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El presente trabajo de tesis se basa en el estudio de multicapas enzimáticas y electrodos enzimáticos destinados a la fabricación de biosensores y biocátodos para celdas de combustible. Las multicapas, de espesores nanométricos, se fabricaron utilizando el método de autoensamblado capa por capa, empleando enzimas y el polielectrolito electroactivo PAH-Os. El primer objetivo es extender el sistema de reconocimiento molecular de glucosa integrado por una enzima redox (GOx) mediada por su cable molecular (PAH-Os) (que ha sido estudiado previamente en este laboratorio) al diseño de un nuevo biosensor que brinde posibilidades de sensado únicas y permita sensar diferentes analitos. A este respecto se construyó el primer nanobiosensor óptico autoensamblando capa por capa esos dos componentes sobre la superficie de nanopartículas de Oro para dar una transducción óptica que además aprovecha las propiedades plasmonicas de las nanopartículas de Oro. El segundo objetivo es extender ese mismo sistema (GOx/PAH-Os) a un sistema que emplee una enzima redox diferente, y que también posea interés industrial. En esta dirección, se estudió el sistema Lacasa/PAH-Os como biocátodo para celdas de combustible (la Lacasa es una enzima redox que cataliza la oxidación de bifenoles reduciendo O2 a H20). Se encontró que durante la electroreducción de oxígeno, catalizada por Lacasa y mediada por PAH-Os, la enzima produce pequeñas cantidades de peróxido de hidrógeno (que además la inhiben), demostrándose que el mecanismo de Solomon, que predice la reducción de oxígeno por 4 electrones sin producción de H2O2 es incompleto, al no tener en cuenta el camino de la desorción del H2O2 observado en el presente estudio. Este biocátodo, en condiciones de convección forzada, posee una actividad específica considerable de 0.3mA.cm^-2 a un potencial de 0.3V lo cual lo convierte en un posible candidato para su implementación en celdas de biocombustible. Se comparó además este biocátodo con el sistema que emplea transferencia electrónica directa de la enzima con una superficie de carbono grafitico, mostrándose además por primera vez las curvas de calibración de de un sistema de este tipo. Se compararon ambos biocátodos entre sí y a éstos con un cátodo de Platino, concluyendo que el biocátodo no mediado no es apto para la producción de potencia eléctrica debido a una bajísima actividad específica. En base a las evidencias previas a esta tesis, sobre el marcado efecto de la naturaleza y carga de la ultima capa de multicapas electroactivas en el fenómeno de transporte electrónico, se estudió este mismo fenómeno en los dos electrodos enzimáticos (PAH- Os/Lac, PAH-Os/GOx), observándose que el proceso biocatalítico es seriamente impedido por la adsorción de un polianión, reflejado a través de la abrupta caída en el coeficiente de difusión del electrón. The present thesis work is based on the study of enzymatic multilayers and enzymatic electrodes designed for biosensors and biofuel cell cathodes. These multilayers, of nanometric thicknesses, were built using layer by layer (lbl) self assembly of enzymes and an electroactive polyelectrolyte PAH-Os. The first goal is to extend the glucose molecular recognition system, comprised of a redox enzyme (GOx) and its molecular wire (PAH-Os) (which has been studied previously in this laboratory), to the design of a new biosensor which would allow unique sensing possibilities and sensing of different analytes. In this regard, the first optical nanobiosensor based on a wired enzyme inside the shell of 20nm gold nanoparticles was built using the lbl method to give optical transduction, and on top of that, taking advantage of the plasmonic properties of the gold particles. The second objective is to extend this same system (GOx/PAH-Os) to one which would make use of a different redox enzyme, also with industrial relevance. In this direction, the system Laccase/PAH-Os was studied as a biocathode for biofuel cells (Laccase is a redox enzyme which catalyzes the oxidation of biphenols reducing O2 to H2O). It was found that during the electroreduction of oxygen, small amounts of hydrogen peroxide are produced by the enzyme (it was also found that this H2O2 also inhibits it), thus showing that Solomon’s mechanism which predicts the reduction of O2 by 4 electrons without production of H2O2 is incomplete, since it does not take into account the desorption path of H2O2 observed in this study. This biocathode under forced convection has a considerable specific activity of 0.3mA.cm^-2 and a potential of 0.3V which make it a possible candidate for biofuel cells. This biocathode was also compared to the non mediated enzymatic system which makes use of the direct electron transfer of Laccase with graphitic carbon surfaces, showing for the first time the calibration curves for such a system. Both these biocathodes were compared with each other and with a Platinum cathode, showing that the non mediated biocathode is not fit for biofuel cells given its extremely low specific activity. Based on previous evidence regarding the clear effect of the nature and charge of the last layer in electroactive multilayers on the electron transport, this same phenomenon was studied in both enzymatic electrodes (PAH-Os/Lac and PAH-Os/GOx) showing that the catalytic process is severely hindered by the absorption of a polyanion, as reflected by the dramatic fall in the electron diffusion coefficient. Fil: Scodeller, Pablo David. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Argentina.

Novel approaches are required to address the urgent need to develop lipid-based carriers of paclitaxel (PTX) and other hydrophobic drugs for cancer chemotherapy. Carriers based on cationic liposomes (CLs) with fluid (i.e., chain-melted) membranes (e.g., EndoTAG-1®) have shown promise in preclinical and late-stage clinical studies. Recent work found that the addition of a cone-shaped poly(ethylene glycol)-lipid (PEG-lipid) to PTX-loaded CLs (CLsPTX) promotes a transition to sterically stabilized, higher-curvature (smaller) nanoparticles consisting of a mixture of PEGylated CLsPTX and PTX-containing fluid lipid nanodiscs (nanodiscsPTX). These CLsPTX and nanodiscsPTX show significantly improved uptake and cytotoxicity in cultured human cancer cells at PEG coverage in the brush regime (10 mol% PEG-lipid). Here, we studied the PTX loading, in vivo circulation half-life, and biodistribution of systemically administered CLsPTX and nanodiscsPTX and assessed their ability to induce apoptosis in triple-negative breast cancer-bearing immunocompetent mice. We focused on fluid rather than solid lipid nanodiscs because of the significantly higher solubility of PTX in fluid membranes. At 5 and 10 mol% of a PEG-lipid (PEG5K-lipid, molecular weight of PEG 5000 g/mol), the mixture of PEGylated CLsPTX and nanodiscsPTX was able to incorporate up to 2.5 mol% PTX without crystallization for at least 20 h. Remarkably, compared to preparations containing 2 and 5 mol% PEG5K-lipid (with the PEG chains in the mushroom regime), the particles at 10 mol% (with PEG chains in the brush regime) showed significantly higher blood half-life, tumor penetration and proapoptotic activity. Our study suggests that increasing the PEG coverage of CL-based drug nanoformulations can improve their pharmacokinetics and therapeutic efficacy., This research study was supported by the National Institutes of Health under award R01GM130769 (CRS, KKE, WF; mechanistic studies on developing lipid nanoparticles for drug delivery), the European Regional Development Fund (TT, Project No. 2014-2020.4.01.15-0012), the Estonian Research Council (TT, grants PRG230 and EAG79; PS, grant PSG38; LSG, grant MOBJD11), EuronanomedII projects ECM-CART and iNanoGun (TT), H2020 MSCA-RISE project Oxigenated (TT), and the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation grants RYC2020-028754-I and PID2021-122364OA-I00 (PS). Partial support was provided by the US National Science Foundation (NSF) under Award DMR-1807327 (CRS; kinetic phase behavior of cationic vesicles with incorporated hydrophobic molecules).