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Parasites of the haemosporidian genus Polychromophilus have exclusively been described in bats. These parasites belong to the diverse group of malaria parasites, and Polychromophilus presents the only haemosporidian taxon that infects mammalian hosts in tropical as well as in temperate climate zones. This study provides the first information of Polychromophilus parasites in the lesser Asiatic yellow bat (Scotophilus kuhlii) in Thailand, a common vespertilionid bat species distributed in South and Southeast Asia. The gametocyte blood stages of the parasites could not be assigned to a described morphospecies and molecular analysis revealed that these parasites might represent a distinct Polychromophilus species. In contrast to Plasmodium species, Polychromophilus parasites do not multiply in red blood cells and, thus, do not cause the clinical symptoms of malaria. Parasitological and molecular investigation of haemosporidian parasites of wildlife, such as the neglected genus Polychromophilus, will contribute to a better understanding of the evolution of malaria parasites.

Scotophilus livingstonii Brooks & Bickham, 2014 Scotophilus livingstonii Brooks & Bickham, 2014: 11. COMMON NAME. — Livingstone’s House Bat. MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Agumatsa (Wli Waterfall) • 1 ♀; SMF 92137; caught on 11.VIII.2001. REMARK Originally identified as Scotophilus dinganii (A. Smith, 1833) due to its bright yellow ventral side side and its forearm length of 57.8 mm, the West African form, which also occurs in western Kenya, has been recently renamed S. livingstonii based on phylogenetic and morphological distinct S. dinganii -like clades (Brooks & Bickham 2014). Our specimen was caught in a net set across the Agumatsa River flanked by secondary forest and nearby small cassava fields. Other Ghana-Togo Highlands specimens are known from Odomi Jongo, 12 Miles E Nkwanta in Ghana (USNM 424888) and from Atakpamé and Ezimé in Togo (Robbins 1980; Robbins et al. 1985). The species was also caught at three locations on the Accra Plains (Decher 1997a and USNM, as S. dinganii) and seems to be most commonly associated with Guinea savanna, forest savanna mosaic, and high forest edge. Records from Côte d’Ivoire are all from the northern tree savanna (Fahr 1996, as S. dinganii). This species also seems to adapt to rooftops and thatched huts for its roosts. CONSERVATION STATUS. — The conservation classification of S. livingstonii on the IUCN Red List is “Least Concern”.

Background Numerous studies have been undertaken to advance knowledge of apicomplexan parasites infecting vertebrates, including humans. Of these parasites, the genus Plasmodium has been most extensively studied because of the socio-economic and public health impacts of malaria. In non-human vertebrates, studies on malaria or malaria-like parasite groups have been conducted but information is far from complete. In Madagascar, recent studies on bat blood parasites indicate that three chiropteran families (Miniopteridae, Rhinonycteridae, and Vespertilionidae) are infected by the genus Polychromophilus with pronounced host specificity: Miniopterus spp. (Miniopteridae) harbour Polychromophilus melanipherus and Myotis goudoti (Vespertilionidae) is infected by Polychromophilus murinus. However, most of the individuals analysed in previous studies were sampled on the western and central portions of the island. The aims of this study are (1) to add new information on bat blood parasites in eastern Madagascar, and (2) to highlight biotic and abiotic variables driving prevalence across the island. Methods Fieldworks were undertaken from 2014 to 2016 in four sites in the eastern portion of Madagascar to capture bats and collect biological samples. Morphological and molecular techniques were used to identify the presence of haemosporidian parasites. Further, a MaxEnt modelling was undertaken using data from Polychromophilus melanipherus to identify variables influencing the presence of this parasite Results In total, 222 individual bats belonging to 17 species and seven families were analysed. Polychromophilus infections were identified in two families: Miniopteridae and Vespertilionidae. Molecular data showed that Polychromophilus spp. parasitizing Malagasy bats form a monophyletic group composed of three distinct clades displaying marked host specificity. In addition to P. melanipherus and P. murinus, hosted by Miniopterus spp. and Myotis goudoti, respectively, a novel Polychromophilus lineage was identified from a single individual of Scotophilus robustus. Based on the present study and the literature, different biotic and abiotic factors are shown to influence Polychromophilus infection in bats, which are correlated based on MaxEnt modelling. Conclusions The present study improves current knowledge on Polychromophilus blood parasites infecting Malagasy bats and confirms the existence of a novel Polychromophilus lineage in Scotophilus bats. Additional studies are needed to obtain additional material of this novel lineage to resolve its taxonomic relationship with known members of the genus. Further, the transmission mode of Polychromophilus in bats as well as its potential effect on bat populations should be investigated to complement the results provided by MaxEnt modelling and eventually provide a comprehensive picture of the biology of host-parasite interactions.

International audience; Yellow house bats (Scotophilus) have been known for centuries as a widespread genus of vesper bats in the Indomalayan Region. Despite this, their taxonomic status and phylogeographical patterns remain unclear due to differing criteria employed by early taxonomists and inconsistencies between morphological and molecular assessments. To address these issues, we undertook a comparative phylogeographic analysis of Asian Scotophilus spp. using integrated genetic and morphological analyses of samples collected across the region. These demonstrate that yellow house bats in Asia can be classified into just two widespread species, namely the smaller S. kuhlii (e.g., FA ≤ 53.1 mm, GLS ≤ 20.18 mm) and the larger S. heathii (e.g., FA ≥ 53.4 mm, GLS ≥ 20.85 mm), which occur in sympatry in different parts of the Indomalayan Region. Although these two sympatric species share similar eco‐ethological preferences, they differ considerably in their geographic distributions and intraspecific variation in mtDNA sequences and morphological traits. These disparities were likely misinterpreted as indicating potential cryptic diversity in previous studies, whereas we suggest they are related to interspecific differences in sex‐biased gene flow and phenotypic plasticity to adapt to varying environments. Our study highlights the importance of using multiple datasets to resolve taxonomic uncertainties and reconstruct demographic and phylogeographic histories of sympatric species.

The species delimitations species of Scotophilus from the of Afro-Malagasy Region remain unresolved. One of the most problematic named taxa is S. borbonicus, which was described based on specimens reputed to be from La Reunion Island, western Indian Ocean. Only one of two specimens mentioned in the description of S. borbonicus sensu stricto has been located in a museum collection and after considerable recent fieldwork on La Reunion, no Scotophilus has been captured. Given that the name borbonicus has priority over other named small Afro-Malagasy forms, this has led to considerable taxonomic ambiguity. We report here on a short mitochondrial sequence from the lectotype of S. borbonicus, which is nested within individuals of S. trujilloi captured in Kenya and Tanzania. These results are best interpreted as the lectotype of S. borbonicus was not obtained on La Reunion but along the eastern coast of Africa. We propose that the best means to resolve potential taxonomic problems, particularly concerning future research on small Afro-Malagasy members of the genus, is to consider the name S. borbonicus a nomen dubium. If indeed individuals of this genus are captured on La Reunion in the future and molecular data obtained, the species in question may be new to science and in need of formal description.

This data article informs about Chiropteran diversity, new records, ecosystem services and possible pathogen carriers in fragmented forests (sub-divided by utility corridors, man-made structures, untouched and secondary plantations) within districts Setiu (Setiu Research Station), Hulu Terengganu (Saok and Lasir waterfalls) and Besut (Gunung Tebu Forest Reserve) of state Terengganu, Peninsular Malaysia. These bats were captured using harp traps and mist nets that were set 10 m apart across flyways, streams and less cluttered trees in the 50 m × 50 m transect zones (identified at each site). All animals were distinguished by morphology and gender before their release at the site of capture. The data comprise of five bat family groups Hipposideridae, Megadermatidae, Pteropodidae, Rhinolophidae and Vespertilionidae. It is interesting to note that untouched Saok Waterfalls is home to wide variety of bats listed (68.8%), followed by secondary forests of Gunung Tebu Forest Reserve (24.8%), untouched Lasir Waterfalls (4.8%) and lastly, Setiu Research Station as least favored (1.6%). Chiroptera like Cynopterus brachyotis ( n = 23, 37.7%), Hipposideros bicolor ( n = 6, 9.8%) and Scotophilus kuhli ( n = 6, 9.8%) were most dominant in the checklist whereas Hipposideros armiger , Murina suilla and Scotophilus kuhlii are new data records in the fragmented forests of Terengganu. The data were interpret into Shannon, Simpson, Margalef, Menhinik and Evenness indices to individually or collectively distinguish chiropteran variety in Terengganu State whereas weight-forearm length (W/FA) informs about chiropteran Body Condition Index (-0.25 to 0.25). The function of bats were also identified to distinguish service providers (pollination and forests regeneration) and zoonotic pathogen carriers (in particular to Leptospira bacteria, Nipah virus and Sindbis virus).

Environmental modifications are leading to biodiversity changes, loss and habitat disturbance. This in turn increases contacts between wildlife and hence the risk of transmission and emergence of zoonotic diseases. We analyzed the environment and land use using remote spatial data around the sampling locations of bats positive for coronavirus (21 sites) and astrovirus (11 sites) collected in 43 sites. A clear association between viruses and hosts was observed. Viruses associated to synanthropic bat genera, such as Myotis or Scotophilus were associated to highly transformed habitats with human presence while viruses associated to fruit bat genera were correlated with natural environments with dense forest, grassland areas and regions of high elevation. In particular, group C betacoronavirus were associated with mosaic habitats found in anthropized environments., Graphical abstract Image 1, Highlights • Deforestation and anthropization generate high diversity of bats. • Anthropized environment increases the risk of bat-borne virus transmission. • Highly pathogenic αCoV_2 & βCoV_C are linked to anthropogenic habitat. • Murine astroviruses are associated with human settlements. • Ungulates astroviruses are associated with wild areas (elevated grasslands).

Twenty-four scincid lizards (spotted forest skink, Sphenomorphus scotophilus) from Peninsular Malaysia were examined for gastrointestinal helminths. Six species of Nematoda, mature individuals of Bakeria schadi, Meteterakis singaporensis, Parapharyngodon maplestoni, Physalopteroides grismeri, and Spinicauda sp., and larvae of Acuariidae gen. sp. were found. Bakeria schadi had the largest number of individuals (38) and the highest prevalence (48%). Larvae of Acuariidae had the greatest mean intensity (6.5 ± 6.4 SD). All represent new host records for S. scotopilus. Our findings indicate that Sphenomorphus scotophilus is parasitized by generalist helminths that also infect other lizards.

Bats are natural reservoirs of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome CoV (MERS-CoV). Scotophilus bat CoV-512 demonstrates potential for cross-species transmission because its viral RNA and specific antibodies have been detected in three bat species of Taiwan. Understanding the cell tropism of Scotophilus bat CoV-512 is the first step for studying the mechanism of cross-species transmission. In this study, a lentivirus-based pseudovirus was produced using the spike (S) protein of Scotophilus bat CoV-512 or SARS-CoV as a surface protein to test the interaction between coronaviral S protein and its cell receptor on 11 different cells. Susceptible cells expressed red fluorescence protein (RFP) after the entry of RFP-bound green fluorescence protein (GFP)-fused S protein of Scotophilus bat CoV-512 (RFP-Sco-S-eGFP) or RFP-SARS-S pseudovirus, and firefly luciferase (FLuc) activity expressed by cells infected with FLuc-Sco-S-eGFP or FLuc-SARS-S pseudovirus was quantified. Scotophilus bat CoV-512 pseudovirus had significantly higher entry efficiencies in Madin Darby dog kidney epithelial cells (MDCK), black flying fox brain cells (Pabr), and rat small intestine epithelial cells (IEC-6). SARS-CoV pseudovirus had significantly higher entry efficiencies in human embryonic kidney epithelial cells (HEK-293T), pig kidney epithelial cells (PK15), and MDCK cells. These findings demonstrated that Scotophilus bat CoV-512 had a broad host range for cross-species transmission like SARS-CoV.

285. Western Greenish Yellow Bat Scotophilus nigritellus French: Scotophile de De Winton / German: Westliche Grlnliche Hausfledermaus / Spanish: Scotofilo de Winton Other common names: Western Greenish House Bat Taxonomy. Scotophilus nigritellus de Winton, 1899, “Gambaga [Ghana], 1300 feet [= 396 m].” See S. viridis. Monotypic. Distribution. From Senegal and Gambia E to N Cameroon, Central African Republic, Sudan, and Ethiopia. Descriptive notes. Head-body c.71-82 mm, tail 34-49 mm, ear 13-18 mm, hindfoot 8-10 mm, forearm 41-51 mm; weight 12-20- 5 g (measurements might include S. viridis). Pelage is smooth, soft, and sleek. Dorsal pelage is yellowish brown and greenish brown to darker orange-brown, with bases lighter than tips. Ventral pelage 1s pale to medium yellow, never whitish, with unicolored hairs. Ears are short, separated, and dark brown, with strongly convex inner margin and almost straight outer margin. Tragus is moderately long, with rounded tip and concave anterior margin. Eyes are small. Testes are posterior to anus. Adult females have one pair of functional nipples. Skull is medium (greatest skull lengths 15-6-18- 3 mm) for Scotophilus; sagittal crest and occipital helmet are well developed; and profile of skull is mostly a gentle slope from front to back, with very shallow concavity in forehead region. I? is unicuspid; M' and M?® have concave surfaces and indistinct ridges and appear worn; and M? is very short with two ridges. Habitat. Riverbank with interrupted strips of gallery forest (Central African Republic), mosaic of grassland and Zanthoxylum (Rutaceae)— Capparis (Capparaceae) thickets, among savanna trees, and near waterhole in grassland (Ghana). Food and Feeding. No information. Breeding. No information. Activity patterns. No information. Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information. Status and Conservation. Not assessed on The [UCN Red List. Bibliography. Monadjem, Shapiro et al. (2017), Schoeman & Waddington (2011), Vallo, Benda & Reiter (2011), Van Cakenberghe & Happold (2013p)., Published as part of Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier, 2019, Vespertilionidae, pp. 716-981 in Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona :Lynx Edicions on page 890, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6397752

288. African Yellow Bat Scotophilus dinganii French: Scotophile de Dingane / German: Gelbbauch-Hausfledermaus / Spanish: Scotofilo de Dingane Other common names: African Yellow House Bat, Dingan’s Bat, Yellow-bellied House Bat Taxonomy. Vespertilio dinganii A. Smith, 1833, “ South Africa,—between Natal [= Durban] and Delagoa Bay [= Maputo].” See SS. wigritn. Several divergent cy tochrome-b lineages of S. dinganii suggest that cryptic species might be present, and the name colias was tentatively suggested for East African populations because they clearly differ from typical dinganii in southern Africa. Monotypic. Distribution. Widely distributed in subSaharan Africa, from Senegal and Gambia E to Eritrea, Djibouti, and Ethiopia, and S through much of E & S Africa as far S as E South Africa, Lesotho, and Swaziland. Descriptive notes. Head—body ¢. 74-90 mm, tail 46-65 mm, ear 11-22 mm, hindfoot 10-14 mm, forearm 47-60 mm; weight 15-36 g. Femalesare slightly larger than males in body measurements. Pelage is smooth,soft, and sleek. Dorsal pelage is sepia-brown, greenish brown, grayish brown, or reddish brown; dorsal hairs are paler at bases. Middorsal hairs are 6-7 mm. Ventral pelage is pale yellow, bright yellow, or orange yellow, not tinged with brown. Wings and uropatagium are dark brown and semi-translucent. Ears are comparatively short, widely separated, with strongly convex inner margin and almost straight outer margin. Tragus is moderately long, with rounded tip and concave anterior margin. Eyes are small. Testes are posterior to anus. Young of both sexes have two pairs of rudimentary nipples, but only one pair of functional nipplesis present in adult females. Skull is medium to large (greatest skull lengths 18-3-23- 5 mm) for Scotophilus; profile of skull is mostly a gentle slope from front to back, with very shallow concavity in forehead region; and sagittal crest and occipital helmet are well developed. I? is unicuspid; M' and M* have concave surfaces and indistinct ridges and appear worn; and M” is very short and has two ridges. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 36 and FNa = 52, with small acrocentric X-chromosome and small metacentric Y-chromosome in South Africa, or 2n = 36 and FNa = 50, with medium submetacentric X-chromosome and small telocentric Y-chromosome in Somalia. Habitat. Most habitats south of the Sahara, including woodland savannas and various bushland and thicket savannas; rainforests (but not Congolese rainforest); rainforestsavanna mosaics; and riverine, coastal, and montane forests. Food and Feeding. The African Yellow Bat forages by moderate fast hawking in moderately uncluttered spaces above canopies, in clearings, and over fields. It has been observed foraging near lights and drinking in streams, pools, and dams. It forages close to trees and as low as c. 2 m aboveground. Foraging is characterized by long, straight, or gently banked flights and abrupt acrobatic swerves and spectacular dives in pursuit of prey. African Yellow Bats seem to feed on beetles and other flying insects taken opportunistically. In Kenya, three stomachs contained Coleoptera, Hemiptera, Orthoptera, and Lepidoptera. Breeding. The African Yellow Bat commonly has twins, sometimes one and occasionally triplets. Based on serially sectioned reproductive tracts of females from Kruger National Park, it is seasonally monoestrous. Insemination, ovulation, and fertilization take place in April-May. Early embryonic development of normally two embryos (one in each uterine horn) was retarded, and implantation was delayed until mid-winter July) when blastocysts implanted. During the first week post-partum, a captive female licked her two young, sheltered them with one wing, and sometimes squeaked. Young stayed attached to nipples until the third night, after which they occasionally roosted beside their mother or climbed over her. Activity patterns. Aspect ratio and wing loading are medium; flight is fast and agile, with poor maneuverability. The African Yellow Bat can take off from the ground. It turns by banking and stalling-and-twisting. Scuttling, headfirst, up and down, over horizontal, sloping, and vertical surfaces has been reported. Day roosts include small holes in trees and wooden lampposts, crevices in hollow trees, narrow crevices and crannies in buildings, under eaves and roofs of corrugated iron, and in thatch. It prefers to rest on sloping or horizontal surfaces but also clings to vertical surfaces. Foraging activity begins soon after sunset, and individuals have full stomachs before dark. The African Yellow Bat tolerates high temperatures under iron roofs. In Malawi at 20-21°C, it does not become torpid during the day. Seasonal fluctuation in abundance was observed in Sudan and East Africa. In Malawi, it was more abundant in the wet season (November—February) than the rest of the year (data not available in July-August). In Zimbabwe, the African Yellow Bat is absent above elevations of 1200 m during colder months. It does not hibernate in South Africa. Average peak echolocation frequency was 33-4 kHz in St. Lucia, KwaZulu-Natal, eastern South Africa. Average peak frequency of 33-9 kHz and average duration of 4-1 milliseconds was recorded in Durban, eastern South Africa. Averages of seven calls in Soutpansberg, north-eastern South Africa, had maximum frequency of 51-6 kHz (42-1-65-2 kHz), minimum frequency of 33-1 kHz (31-6-34-1 kHz), frequency of the knee of 36-4 kHz (34-4-37-4 kHz), characteristic frequency of 33-8 kHz (31-9-35-3 kHz), and duration of 3-4 milliseconds (2-7—4-6 milliseconds). At Maroua, northern Cameroon, 19 calls were FM/QCF and had maximum frequency of 58-5 kHz (49-4-84-8 kHz), minimum frequency of 52-6 kHz (46-7-69-5 kHz), mean frequency of 55-6 kHz (48-1-77 kHz), frequency of the knee of 58-5 kHz (49-4-84 kHz), characteristic frequency of 52-7 kHz (46-8—-69-5 kHz), and duration of 0-88 milliseconds (0-73—1 milliseconds). In Swaziland, minimum frequency was 33-2 kHz (30-3-34-7 kHz), frequency of the knee was 36-4 kHz (32-1-38-6 kHz), characteristic frequency was 33-7 kHz (30-3-35-6 kHz), and duration was 3-8 milliseconds (2:6-6-1 milliseconds). Calls were detectable up to 20 m. Diurnal avian predators include bat hawks (Macheiramphus alcinus) and African harrier-hawks (Polyboroides typus). Movements, Home range and Social organization. African Yellow Bats are mostly gregarious, roosting in groups of up to 20 individuals. In KwaZulu-Natal, some roosts were occupied for at least eight years. In Zimbabwe, aggregations of hundreds of individuals foraged where termites swarmed. Of 93 African Yellow Bats mist-netted in Malawi, 66 were caught alone, six were in pairs, 14 were with another individual of the same sex, and six were in groups of two males and one female. Endoparasites include the bacteria Rickettsia and the kinetoplastid Leishmania. Ectoparasites include bedbugs Cacodmus sparsilis, Aphrania ct. barys, and Stricticimex transversus (Hemiptera, Cimicidae), the flea Charopteropsylla brockmani (Siphonaptera, Ischnopsyllidae), bat flies Basilia glabra and B. bouvieri (Diptera, Nycteribiidae), and the mite Spinturnix walkerae (Acari, Spinturnicidae). Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red Lust. Bibliography. Eisenring et al. (2016), Fenton (1975), Fenton & Bell (1981), Happold, M. (2013bi), Jacobs et al. (2007), Kingdon (1974), Koopman (1994), Linden et al. (2014), Manga Mongombe (2012), van der Merwe & Rautenbach (1990), van der Merwe et al. (2006), Monadjem, Shapiro et al. (2017), O'Shea & Vaughan (1980), Robbins (1978), Robbins et al. (1985), Schoeman & Waddington (2011), Simmons (2005), Smithers & Wilson (1979), Taylor, Sowler et al. (2013), Trujillo et al. (2009), Vallo, Benda & Reiter (2011)., Published as part of Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier, 2019, Vespertilionidae, pp. 716-981 in Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona :Lynx Edicions on page 891, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6397752

282. Schreber’s Yellow Bat Scotophilus nigrita French: Scotophile de Schreber / German: SchreberHausfledermaus / Spanish: Scotofilo de Schreber Other common names: Giant House Bat, Giant Brown House Bat, Brown House Bat, Great Brown House Bat, Giant Yellow House Bat, Great Brown Bat, Giant Brown Bat, Schreber’s Brown Bat Taxonomy. Vespertilio nigrita Schreber, 1774, Senegal. Scotophilus nigrita was mostly referred to as S. gigas until in 1978 when it was concluded that it is the senior name for the taxon; prior to 1978, specimens called nigrita should be dinganii. Based on cytochromeb analyses, S. nigrita is paraphyletic with respect to S. colias, S. dinganui, S. nigritellus, and S. viridis. Populations of S. nigrita from West and southern Africa differ genetically by 7-6-8-1%), suggesting that nigrita might be distinct from alvenslebeni, but more extensive genetic sampling and morphological analyses are needed to take any taxonomic conclusion. Two subspecies recognized. Subspecies and Distribution. S.n.nigritaSchreber,1774—savannasofWAfrica(Senegal,IvoryCoast,Ghana,NTogo,SENigeria,andNCameroon)andSCSudan. S. n. alvenslebeni Dalquest, 1965 — savannas of E & SE Africa (E DR Congo, SE Kenya, NE Tanzania, S Malawi, E Zimbabwe, Mozambique, and NE South Africa. Descriptive notes. Head-body ¢. 103-123 mm,tail 64-92- 3 mm, ear 20-24 mm, hindfoot 17-19 mm, forearm 78-83 mm (males) and 80-88 mm (females); weight 88-91 g. Female forearm lengths are usually longer than in males. Schreber’s Yellow Bat is much larger than any other species of Scotophilus and is the largest African vespertilionid. Mid-dorsal hairs are 6-7 mm. Dorsal pelage is blackish brown, sepia-brown, greenish brown, rusty brown, or grayish brown suffused with yellow; dorsal hairs are unicolored. Ventral pelage is pale yellow to pale yellowish gray. Wings and uropatagium are blackish brown. Ears are comparatively short, separated, and blackish brown, with inner margin strongly convex and lobe at base and outer margin fairly straight with semicircular fleshy antitragus. Tragus has rounded tip and concave anterior margin. Skull is large (greatest skull lengths 27-8-32- 1 mm) for Scotophilus and has welldeveloped sagittal crest and helmet. Canines are particularly strong. Habitat. Relatively dry woodland savannas and miombo woodland savannas, usually close to rivers and riverine forests. There is one record each from dry semideciduous forest in Ghana, woodland and riverine forest mosaic in Tanzania, and rainforest zone in Nigeria. One individual was mist-netted over an almost dry river in Togo, and the individual from Tanzania was mist-netted over a pool. Food and Feeding. Schreber’s Yellow Bats probably forage high aboveground. Occlusal cusp pattern of molar teeth suggests that they are strictly carnivorous, but other teeth characters suggest that their function is to crush rather than to slice, suggesting insectivory. Breeding. No information. Activity patterns. Schreber’s Yellow Bat was found roosting under a corrugated iron roof where midday temperatures exceeded 40°C in Sudan, in a hollow of a dead Hyphaene (Arecaceae) palm in Malawi, and in a house in Zimbabwe. Echolocation call has peak frequency of 32-9 kHz. African goshawks (Accipiter tachiro) prey on Schreber’s Yellow Bat and possible lannerfalcons (Falco biarmicus), peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus), and bat hawks (Macheiramphus alcinus). Movements, Home range and Social organization. Ectoparasites include the bedbug Cacodmus villosus (Hemiptera, Cimicidae) and the mite Spinturnix scotophili (Acari, Spinturnicidae). Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Bibliography. Freeman (1984), Happold, M. (2013bj), Kock (1969d), Mikula et al. (2016), Robbins (1978), Thiagavel et al. (2017), Vallo etal. (2015)., Published as part of Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier, 2019, Vespertilionidae, pp. 716-981 in Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona :Lynx Edicions on page 889, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6397752

283. Robbins’s Yellow Bat Scotophilus nucella French: Scotophile de Robbins / German: Robbins-Hausfledermaus / Spanish: Scotofilo de Robbins Other common names: Robbins’'s House Bat, Lesser Nut-colored House Bat, Rainforest House Bat, Nucella House Bat, Little Nut-colored House Bat Taxonomy. Scotophilus nucella Robbins, 1983, 1 mile [= 1-6 km] north of Nkawkaw, Eastern region, Ghana. Scotophilus nucella was treated as a subspecies of leucogaster but now as a distinct species. Monotypic. Distribution. Known only from SE Ivory Coast, S Ghana, extreme WC Uganda, and Kambai Forest Reserve in East Usambara Mts of Tanzania. Descriptive notes. Head-body c¢.74 78 mm, tail 41-47 mm, ear 15-16 mm, hindfoot 10-12 mm, forearm 49-53 mm. Pelage is soft and sleek. Dorsal pelage is dark rusty brown to blackish brown; dorsal hairs are unicolored or have paler bases. Ventral pelage is slightly paler and dark brown to reddish orange. Ears are short, widely separated, and dark brown, with strongly convex inner margin and lobe at base; outer margin is fairly straight, with semicircular fleshy antitragus. Tragus has pointed tip and concave anterior margin. Wings and uropatagium are sepia-brown. Braincase is relatively inflated, and sagittal crest forms a helmet. Habitat. Rainforests. Robbins’s Yellow Bat is known from high forest vegetation zone in Ghana and Uganda and might occur in high forest areas of West, Central, and East Africa. Food and Feeding. No information. Breeding. No information. Activity patterns. No information. Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information. Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. Bibliography. Grubb et al. (1998), Koopman (1993, 1994), Robbins (1983), Simmons (2005)., Published as part of Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier, 2019, Vespertilionidae, pp. 716-981 in Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona :Lynx Edicions on page 889, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6397752

287. Trujillo's Yellow Bat Scotophilus trujilloi French: Scotophile de Trujillo / German: Trujillo-Hausfledermaus / Spanish: Scotofilo de Trujillo Other common names: Trujillo's House Bat Taxonomy. Scotophilus trujilloi Brooks & Bickham, 2014, “ Kenya: Coastal Province, Kwale District, Moana Marine Station, 1 km S, 2 km E Ukanda (4°18'S, 39°35'E).” Scotophilus trujilloi was recovered as sister to dinganii from which it differs by 4-2% sequence at cytochrome-b. It differs from viridis by 115%. Monotypic. Distribution. Known only from three localities in SE Kenya; it might also occur in S Somalia and NE Tanzania. Descriptive notes. Head-body 65-4-75- 2 mm, tail 37-3-43- 8 mm, ear 7-2-7- 9 mm, hindfoot 9-7-10- 4 mm, forearm 43-8-46- 2 mm. Dorsal fur is reddish mahogany; venter is orange, with grayish abdomen. Ears are separated, with semi-rounded tips. Ventral plagiopatagium is hairy proximal to body and forearm. Dorsal plagiopatagium, uropatagium, dactylopatagium, tail, legs, and feet are naked. Skull is broad, with rounded orbits; premaxillae is deeply notched; sagittal crest is present but low to medium; zygomatic arch is thin; vomer has well-developed central process; tympanic bullae are spherical and well developed; foramen magnum is round; and occipital condyles are well developed. All mandibular processes are well developed; coronoid processis low and triangular; and angular process extends to same level as mandibular condyle. I? is bilobed, with inner cusp longer and wider than outer cusp; paracone of P* is much longer than metacone, which is longer than hypocone; P* has smaller diameter but similar metacone length compared to M' and M? M! and M? are similar in size and structure, with triangular outline that is notched exteriorly in occlusal view, and interior edgeis shortest; metacone of M' and M? is slightly longer than paracone, and both are longer than hypocone; M* is highly reduced, similar in appearance to metacone and proximal hypocone of M?*, with ellipsoidal outline narrowing exteriorly in occlusal view; lower incisors are small, with I, and I, weakly developed and trilobed; P, 1s shorter than C; lower molars are similar in structure with trapezoid outline in occlusal view, exterior edge is shortest, and paracone is longer than metacone that is longer than hypocone; and M| and M, are similar in size and wider in diameter than M,. Habitat. Woodland and forest habitats of coastal Kenya from sea level up to elevations of ¢. 760 m. Food and Feeding. No information. Breeding. No information. Activity patterns. No information. Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information. Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Trujillo’s Yellow Bat occurs in the Shimba Hills National Reserve. Bibliography. Brooks & Bickham (2014), Trujillo et al. (2009)., Published as part of Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier, 2019, Vespertilionidae, pp. 716-981 in Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona :Lynx Edicions on pages 890-891, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6397752

284. Andrew Rebori’s Yellow Bat Scotophilus andrewreborii French: Scotophile de Rebori / German: Andrew-Rebori-Hausfledermaus / Spanish: Scotofilo de Rebori Other common names: Andrew Rebori's House Bat Taxonomy. Scotophilus andrewreborii Brooks & Bickham, 2014, “ Kenya: Rift Valley Province, Nakur District, 12 km S, 4 km E Nakuru (0°24'S, 36°07'E).” Scotophilus andrewreborii and S. dinganit have 9-3% sequence difference in cytochrome-b. Monotypic. Distribution. Known only from a few localities in Kenya. Descriptive notes. Head-body 74-986- 5 mm, tail 42.9-50- 3 mm, ear 8-8 10- 8 mm, hindfoot 9-10- 2 mm, forearm 46-5-64- 1 mm. Dorsal fur is red to mahogany; venter is tan to orange, darker on chin and sides of abdomen. Ears are separated and have semi-rounded tips. Ventral plagiopatagium is hairy proximal to body and forearm. Dorsal plagiopatagium, uropatagium, dactylopatagium,tail, legs, and feet are naked. Skull is broad with wide orbits; premaxillae are deeply notched and wide;sagittal crest is well developed; zygomatic arch is thin; vomer has well-developed central process; palatine bones are angled inward anteriorly; tympanic bullae are round to oval and well developed; foramen magnum is round; and occipital condyles are developed. All mandibular processes are well developed; coronoid processis triangular pointing upward; and angular process extends to same level as mandibular condyle. I? is bilobed, with inner cusp longer than outer cusp; paracone of P*is longer than metacone that is longer than hypocone; P* has smaller diameter but longer paracone than M' and M?; M! and M? are similar in size and structure, with ellipsoidal triangular outline in occlusal view, and interior edge is shortest; paracone and metacone of M! and M? are similar in length, being longer than hypocone; M? is highly reduced,less than one-half the diameter of M' and M* with an ellipsoidal rectangular outline in occlusal view; lower incisors are small, with I, and k; well developed and trilobed; and P, 1S shorter than C, and slightly longer than paracone of M,. M, and M,are similar in size and structure, with rectangular trapezoid outline in occlusal view, and exterior edge is shortest; M, is similar to M, and M, structurally and only slightly reduced in size; and paracone of lower molars is longer than metacone, which is longer than hypocone. Habitat. Wide range of savannas and woodlands at elevations of ¢. 332-1905 m. Food and Feeding. No information. Breeding. No information. Activity patterns. No information. Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information. Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Combined localities encompass ¢. 38,653 km?. Bibliography. Brooks & Bickham (2014)., Published as part of Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier, 2019, Vespertilionidae, pp. 716-981 in Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona :Lynx Edicions on pages 889-890, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6397752

274. Malagasy Yellow Bat Scotophilus tandrefana French: Scotophile d'Andadoany / German: \WestmadagaskarHausfledermaus / Spanish: Scotofilo de Andadoany Other common names: \Vestern Yellow Bat Taxonomy. Scotophilus tandrefana Goodman, Jenkins & Ratrimomanarivo, 2005, “ Madagascar, Province de Mahajanga,just outside the limit of the Parc national de Bemaraha, 1.8 km SE from Bekopake and 0.6 km NE from Andadoany, 19°08.454’S, 44°48.732’E, 50 m above sea-level.” Cytochrome-b divergence of 0-6% occurs between S. tandrefana and S. marovaza, indicative of within-species divergence, but it does not provide support for recognition oftandrefana as a valid species; additional research is needed. Monotypic. Distribution. W Madagascar, confirmed from two localities near Tsingy de Bemaraha National Park and Sarodrano; possible record from Kirindy Forest. Descriptive notes. Head-body ¢.65—- 68 mm, tail 43-46 mm, ear c. 13 mm, hindfoot c. 7 mm, forearm 44-47 mm; weight c. 14 g. Dorsalfur is long, soft, and dark chocolatebrown, with basal parts distinctly lighter brown. Throat and ventral pelage are shorter and finer, lighter medium brown, with grayish brown bases. Wings and uropatagium are dark brownish black. Ears are black and short. Tragus is long, projecting forward, with slightly complex peduncle, and tip is slightly rounded. Muzzle is pronounced, relatively short, and rounded. Nostrils open slightly antero-laterally and are slightly elongated. Skull is small (greatest skull lengths 16-:9-17- 9 mm) for Scotophilus; rostrum is slightly short and broad, without expanded lacrimal processes; braincase is expanded; sagittal and lambdoidal crests are relatively well developed, forming helmet, but less prominent than in adults of most other species of Scotophilus; posterior palatal extension terminates as acute spine; zygomatic arches are slightly flared; anterior emargination of palate is deep and broad; and pterygoids are expanded posteriorly and wing-shaped. I* is trifid; M' and M? have reduced mesostyle and distorted W-shaped cusp pattern; M* is greatly reduced in size; and trigonid of lower premolarsis larger than talonid. Habitat. Holotype from open grassy clearing adjacent to ricefields and disturbed deciduous forest and within 100 m of a limestone outcrop; original natural habitat dry semideciduous forest and capture site ¢. 200 m from relatively intact natural forest formations in Parc national de Bemaraha. Food and Feeding. No information. Breeding. No information. Activity patterns. A Malagasy Yellow Bat in a flight cage emitted broadband FM/QCF calls at LDC, with frequency containing most energy at 48-2 kHz. Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information. Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The [UCN Red List. Bibliography. Goodman, Jenkins & Ratrimomanarivo (2005), Goodman, Ratrimomanarivo & Randrianandrianina (2006), Kofoky et al. (2009), Trujillo et al. (2009)., Published as part of Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier, 2019, Vespertilionidae, pp. 716-981 in Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona :Lynx Edicions on pages 886-887, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6397752

271. Greater Asiatic Yellow Bat Scotophilus heathii French: Scotophile de Heath / German: Grol3e Asiatische Hausfledermaus / Spanish: Scotofilo de Heath Other common names: Asiatic Greater Yellow House Bat, Common Yellow Bat, Greater Asiatic Yellow House Bat Taxonomy. Nycticejus heathit Horsfield, 1831, Madras, India. Scotophilus heathii is genetically close to S. tandrefana and S. marovazain Madagascar and S. leucogasterin sub-Saharan Africa, being embedded in the African Scotophilus clade unrelated to the widespread Asiatic species S. kuhlii. Scotophilus heathii might include S. celebensis. Three subspecies (heath, insularis, and watkinst) have been recognized, but there is no well-defined distribution for any subspecies. Monotypic. Distribution. NE Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, SC & SE China (Yunnan, Guangxi, Guangdong, and Fujian) including Hainan I, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam (including Cat Ba and Phu Quoc Is), and N & E Cambodia. Descriptive notes. Head—body 67-93 mm, tail 43-72 mm, ear 13-20- 2 mm, hindfoot 9-15 mm, forearm 55-69 mm; weight 29-53 g. Pelage is fine and short. Dorsal pelage is dark orange to reddish brown, sometimes chestnut-brown (hair bases pale buffy brown, with darker olive-brown tips); venter is paler brownish or khaki, usually with distinct yellowish tint and occasionally reddish or golden yellow. Membranes and bare skin are dark brown. Muzzle is broad and blunt, with swollen glands on both sides and simple nostrils. Ears are small, with transverse ridges; antitragus is separated from posterior margin of ear by distinct notch and well developed; tragus is one-half the ear length and is crescent-shaped, with basal notch. Tail extends c¢. 2-3 mm past margin of uropatagium. Baculum is small and bluntly triangular in dorsal view but very thin in lateral view, and base is barely bulged. Skull is robust, with elongated and deep braincase; lambdoid crests are well developed; rostrum is short and broad; sagittal crest is variably developed but most defined posteriorly (especially in old males), bifurcates in interorbital region, and extends to front of orbits; zygomatic arches are moderately flattened; tympanic bullae are small; condylo-canine lengths are 19-21- 3 mm; I* is large, robust, and unicuspid; P* is large and is two-thirds C' height; P, is very small and tightly compressed in tooth row; P, is well developed and about two-thirds C, height. Diploid number is 2n = 36. Habitat. Urban areas and forested habitats from sea level up to elevations of ¢. 1500 m. Greater Asiatic Yellow Bats forage in forest clearings, at forest edges, over fields, and in other open habitats. Food and Feeding. Greater Asiatic Yellow Bats appear to forage by aerial hawking and usually fly less than 3-4 m aboveground. When pursuing prey, they can be less than 0-5 m aboveground and fly mostly straight with few twists and turns. They fly a few hundred meters from their roosts before returning using the same flight path. Breeding. Greater Asiatic Yellow Bats breed once a year. Copulation occurs in the second week of Novemberin Kerala and January-February in Uttar Pradesh. During the breeding season, males form harems of 2-6 females. Testes of Pakistani males increased in size from September to October; spermatogenesis peaks in November when testes double in size. There is also evidence of sperm storage in females, and ovulation and fertilization occurred after sperm was stored until the last week of December. Gestation reportedly lasts 115 days in Uttar Pradesh, births occurred in earlyJuly, lactation lasted 2-3 weeks, and weaning coincided with increased insect abundance at the beginning of monsoon season. Births in Kerala occurred in April-May. In Sri Lanka, pregnant females were reported in September—October. They give birth to 1-2 young. At birth, young weigh c. 5 g and developed quickly, reaching c. 20 g by three weeks of age. Females seem to reach maturity faster than males. Activity patterns. The Greater Asiatic Yellow Bat roosts in crevices, hollows in buildings, roofs of houses, tree hollows, crowns of palm leaf stems, and under leaves of palmyra trees. They leave roosts a little after sunset (6-26 minutes in India), generally not exiting during heavy rain. Call shape is FM sweep. In the Western Ghats, India, average start frequency was 56-7 kHz (43-2-83-8 kHz), average end frequency was 37-7 kHz (33-8-43 kHz), average peak frequency was 41-2 kHz (37-4-59-6 kHz), and average duration was 2-7 milliseconds (2-2-3-5 milliseconds). Movements, Home range and Social organization. Greater Asiatic Yellow Bats roost alone or in colonies that usually have less than 50 individuals and are sexually segregated except during breeding when males form harems. Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The [UCN Red List. The Greater Asiatic Yellow Bat is widespread and common;it does not seem to face any major threats. Bibliography. Bates & Harrison (1997), Bates, Csorba, Molur & Srinivasulu (2008b), Benda & Gaisler (2015), Bhatnagar & Srivastava (1974), Das (2003), Francis (2008a), Krishna (2011), Krishna & Abhilasha (2000), Kruskop (2013a), Nargis et al. (2016), Rahman, Perveen, Rauf, Salim, Ali, Khan & Kamal (2015), Roy & Krishna (2011, 2012), Shahbaz, Javid, Mahmood-ul-Hassan, Hussain (2014), Sharma et al. (1974), Siddiqi (1960), Smith & Xie Yan (2008), Srinivasulu & Srinivasulu (2012), Trujillo (2006), Trujillo et al. (2009), Vanitharani (2006), Wordley et al. (2014)., Published as part of Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier, 2019, Vespertilionidae, pp. 716-981 in Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona :Lynx Edicions on pages 885-886, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6397752

278. Robust Yellow Bat Scotophilus robustus French: Scotophile robuste / German: Robuste Hausfledermaus / Spanish: Scotofilo robusto Taxonomy. Scotophilus robustus Milne-Edwards, 1881, Madagascar. Based on multivariate analyses of forearm and cranial measurements, S. robustus is distinct from dinganii and borbonicus. Monotypic. Distribution. Endemic to Madagascar. Descriptive notes. Head-body ¢.93 98 mm, tail 55-70 mm, ear 17-20 mm, hindfoot 10-13 mm, forearm 62-65 mm; weight ¢.40- 5—49 g. Dorsum and venter are medium brown. Baculum is flat and triangular, with distinct indentation to proximal margin. Skull is large (greatest skull lengths 24-2-25- 6 mm) for Scotophilus, but rostrum is comparatively short; sagittal crest is well developed; occipital helmet is present; and profile of skull mostly slopes from front to back, with very shallow concavity in forehead region. I? is unicuspid; M' and M? have concave surfaces and indistinct ridges and appear worn; and M” is very short and has two ridges. Habitat. All distinct biomes of Madagascar, except spiny bush and apparently humanoccupied habitats, from sea levelto elevations up to c¢. 1400 m. Food and Feeding. Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Homoptera, and Blattodea were found in feces of two individuals. Coleoptera comprised ¢.68% of diet by volume, but sampling in the feeding area showed that only 3% of available prey was Coleoptera, suggesting that the Robust Yellow Bat is a coleopteran specialist. Feces of three bats contained Araneae, Coleoptera, Diptera, Homoptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, and Orthoptera. Breeding. No information. Activity patterns. Calls of Robust Yellow Bats were characterized by broadband steep FM,followed by QCF at LDC. Fundamental call was always most intense, with peak energy of 38-1 kHz. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Ectoparasites of Robust Yellow Bats included Basilia nov. sp. (Diptera, Nycteribiidae) and Basilia (Paracyclopodia) sp., the latter infected by Bartonella and Enterobacteriales. Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Bibliography. Duron et al. (2014), Hayman & Hill (1971), Kofoky et al. (2009), Rakotondramanana etal. (2015), Rasoanoro et al. (2015), Robbins et al. (1985), Wilkinson et al. (2016)., Published as part of Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier, 2019, Vespertilionidae, pp. 716-981 in Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona :Lynx Edicions on page 888, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6397752

275. Marovaza Yellow Bat Scotophilus marovaza French: Scotophile de Marovaza / German: Marovaza-Hausfledermaus / Spanish: Scotofilo de Marovaza Other common names: Marovaza House Bat Taxonomy. Scotophilus marovaza Goodman, Ratrimomanarivo & Randrianandrianina, 2006, “ Madagascar, Province de Mahajanga, Marovaza, 14°56’S, 47°16’E, 5 m above sea level.” This species is monotypic. Distribution. Known from three localities in W Madagascar (Marovaza, Ankarafantsika, and Mahabo); it might occur across much of W lowland Madagascar. Descriptive notes. Head-body c.62 68 mm, tail 38-45 mm, ear 13-15 mm, hindfoot 6-6- 5 mm, forearm 41-45 mm; weight 12-5-16- 8 g. Dorsal pelage is relatively short, reddish brown, except for distinctly lighter, brownish red band across central back; venter and throat are uniform shiny light brownish yellow. Wings and uropatagium are dark brownish black. Muzzle is broad and short, with pug-like appearance. Distinct rostral swelling occurs anterior to eyes. Nostril openings are crescent-shaped and pointed outwardly. Tragus is notably long and sickle-shaped and tapers to fine point at apex; outer margin is convex and has circular lobe at its base. Antitragus is a well-developed,slightly asymmetric, semi-round structure (3 mm wide x 2 mm high) and is separated from ear by distinct notch. Baculum is flat and triangular, with rounded, expanded proximal part that gradually tapers to rounded distal tip. Skull is small (greatest skull lengths 16-4-16- 9 mm) for Scotophilus; sagittal crest is well developed, particularly in males, bifurcates at level of interorbital region, and extends as weak crest to front of orbits and posteriorly in a helmet; lambdoid crests are not well developed; rostrum is comparatively short and broad, without notable expansion or swelling in lacrimal region; zygomatic arches have slight ovoid flaring; interorbital constriction is not pronounced; anterior emargination of palate is relatively deep and broad; and posterior palatal extension terminates as small acute spine. I* is trifid; M' and M? have reduced mesostyle; M! has distorted W-shaped cusp pattern; M* has distinct W-shaped cusp pattern; M? is greatly reduced in size; and trigonid of lower premolarsis larger than talonid. Habitat. Ecotones of savanna and disturbed dry lowland deciduous forest, in and around villages, open areas close to natural forests, dry riverbeds at edge of slightly disturbed dry deciduous forests from sea level up to elevations of ¢. 200 m. Food and Feeding. No information. Breeding. One Marovaza Yellow Bat captured at Ankarafantsika in late November had greatly enlarged mammae, appearing to be lactating. One male from Marovaza collected in early December had enlarged descended testes (8 x 3 mm) and convoluted epididymis. Three of four individuals obtained at Marovaza in late April were adult females, with large or slightly enlarged mammae, no embryos, and single placental scars in one uterine horn, and one was an adult male with enlarged descended testes (9 x 4 mm) and convoluted epididymis. A defined breeding season of females might coincide with start of rainy season (November—February); males seem to maintain reproductive capability during longer parts of the year. Activity patterns. Two Marovaza Yellow Bats were captured c.1-5 hours after sunset and two hours before sunrise when they exited and entered roost sites. Holotype and two other individuals were collected in a day roost in dry palm leaves (Bismarckia nobilis, Arecaceae) forming the roof of a building in a small pocket formed by curled dried leaves of the palm, just anterior to the leaf stem. Palm fronds are probably natural day roosting sites. Based on nine individuals, calls were broadband steep FM followed by QCIF, and individuals emitted LDC calls, with maximum energy at 45-9 kHz. Remains of one individual were found in pellets of bat hawk (Macheiramphus alcinus). Movements, Home range and Social organization. Marovaza Yellow Bats formed groups of less than five individuals in huts made from palm leaves. Ectoparasites include Basilia (Paracyclopodia) sp. (Diptera, Nycteribiidae). Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Bibliography. Goodman, Jenkins & Ratrimomanarivo (2005), Goodman, Ratrimomanarivo & Randrianandrianina (2006), Kofoky et al. (2009), Ratrimomanarivo & Goodman (2005)., Published as part of Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier, 2019, Vespertilionidae, pp. 716-981 in Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona :Lynx Edicions on page 887, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6397752

287. Trujillo's Yellow Bat Scotophilus trujilloi French: Scotophile de Trujillo / German: Trujillo-Hausfledermaus / Spanish: Scotofilo de Trujillo Other common names: Trujillo's House Bat Taxonomy. Scotophilus trujilloi Brooks & Bickham, 2014, “ Kenya: Coastal Province, Kwale District, Moana Marine Station, 1 km S, 2 km E Ukanda (4°18'S, 39°35'E).” Scotophilus trujilloi was recovered as sister to dinganii from which it differs by 4-2% sequence at cytochrome-b. It differs from viridis by 115%. Monotypic. Distribution. Known only from three localities in SE Kenya; it might also occur in S Somalia and NE Tanzania. Descriptive notes. Head-body 65-4-75- 2 mm, tail 37-3-43- 8 mm, ear 7-2-7- 9 mm, hindfoot 9-7-10- 4 mm, forearm 43-8-46- 2 mm. Dorsal fur is reddish mahogany; venter is orange, with grayish abdomen. Ears are separated, with semi-rounded tips. Ventral plagiopatagium is hairy proximal to body and forearm. Dorsal plagiopatagium, uropatagium, dactylopatagium, tail, legs, and feet are naked. Skull is broad, with rounded orbits; premaxillae is deeply notched; sagittal crest is present but low to medium; zygomatic arch is thin; vomer has well-developed central process; tympanic bullae are spherical and well developed; foramen magnum is round; and occipital condyles are well developed. All mandibular processes are well developed; coronoid processis low and triangular; and angular process extends to same level as mandibular condyle. I? is bilobed, with inner cusp longer and wider than outer cusp; paracone of P* is much longer than metacone, which is longer than hypocone; P* has smaller diameter but similar metacone length compared to M' and M? M! and M? are similar in size and structure, with triangular outline that is notched exteriorly in occlusal view, and interior edgeis shortest; metacone of M' and M? is slightly longer than paracone, and both are longer than hypocone; M* is highly reduced, similar in appearance to metacone and proximal hypocone of M?*, with ellipsoidal outline narrowing exteriorly in occlusal view; lower incisors are small, with I, and I, weakly developed and trilobed; P, 1s shorter than C; lower molars are similar in structure with trapezoid outline in occlusal view, exterior edge is shortest, and paracone is longer than metacone that is longer than hypocone; and M| and M, are similar in size and wider in diameter than M,. Habitat. Woodland and forest habitats of coastal Kenya from sea level up to elevations of ¢. 760 m. Food and Feeding. No information. Breeding. No information. Activity patterns. No information. Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information. Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Trujillo’s Yellow Bat occurs in the Shimba Hills National Reserve. Bibliography. Brooks & Bickham (2014), Trujillo et al. (2009).

270. Sody’s Yellow Bat Scotophilus collinus French: Scotophile de Sody / German: Sody-Hausfledermaus / Spanish: Scotofilo de Sody Other common names: Sody'’s Yellow House Bat Taxonomy. Scotophilus temmincki collinus Sody, 1936, Djembrana (= Jembrana Regency), ca. 50 m, Bali, Indonesia. Scotophilus collinus has often been included under S. kuhlii, but it is generally recognized as a distinct species based on morphology. There might be two subspecies of S. collinus based on morphometric analyses: one In the east and the other in the west. Monotypic. Distribution. NW & C Borneo, W Java, Bali, Lombok, Flores, Lembata, Sumba, Sawu, Timor, Semau, Roti, Banda, and Aru Is. Descriptive notes. Head-body 55- 7-71 mm, tail 27- 8-52 mm, ear 12:3-15- 1 mm, hindfoot 6-7-9- 7 mm, forearm 44-5-51- 9 mm; weight 18-23 g. Sody’s Yellow Bat is similar to the Lesser Asiatic Yellow Bat (S. kuhlii). Western form has smaller average skull characteristics than eastern form, but external measurements are generally larger. Dorsal pelage is dark brown; venter is paler straw yellow. Bare skin is olive-brown. Muzzle is broad and blunt, with swollen glands on both sides and simple nostrils. Ears are small, with transverse ridges; antitragus is separated from posterior margin of ear by distinct notch and well developed; tragusis one-half the ear length and is crescent-shaped with basal notch. Tail extends c. 2-3 mm past margin of uropatagium. Compared with the Lesser Asiatic Yellow Bat, skull is shorter; rostrum is broader; cranium is broad but less inflated, giving slenderer impression; zygomatic width is considerably narrower; palate is broader; and mesopterygoid fossa and distance between cochleae are broad. Habitat. Urban areas and rocky, forested offshore islands. Food and Feeding. No information. Breeding. No information. Activity patterns. Sody’s Yellow Bat often roosts in roofs of houses. Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information. Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Virtually nothing is known regarding ecology and threats of Sody’s Yellow Bat. It is apparently common in some parts of Borneo. Bibliography. Helgen & Wilson (2002), Kitchener et al. (1997), Phillipps & Phillipps (2016), Sinaga & Maryanto (2008)., Published as part of Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier, 2019, Vespertilionidae, pp. 716-981 in Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona :Lynx Edicions on page 885, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6397752

279. Lesser Yellow Bat Scotophilus borbonicus French: Scotophile de Bourbon / German: Kleine Hausfledermaus / Spanish: Scotofilo de la Isla de Reunion Other common names: Lesser Yellow House Bat, Bourbon Bat Taxonomy. Vespertilio borbonicus E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1803, Ile Bourbon [= Réunion Island], Réunion. See S. robustus. The name borbonicus is restricted to the Réunion Island form. Monotypic. Distribution. Confirmed from Réunion I; in Madagascar, known only from a single specimen collected in the SW, butthis record cannot be confirmed; records from Mauritius are erroneous. Descriptive notes. Forearm 51 mm (one specimen). The Lesser Yellow Bat is known from only one individual in very poor condition. Dorsum of the specimen is apparently reddish brown, and venteris whitish, which matches original description by E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire in 1803. Habitat. No information. Food and Feeding. No information. Breeding. No information. Activity patterns. Some echolocation calls of two unidentified bats were recorded during fieldwork on Réunion. Signals of one call from “ Chiroptera spl” (QFC = 60 kHz and FM = 61 kHz) were very similar to those of Madagascan and African continental species of Scotophilus, suggesting that it might have been the Lesser Yellow Bat. Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information. Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red Last. Bibliography. ACR (2017), Barataud & Giosa (2013a), Dorst (1947), Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire (1803), Goodman, Jenkins & Ratrimomanarivo (2005), Jentink (1888), Hill (1980b), ICZN (2002b), Koopman (1986), Robbins et al. (1985), Simmons (2005)., Published as part of Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier, 2019, Vespertilionidae, pp. 716-981 in Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona :Lynx Edicions on page 888, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6397752

277. East African Yellow Bat Scotophilus altilis French: Scotophile du Soudan / German: Ostafrika-Hausfledermaus / Spanish: Scotofilo de Sudan Taxonomy. Scotophilus altilis G. M. Allen, 1914, “Aradeiba, above [= north of] Roseires, Blue Nile [province], Sudan.” Scotophilus altilis was traditionally considered a junior synonym of S. leucogaster, until additional samples and molecular and morphological analyses confirmed it as a distinct species. Monotypic. Distribution. Known only from scattered localities in SE Sudan, W Ethiopia, SC South Sudan, NE DR Congo, and SW Kenya. Descriptive notes. Forearm c¢. 46 mm. Dorsal pelageis sepia-brown to pale brown; venter is light brown. Wings and uropatagium are uniformly dark brown. Ears are comparatively short and widely separated, with inner margin strongly convex and outer margin almost straight. Tragus tapers to bluntly rounded tip, with concave anterior margin. Eyes are small. Skull is medium to large (greatest skull lengths 16-5-20- 3 mm) for Scotophilus, and sagittal crest is present. Habitat. No information. Food and Feeding. No information. Breeding. No information. Activity patterns. No information. Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information. Status and Conservation. Not assessed on The [UCN Red List. Bibliography. Vallo et al. (2019)., Published as part of Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier, 2019, Vespertilionidae, pp. 716-981 in Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona :Lynx Edicions on page 888, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6397752

289. Eritrean Yellow Bat Scotophilus colias French: Scotophile soufré / German: Eritrea-Hausfledermaus / Spanish: Scotofilo de Eritrea Other common names: Eritrean House Bat Taxonomy. Scotophilus nigrita colias Thomas, 1904, “Fort Hall [= Muranga], Kenya District, British East Africa [= Kenya].” See S. dinganui. Monotypic. Distribution. Eritrea, Ethiopia, and Kenya. Descriptive notes. Forearm 55-57 mm (two specimens). Pelage is smooth, soft, and sleek. Dorsal pelage is similar to that of the White-bellied Yellow Bat (S. leucogaster). Ventral pelage is yellow, with buffy tint on throat. Wings and uropatagium are dark brown. Ears are comparatively short and widely separated. Eyes are small. Habitat. Mountainous habitats. Food and Feeding. No information. Breeding. No information. Activity patterns. No information. Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information. Status and Conservation. Not assessed on The IUCN Red List. Bibliography. Thomas (1904a), Vallo, Benda & Reiter (2011)., Published as part of Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier, 2019, Vespertilionidae, pp. 716-981 in Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona :Lynx Edicions on page 891, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6397752