eliza M, Guy‐Haim, Tamar, Hackett, Ed, Hallett, Lauren M, Harms, Tamara K, Haulsee, Danielle E, Haynes, Kyle J, Hazen, Elliott L, Jarvis, Rebecca M, Jones, Kristal, Kandlikar, Gaurav S, Kincaid, Dustin W, Knope, Matthew L, Koirala, Anil, Kolasa, Jurek, Kominoski, John S, Koricheva, Julia, Lancaster, Lesley T, Lawlor, Jake A, Lowman, Heili E, Muller‐Karger, Frank E, Norman, Kari EA, Nourn, Nan, O'Hara, Casey C, Ou, Suzanne X, Padilla‐Gamino, Jacqueline L, Pappalardo, Paula, Peek, Ryan A, Pelletier, Dominique, Plont, Stephen, Ponisio, Lauren C, Portales‐Reyes, Cristina, Provete, Diogo B, Raes, Eric J, Ramirez‐Reyes, Carlos, Ramos, Irene, Record, Sydne, Richardson, Anthony J, Salguero‐Gómez, Roberto, Satterthwaite, Erin V, Schmidt, Chloé, Schwartz, Aaron J, See, Craig R, Shea, Brendan D, Smith, Rachel S, and Sokol, Eric R

Subjects
complexity, coupled systems, diversity, ecological scale, justice, predictability, use-inspired science, Ecological Applications, Ecology, Zoology
Abstract

Synthesis research in ecology and environmental science improves understanding, advances theory, identifies research priorities, and supports management strategies by linking data, ideas, and tools. Accelerating environmental challenges increases the need to focus synthesis science on the most pressing questions. To leverage input from the broader research community, we convened a virtual workshop with participants from many countries and disciplines to examine how and where synthesis can address key questions and themes in ecology and environmental science in the coming decade. Seven priority research topics emerged: (1) diversity, equity, inclusion, and justice (DEIJ), (2) human and natural systems, (3) actionable and use-inspired science, (4) scale, (5) generality, (6) complexity and resilience, and (7) predictability. Additionally, two issues regarding the general practice of synthesis emerged: the need for increased participant diversity and inclusive research practices; and increased and improved data flow, access, and skill-building. These topics and practices provide a strategic vision for future synthesis in ecology and environmental science.

Published
2023

2. Generalized Word Shift Graphs: A Method for Visualizing and Explaining Pairwise Comparisons Between Texts

Author

Gallagher, Ryan J., Frank, Morgan R., Mitchell, Lewis, Schwartz, Aaron J., Reagan, Andrew J., Danforth, Christopher M., and Dodds, Peter Sheridan

Subjects
Computer Science - Computation and Language, Computer Science - Computers and Society, Computer Science - Social and Information Networks, Physics - Physics and Society
Abstract

A common task in computational text analyses is to quantify how two corpora differ according to a measurement like word frequency, sentiment, or information content. However, collapsing the texts' rich stories into a single number is often conceptually perilous, and it is difficult to confidently interpret interesting or unexpected textual patterns without looming concerns about data artifacts or measurement validity. To better capture fine-grained differences between texts, we introduce generalized word shift graphs, visualizations which yield a meaningful and interpretable summary of how individual words contribute to the variation between two texts for any measure that can be formulated as a weighted average. We show that this framework naturally encompasses many of the most commonly used approaches for comparing texts, including relative frequencies, dictionary scores, and entropy-based measures like the Kullback-Leibler and Jensen-Shannon divergences. Through several case studies, we demonstrate how generalized word shift graphs can be flexibly applied across domains for diagnostic investigation, hypothesis generation, and substantive interpretation. By providing a detailed lens into textual shifts between corpora, generalized word shift graphs help computational social scientists, digital humanists, and other text analysis practitioners fashion more robust scientific narratives., Comment: 20 pages, 7 figures, 2 tables

Published
2020
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3. Visitors to urban greenspace have higher sentiment and lower negativity on Twitter

Author

Schwartz, Aaron J., Dodds, Peter Sheridan, O'Neil-Dunne, Jarlath P. M., Danforth, Christopher M., and Ricketts, Taylor H.

Subjects
Computer Science - Social and Information Networks, Computer Science - Computation and Language, Computer Science - Computers and Society
Abstract

With more people living in cities, we are witnessing a decline in exposure to nature. A growing body of research has demonstrated an association between nature contact and improved mood. Here, we used Twitter and the Hedonometer, a world analysis tool, to investigate how sentiment, or the estimated happiness of the words people write, varied before, during, and after visits to San Francisco's urban park system. We found that sentiment was substantially higher during park visits and remained elevated for several hours following the visit. Leveraging differences in vegetative cover across park types, we explored how different types of outdoor public spaces may contribute to subjective well-being. Tweets during visits to Regional Parks, which are greener and have greater vegetative cover, exhibited larger increases in sentiment than tweets during visits to Civic Plazas and Squares. Finally, we analyzed word frequencies to explore several mechanisms theorized to link nature exposure with mental and cognitive benefits. Negation words such as 'no', 'not', and 'don't' decreased in frequency during visits to urban parks. These results can be used by urban planners and public health officials to better target nature contact recommendations for growing urban populations., Comment: 18 pages, 5 figures

Published
2018
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9. Priorities for synthesis research in ecology and environmental science

Author

Halpern, Benjamin S., Boettiger, Carl, Dietze, Michael C., Gephart, Jessica A., Gonzalez, Patrick, Grimm, Nancy B., Groffman, Peter M., Gurevitch, Jessica, Hobbie, Sarah E., Komatsu, Kimberly J., Kroeker, Kristy J., Lahr, Heather J., Lodge, David M., Lortie, Christopher J., Lowndes, Julie S. S., Micheli, Fiorenza, Possingham, Hugh P., Ruckelshaus, Mary H., Scarborough, Courtney, Wood, Chelsea L., Wu, Grace C., Aoyama, Lina, Arroyo, Eva E., Bahlai, Christie A., Beller, Erin E., Blake, Rachael E., Bork, Karrigan S., Branch, Trevor A., Brown, Norah E. M., Brun, Julien, Bruna, Emilio M., Buckley, Lauren B., Burnett, Jessica L., Castorani, Max C. N., Cheng, Samantha H., Cohen, Sarah C., Couture, Jessica L., Crowder, Larry B., Dee, Laura E., Dias, Arildo S., Diaz‐maroto, Ignacio J., Downs, Martha R., Dudney, Joan C., Ellis, Erle C., Emery, Kyle A., Eurich, Jacob G., Ferriss, Bridget E., Fredston, Alexa, Furukawa, Hikaru, Gagné, Sara A., Garlick, Sarah R., Garroway, Colin J., Gaynor, Kaitlyn M., González, Angélica L., Grames, Eliza M., Guy‐haim, Tamar, Hackett, Ed, Hallett, Lauren M., Harms, Tamara K., Haulsee, Danielle E., Haynes, Kyle J., Hazen, Elliott L., Jarvis, Rebecca M., Jones, Kristal, Kandlikar, Gaurav S., Kincaid, Dustin W., Knope, Matthew L., Koirala, Anil, Kolasa, Jurek, Kominoski, John S., Koricheva, Julia, Lancaster, Lesley T., Lawlor, Jake A., Lowman, Heili E., Muller‐karger, Frank E., Norman, Kari E. A., Nourn, Nan, O'Hara, Casey C., Ou, Suzanne X., Padilla‐gamino, Jacqueline L., Pappalardo, Paula, Peek, Ryan A., Pelletier, Dominique, Plont, Stephen, Ponisio, Lauren C., Portales‐reyes, Cristina, Provete, Diogo B., Raes, Eric J., Ramirez‐reyes, Carlos, Ramos, Irene, Record, Sydne, Richardson, Anthony J., Salguero‐gómez, Roberto, Satterthwaite, Erin V., Schmidt, Chloé, Schwartz, Aaron J., See, Craig R., Shea, Brendan D., Smith, Rachel S., Sokol, Eric R., Solomon, Christopher T., Spanbauer, Trisha, Stefanoudis, Paris V., Sterner, Beckett W., Sudbrack, Vitor, Tonkin, Jonathan D., Townes, Ashley R., Valle, Mireia, Walter, Jonathan A., Wheeler, Kathryn I., Wieder, William R., Williams, David R., Winter, Marten, Winterova, Barbora, Woodall, Lucy C., Wymore, Adam S., Youngflesh, Casey, Halpern, Benjamin S., Boettiger, Carl, Dietze, Michael C., Gephart, Jessica A., Gonzalez, Patrick, Grimm, Nancy B., Groffman, Peter M., Gurevitch, Jessica, Hobbie, Sarah E., Komatsu, Kimberly J., Kroeker, Kristy J., Lahr, Heather J., Lodge, David M., Lortie, Christopher J., Lowndes, Julie S. S., Micheli, Fiorenza, Possingham, Hugh P., Ruckelshaus, Mary H., Scarborough, Courtney, Wood, Chelsea L., Wu, Grace C., Aoyama, Lina, Arroyo, Eva E., Bahlai, Christie A., Beller, Erin E., Blake, Rachael E., Bork, Karrigan S., Branch, Trevor A., Brown, Norah E. M., Brun, Julien, Bruna, Emilio M., Buckley, Lauren B., Burnett, Jessica L., Castorani, Max C. N., Cheng, Samantha H., Cohen, Sarah C., Couture, Jessica L., Crowder, Larry B., Dee, Laura E., Dias, Arildo S., Diaz‐maroto, Ignacio J., Downs, Martha R., Dudney, Joan C., Ellis, Erle C., Emery, Kyle A., Eurich, Jacob G., Ferriss, Bridget E., Fredston, Alexa, Furukawa, Hikaru, Gagné, Sara A., Garlick, Sarah R., Garroway, Colin J., Gaynor, Kaitlyn M., González, Angélica L., Grames, Eliza M., Guy‐haim, Tamar, Hackett, Ed, Hallett, Lauren M., Harms, Tamara K., Haulsee, Danielle E., Haynes, Kyle J., Hazen, Elliott L., Jarvis, Rebecca M., Jones, Kristal, Kandlikar, Gaurav S., Kincaid, Dustin W., Knope, Matthew L., Koirala, Anil, Kolasa, Jurek, Kominoski, John S., Koricheva, Julia, Lancaster, Lesley T., Lawlor, Jake A., Lowman, Heili E., Muller‐karger, Frank E., Norman, Kari E. A., Nourn, Nan, O'Hara, Casey C., Ou, Suzanne X., Padilla‐gamino, Jacqueline L., Pappalardo, Paula, Peek, Ryan A., Pelletier, Dominique, Plont, Stephen, Ponisio, Lauren C., Portales‐reyes, Cristina, Provete, Diogo B., Raes, Eric J., Ramirez‐reyes, Carlos, Ramos, Irene, Record, Sydne, Richardson, Anthony J., Salguero‐gómez, Roberto, Satterthwaite, Erin V., Schmidt, Chloé, Schwartz, Aaron J., See, Craig R., Shea, Brendan D., Smith, Rachel S., Sokol, Eric R., Solomon, Christopher T., Spanbauer, Trisha, Stefanoudis, Paris V., Sterner, Beckett W., Sudbrack, Vitor, Tonkin, Jonathan D., Townes, Ashley R., Valle, Mireia, Walter, Jonathan A., Wheeler, Kathryn I., Wieder, William R., Williams, David R., Winter, Marten, Winterova, Barbora, Woodall, Lucy C., Wymore, Adam S., and Youngflesh, Casey

Abstract

Synthesis research in ecology and environmental science improves understanding, advances theory, identifies research priorities, and supports management strategies by linking data, ideas, and tools. Accelerating environmental challenges increases the need to focus synthesis science on the most pressing questions. To leverage input from the broader research community, we convened a virtual workshop with participants from many countries and disciplines to examine how and where synthesis can address key questions and themes in ecology and environmental science in the coming decade. Seven priority research topics emerged: (1) diversity, equity, inclusion, and justice (DEIJ), (2) human and natural systems, (3) actionable and use-inspired science, (4) scale, (5) generality, (6) complexity and resilience, and (7) predictability. Additionally, two issues regarding the general practice of synthesis emerged: the need for increased participant diversity and inclusive research practices; and increased and improved data flow, access, and skill-building. These topics and practices provide a strategic vision for future synthesis in ecology and environmental science.

Published
2023
Full Text
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10. sj-docx-2-eab-10.1177_00139165231167165 – Supplemental material for Nature Exposure is Associated With Reduced Smartphone Use

Author

Minor, Kelton, Glavind, Kristoffer Lind, Schwartz, Aaron J., Danforth, Christopher M., Lehmann, Sune, and Bjerre-Nielsen, Andreas

Subjects
FOS: Psychology, 170199 Psychology not elsewhere classified
Abstract

Supplemental material, sj-docx-2-eab-10.1177_00139165231167165 for Nature Exposure is Associated With Reduced Smartphone Use by Kelton Minor, Kristoffer Lind Glavind, Aaron J. Schwartz, Christopher M. Danforth, Sune Lehmann and Andreas Bjerre-Nielsen in Environment and Behavior

Published
2023
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11. Nature Exposure is Associated With Reduced Smartphone Use.

Author

Minor, Kelton, Glavind, Kristoffer Lind, Schwartz, Aaron J., Danforth, Christopher M., Lehmann, Sune, and Bjerre-Nielsen, Andreas

Subjects
SMARTPHONES, YOUNG adults, EXPOSURE dose, ENVIRONMENTAL exposure, SCREEN time, TEXT messages
Abstract

Evidence links greenspace exposure with restorative benefits to cognition and well-being, yet nature contact is declining for younger demographics. Although natural settings have been shown to restore the capacity to inhibit distracting stimuli, it remains unknown whether smartphone attention capture disrupts nature contact. Here, we analyzed ~2.5 million observations of logged smartphone use, texting, calling, and environmental exposures for 701 young adults over 2 years. Participants' weekly smartphone screen-time was over double their green-time. The relationship between greenspace exposure and smartphone activity differed by exposure dose, type, and mobility state. Calling and texting increased during short recreational greenspace visits while all smartphone use declined over the first 3 hr in nature areas, suggesting that nature exposure may support digital impulse inhibition. Those with elevated baseline screen-time or green-time significantly reduced device use in nature, indicating that parts of the biosphere may provide a reprieve from the cybersphere for highly connected youth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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13. Generalized word shift graphs: a method for visualizing and explaining pairwise comparisons between texts

Author

MIT Connection Science (Research institute), Gallagher, Ryan J, Frank, Morgan R, Mitchell, Lewis, Schwartz, Aaron J, Reagan, Andrew J, Danforth, Christopher M, Dodds, Peter S, MIT Connection Science (Research institute), Gallagher, Ryan J, Frank, Morgan R, Mitchell, Lewis, Schwartz, Aaron J, Reagan, Andrew J, Danforth, Christopher M, and Dodds, Peter S

Abstract

A common task in computational text analyses is to quantify how two corpora differ according to a measurement like word frequency, sentiment, or information content. However, collapsing the texts’ rich stories into a single number is often conceptually perilous, and it is difficult to confidently interpret interesting or unexpected textual patterns without looming concerns about data artifacts or measurement validity. To better capture fine-grained differences between texts, we introduce generalized word shift graphs, visualizations which yield a meaningful and interpretable summary of how individual words contribute to the variation between two texts for any measure that can be formulated as a weighted average. We show that this framework naturally encompasses many of the most commonly used approaches for comparing texts, including relative frequencies, dictionary scores, and entropy-based measures like the Kullback–Leibler and Jensen–Shannon divergences. Through a diverse set of case studies ranging from presidential speeches to tweets posted in urban green spaces, we demonstrate how generalized word shift graphs can be flexibly applied across domains for diagnostic investigation, hypothesis generation, and substantive interpretation. By providing a detailed lens into textual shifts between corpora, generalized word shift graphs help computational social scientists, digital humanists, and other text analysis practitioners fashion more robust scientific narratives.

Published
2021

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