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This paper is the first of a Series on theranostics that summarises the current landscape of the radiopharmaceutical sciences as they pertain to oncology. In this Series paper, we describe exciting developments in radiochemistry and the production of radionuclides, the development and translation of theranostics, and the application of artificial intelligence to our field. These developments are catalysing growth in the use of radiopharmaceuticals to the benefit of patients worldwide. We also highlight some of the key issues to be addressed in the coming years to realise the full potential of radiopharmaceuticals to treat cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 1950s was a pivotal decade for Britain's entertainment industries, with the rapid diffusion of television and sharp declines for hitherto dominant urban venue entertainments. This had important social consequences, including the acceleration of the trend from community-based socialising to more sedentary, family-based, entertainment – the last essential component of the 'industrialisation of the home'. However, the disruptive impact of television varied considerably among different incumbent urban entertainments, with variety theatre and cinema facing catastrophic declines, while spectator sports and dance halls continued to flourish. This article examines television's differential impact on incumbent entertainments using a variety of new sources, including Customs and Excise data; unpublished government social surveys; and trade sources. The differential impact of television on incumbent entertainments can be largely explained by the degree of 'commitment' demanded of consumers for different leisure activities; the degree to which television was a strong substitute; the presence of addictive elements (gambling); and the extent to which the activity appealed to a youth audience. However, the rapid collapse of variety theatre and cinema can only be fully explained by television enabling strong latent preferences for commercial entertainment in the home, which were now satisfied by television. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Relationships between occupational membership and personal consumption have long been an important area of social analysis. Occupational groups represent important contexts of consumption, where individuals' advantages and resources are accumulated and often impose reproduction of field-specific practices and patterns of behaviour. Drawing on Bourdieu's conceptualization of capitals and using the British family expenditure survey, we explore consumption of capital-signalling goods across particular occupational groups within the professional-managerial 'class', associated with different capital structures, and demonstrate distinct spending strategies geared to the pursuit of occupational advancement. We examine consumption behaviours for six managerial/professional groups – business professionals; technical professionals; educational professionals; higher, and lower, private sector management; and public sector management. We test whether distinct patterns of 'capital-signalling' consumption can be identified and find significant effects of capital composition on presentational, socialization-related and informational expenditure, consistent with our hypotheses. We argue that consumption is a part of the signalling strategy of career agents, and between-occupational contrasts in capital-signalling expenditures are important but overlooked measures of capitals in cultural class analysis. We conclude that granular analysis of consumption patterns is important for revealing differences in accumulation of non-economic capitals across occupational groups, with significant implications for understanding inequality and class divisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Positron emission tomography (PET) is a powerful tool in medicine and drug development, allowing for non‐invasive imaging and quantitation of biological processes in live organisms. Targets are often probed with small molecules, but antibody‐based PET is expanding because of many benefits, including ease of design of new antibodies toward targets, as well as the very strong affinities that can be expected. Application of antibodies to PET imaging of targets in the central nervous system (CNS) is a particularly nascent field, but one with tremendous potential. In this review, we discuss the growth of PET in imaging of CNS targets, present the promises and progress in antibody‐based CNS PET, explore challenges faced by the field, and discuss questions that this promising approach will need to answer moving forward for imaging and perhaps even radiotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Policy discourse on graduate internships rests on the assumption that, paid or unpaid, they improve the employability of interns. Employing data from a survey of UK creative and mass communications graduates, surveyed two to six years after graduation, this article examines the impact of graduate internships on subsequent job prospects. While paid internships are associated with better pay and increased chances of having a creative or graduate-level job, unpaid internships are not, and are associated with lower pay in the short to medium term. Findings contribute to theory by challenging the 'stepping stone' view of unpaid internships and much policy discussion about these. Results reinforce, with enhanced specificity about the role internships play in the graduate labour market, theories that characterise the graduate labour market as a 'positional' hierarchy of opportunities rather than a labour market that is essentially meritocratic in nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The Editorial Board of EJNMMI Radiopharmacy and Chemistry releases a biannual highlight commentary to update the readership on trends in the field of radiopharmaceutical development. Main Body: This selection of highlights provides commentary on 21 different topics selected by each coauthoring Editorial Board member addressing a variety of aspects ranging from novel radiochemistry to first-in-human application of novel radiopharmaceuticals. Conclusion: Trends in radiochemistry and radiopharmacy are highlighted. Hot topics cover the entire scope of EJNMMI Radiopharmacy and Chemistry, demonstrating the progress in the research field, and include new PET-labelling methods for 11C and 18F, the importance of choosing the proper chelator for a given radioactive metal ion, implications of total body PET on use of radiopharmaceuticals, legislation issues and radionuclide therapy including the emerging role of 161Tb. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Chronic carriage of S. Typhi or S. Paratyphi is an important source of enteric fever transmission. Existing guidance and treatment options for this condition are limited. This systematic review aims to assess the evidence concerning the efficacy of different antimicrobials in treating enteric fever chronic carriage. Methods: We searched major bibliographic databases using relevant keywords between 1946 and September 2021. We included all interventional studies that included patients with confirmed enteric fever chronic carriage and deployed an antimicrobial that remains in clinical practice today. Case reports and case series of under 10 patients were excluded. Two reviewers screened abstracts, selected articles for final inclusion and quality-assessed the included studies for risk of bias. Extracted data was analysed, with pooling of data and eradication rates for each antimicrobial calculated. As only one randomised controlled trial was identified, no meta-analysis was performed. Results: Of the 593 papers identified by the initial search, a total of eight studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the systematic review. Evidence was identified for the use of fluoroquinolones and amoxicillin/ampicillin in the treatment for enteric fever chronic carriage. Fluoroquinolones were superior to amoxicillin/ampicillin with 92% of patients achieving eradication after one antimicrobial course compared to 68% (p = 0.02). The quality of included studies was poor, and all were carried out before 1990. Conclusion: This review identified fluoroquinolones and amoxicillin/ampicillin as treatment options for enteric fever chronic carriage, with fluoroquinolones the more effective option. However, this evidence pre-dates rises in antimicrobial resistance in enteric fever and therefore the significance of these findings to today's practice is unclear. Further research is needed to investigate whether these antimicrobials remain appropriate treatment options or whether alternative interventions are more effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inter-war Britain witnessed rising tax avoidance and evasion, reflecting a combination of elite opposition to higher tax rates and the almost complete absence of any effective legal or reputational sanctions against tax evaders. Legal tax avoidance carried little social stigma and even illegal evasion rarely led to criminal prosecution or public censure, on account of the confidential, non-judicial procedure by which cases were resolved. This paper explores how a combination of elite opposition to higher tax rates, a growing judicial ideology (especially in the higher courts) based around protecting 'civil liberties' (essentially construed in terms of private property rights), and an ambiguous stance on tax avoidance among policy-makers, created the conditions for the rapid growth of tax avoidance. This in turn fostered a booming tax avoidance industry that became a persistent feature of the British tax environment. The paper also explores the wider political economy of tax avoidance and evasion and how a political philosophy shared by leading judges, right-wing 'anti-waste' movements, some Conservative politicians, and many wealthy taxpayers, formed a precursor of neo-liberal political philosophy. Finally, it charts the changed tax climate of the late 1930s, when the growing threat of total war aligned the interests of the wealthy with those of the rest of society and allowed policy-makers to present tax payment as a patriotic duty. In this context, collective liberty and an ideology of 'fair shares' eclipsed the rhetoric of the rights of the propertied individual, thereby undermining the legitimacy of tax avoidance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is part of the Topical Collection on Infection and Inflammation Bacterial infections remain a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. PET imaging offers the possibility to noninvasively and specifically detect bacterial infections and, with an appropriate war chest of imaging agents, even distinguish between different types of bacteria (e.g., gram negative vs positive, antibiotic-resistant organisms), and both predict and monitor response to therapy. [Extracted from the article]

New Zealand kauri (Agathis australis) trees are culturally, socially and ecologically significant within northern New Zealand's nutrient‐poor podocarp forest ecosystems. Phytophthora agathidicida is an aggressive oomycete pathogen, capable of killing A. australis across its ecological range, causing the disease known as kauri dieback. The pathogen, like many other forest Phytophthora species, commences as a fine root rot which progresses to collar rot and resinous cankers on the lower trunk. In this study, we investigated the eco‐physiological and fine root responses of kauri to infection by P. agathidicida and tested whether the foliar application of micronutrients (manganese and zinc combined, iron alone, or a trace element mix) affects dieback disease expression. Fortnightly assessments of chlorophyll‐a‐fluorescence were conducted over 12 weeks, and fine root length and tip numbers were recorded at the end of the experiment. None of the micronutrient treatments had a significant physiological effect regardless of pathogen infection. However, contrary to expectations, pathogen infection caused a significant upregulation in photosynthetic activity over time, as the electron transport rate of infected plants was approximately 26% higher than that of control plants at the end of the trial. These results indicate that an increase in the strength of the below‐ground carbon sink through pathogen consumption of labile carbohydrates (sugars), together with pathogen‐induced root damage, triggered upregulation of photosynthesis in the seedlings. Understanding how P. agathidicida infection affects the physiology and resource allocation in kauri is critical to determining the disease aetiology and management options. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phylogeny of California Slender Salamanders (Batrachoseps attenuatus), which inhabits Northern California's Coast Ranges and Sierra Nevada foothills, was previously investigated by Martínez-Solano et al. (2007), who recovered a monophyletic species that contained five geographically cohesive major clades. However, a population isolate of B. attenuatus found in the Sutter Buttes, a geographically isolated volcanic mountain range within the Sacramento Valley, was not available in their phylogenetic analysis. We sequenced the ∼780-base pair segment of the mitochondrial DNA cytochrome b (cytb) gene used in Martínez-Solano et al. (2007) to examine the phylogenetic placement of this isolated population within the B. attenuatus complex. Our results, based on a single mitochondrial marker, indicate that the Sutter Buttes population of B. attenuatus is genetically distinct and falls within the Martínez-Solano et al. (2007) "East Bay/Sierra subclade" that, in turn, is nested within their "Eastern" major clade. Although we cannot accurately estimate how long the Sutter Buttes population has been isolated, B. attenuatus was likely able to colonize the Sutter Buttes during pluvial Pleistocene interglacials when more contiguous woodlands may have opened dispersal corridors across the Great Central Valley. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The iridium‐catalysed borylation of aromatic C−H bonds has become the preferred method for the synthesis of aromatic organoboron compounds. The reaction is highly efficient, tolerant of a broad range of substituents and can be applied to both carbocyclic and heterocyclic substrates. The regioselectivity of C−H activation is dominated by steric considerations and there have been considerable efforts to develop more selective processes for less constrained substrates. However, most of these have focused on benzenoid‐type substrates and in contrast, heteroarenes remain much desired but more challenging substrates with the position and/or nature of the heteroatom(s) significantly affecting reactivity and regioselectivity. This review will survey the borylation of heteroarenes, focusing on the influence of steric and electronic effects on regiochemical outcome and, by linking to current mechanistic understandings, will provide insights to what is currently possible and where further developments are required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Die Ir‐katalysierte Borylierung aromatischer C‐H‐Bindungen ist heute die bevorzugte Methode zur Synthese aromatischer Organoborverbindungen. Sie ist hocheffizient, toleriert vielzählige Substituenten und kann bei carbo‐ wie auch heterocyclischen Substraten angewendet werden. Die Regioselektivität der C‐H‐Aktivierung beruht hauptsächlich auf sterischen Überlegungen, und in den letzten Jahren gab es erhebliche Bemühungen, selektivere Prozesse für weniger eingeschränkte Substrate zu entwickeln. Allerdings haben sich viele Arbeiten auf benzoide Arene konzentriert, wogegen Heteroarene begehrte und anspruchsvolle Substrate bleiben, in denen die Reaktivität und Regioselektivität von der Stellung und/oder Art der Heteroatome abhängt. Dieser Aufsatz gibt einen Überblick über die Borylierung von Heteroarenen und konzentriert sich auf den Einfluss sterischer und elektronischer Effekte auf das regiochemische Ergebnis. Außerdem soll er durch Verknüpfung mit dem derzeitigen mechanistischen Verständnis einen Einblick in die momentanen Möglichkeiten und Richtungen für weitere notwendige Entwicklungen bieten. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Austerity, a politicised police reform agenda and increasing demand for police services create the collective conditions that require classical views of police culture be seen through a fresh contextual lens. Triangulating participant observation, semi-structured interviews and archival and documentary review within two UK police forces, we identify dramatic organisational and environmental changes across the UK policing landscape as the prime factors reconceptualising traditional views of police cultural theory. We argue for a context-specific, more pluralistic understanding, highlighting the importance within current police culture of public service motivation and the role of public servant, reduced intra-group solidarity and concepts of victim categorisation differing from previous typologies. Some facets of traditional concepts of police culture, such as residual racism, are resilient; other aspects, such as the role of autonomy and the meaning ascribed to getting a 'result', are now better understood in novel ways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the reasons behind the relatively slow diffusion of washing machines in interwar America and the rise and decline of a distinctive marketing strategy employed to accelerate diffusion: door-to-door sales. Washers represented a particularly difficult selling challenge, as many white-collar households (and, in the South, most white families) had already outsourced some, or all, of their washing, to a laundress or a commercial laundry. Consumer resistance to machine washing was particularly strong in the South, reflecting both the greater availability and lower cost of black domestic servants, together with attitudes, inherited from the slavery era, that clothes washing was beneath the dignity of white women. During the 1920s, washers were mainly sold door-to-door, by salesmen who focused primarily on the large number of blue-collar families who relied on manual home washing. The Depression witnessed a change in the washer market, with a greater emphasis on over-the-counter selling and price competition. Yet diffusion remained relatively slow, as the sector failed to provide a machine that would give housewives what they wanted—a means of doing their laundry within the privacy of the family unit, without significant inputs of either effort or time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anthropogenic environmental modification is placing as many as 1 million species at risk of extinction. One management action for reducing extinction risk is translocation of individuals to locations from which they have disappeared or to new locations where biologists hypothesize they have a good chance of surviving. To maximize this survival probability, the standard practice is to move animals from the closest possible populations that contain presumably related individuals. In an empirical test of this conventional wisdom, we analyzed a genomic dataset for 166 translocated desert tortoises (Gopherus agassizii) that either survived or died over a period of two decades. We used genomic data to infer the geographic origin of translocated tortoises and found that individual heterozygosity predicted tortoise survival, whereas translocation distance or geographic unit of origin did not. Our results suggest a relatively simple indicator of the likelihood of a translocated individual’s survival: heterozygosity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

RNA bulges represent one of the most common motifs in the RNA secondary structure and serve in a variety of biological functions. Compounds stabilizing RNA bulges are important for probing RNA structure and function and for therapy of some diseases. Here, the ability of a series of enantiomeric pairs of optically pure bimetallic metallohelices with different flexible linkers to target various RNA bulges is investigated. The results show that binding affinities of the metallohelices to bulged RNA differ and strongly depend on the size of the bulge and the base composition of the bulge loop. Notably, the shorter, more compact, and less flexible metallohelices bind to RNA bulges most efficiently and selectively. Interestingly, the ability of the metallohelices to bind to RNA bulges correlates with their previously reported antimicrobial activity, which suggests that the selective recognition of bulged regions in RNA by the metallohelices might also contribute to their biological activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Studies highlighting the time spent in self-isolating and inactive activities during stroke rehabilitation have led to the introduction of group programs and environmental enrichment to improve activity levels. A less explored perspective is to understand how the introduced changes align with the occupational needs of the stroke survivors. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore stroke survivors experiences of engagement in occupations during stroke rehabilitation. Methods: A descriptive phenomenological approach with semi-structured interviews explored stroke survivors experiences. Results: Eight participants (five male and three female, mean age 72 years) described their experiences with two themes emerging: (1) "I'm here for that reason:" which highlighted therapy as an occupation which participants wanted to perform and (2) "Celebration of quiet moments:" exploring the value of rest and recreation. Conclusion: This study provides a preliminary understanding of how stroke survivors experience occupational engagement during rehabilitation. There was an apparent shift in priorities with therapy considered the most important occupation and a strong need expressed for rest and relaxation to be factored into people's days. It appears the increasing activity levels may not always align with people's occupations and that due consideration of this malalignment may further enhance engagement and outcomes. During hospital-based stroke rehabilitation, stroke survivors prioritized the occupations of therapy, rest, and recreation. People with stroke are motivated to participate when the activities within and outside of, therapy align with their pre-stroke life and occupations. A daily stroke rehabilitation program should be balanced with opportunities for rest to support recovery time from therapy and possible consolidation of learning [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examine shifts in British income inequality and their causes from 1911–1949. Using newly rediscovered Inland Revenue income distribution estimates, we show that Britain had an unusually high concentration of personal incomes in 1911 compared to other industrial nations. We also find that Britain's substantial inequality reduction over the next four decades was largely driven by a collapse in top capital incomes. This parallels findings for France, the United States, and other western countries, that reduced inequality was mainly caused by declining top unearned incomes, owing to economic shocks, policy responses, and non-market mechanisms associated with the retreat from globalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Secondary analysis of the UK's 2011/12 Destinations of Leavers from Higher Education survey reveals that many existing assumptions about graduate internships are questionable. This article proposes a reliable way of estimating the true extent of internships including those reported as 'voluntary' jobs: hidden internships. In doing so the article finds: 1) At six months after graduation, internships are a small feature of the UK graduate labour market, but significant in certain sectors; 2) Unpaid internships are much more prevalent than previously estimated, especially in these same sectors; and 3) Contrary to some public policy debate, unpaid internships appear, on balance, to be a residual option more likely to lead to underemployment and less favourable career development outcomes. Post-graduation internships appear less likely than pre-graduation work experiences to confer long-term employability advantages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the last several years, the use of radiometals has gained increasing relevance in supporting the continuous development of new, complementary and more specific biological targeting agents. Radiopharmaceuticals labelled with radiometals from elements such as Tc, Zr, Y, Ga and Cu received increasing attention as they find application in both diagnostic SPECT and PET imaging techniques and radiotherapeutic purposes. Such interest stems from the wide variety of radionuclides available with distinct and complementary nuclear decay characteristics to choose from with unequalled specificity, but can also be explained by growing demand in targeted radionuclide therapy. As a result, as routine supply of these radiometals becomes mandatory, studies describing their production processes have expanded rapidly. Although most radiometals are traditionally provided by the irradiation of solid targets in specialized cyclotrons, recently developed techniques for producing radiometals through the irradiation of liquid targets have received growing attention due to compatibility with commonly available small medical cyclotrons, promising characteristics and encouraging results. Irradiating liquid targets to produce radiometals appears as a fast, reliable, convenient and cost-efficient alternative to the conventional solid target techniques, characterized by complex and time-consuming pre- and post-irradiation target handling. Production of radiometals in liquid targets incorporated to complete manufacturing processes for daily routine is already recognized as a viable alternative and complementary supply methodology to existing solid target based infrastructures to satisfy growing clinical demands. For instance, several sites already use the approach to produce 68Ga-radiopharmaceuticals for clinical use. This review article covers the production of common radiometals with clinical potential through the irradiation liquid targets. A comparison with the traditional solid target irradiation methods is presented when relevant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Synthetic access to 6,7-dihydro-4 H -pyrazolo[5,1- c ][1,4]oxazines has been achieved in 3–4 steps from commercially available pyrazoles. Optimization of a protected hydroxyethyl group on N1 enabled the regiocontrolled construction of pyrazole-5-aldehydes in high yields; subsequent deprotection and reduction generated fused heterocyclic scaffolds bearing multiple substitution patterns. Moreover, the intermediate pyrazole lactols were shown to be versatile synthetic building blocks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The general corrosion and stress corrosion cracking behaviors of the nickel-base Alloy 600 in the primary high temperature aqueous coolants of light water cooled and moderated nuclear power reactors are reviewed. The compatible welding Alloys 182 and 82 as well as the high strength, precipitation hardened analogue, Alloy X-750, are also included. The emphasis is on what is known of the underlying science of these degradation phenomena rather than on the associated engineering consequences and remedies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Martin Trow was among the most influential scholar in Higher Education studies in the second half of the 20th century. He is best known for his conceptualisation of the development of Higher Education into three stages—elite, mass and universal systems. This article considers, first, his intellectual method and the underpinning theory (or lack of it); secondly, the extent to which his ideas, generated in the exceptional environment of post‐war America were, and are, relevant to different national contexts and in the very different environment of the 21st century; thirdly, the strengths—and weaknesses—of Trow's conceptualisation of three stages of Higher Education development; and, finally the new lines of research suggested by an overall assessment of his work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hansson et al. argue that our main finding could provide an overly simplistic metric for maximizing genetic rescue. They agree that translocating the most genetically diverse individuals led to a large increase in translocated tortoise survival, but recommend instead moving individuals that have low genetic load and the greatest representation of metapopulation diversity. Their recommendation is based on specific model assumptions and fitness effects that are often unknown and are not generalizable to many endangered species applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Speciation is the result of an accumulation of reproductive barriers between populations, but pinpointing the factors involved is often difficult. However, hybrid zones can form when these barriers are not complete, especially when lineages come into contact in intermediate or modified habitats. We examine a hybrid zone between two closely related riverine turtle species, Sternotherus depressus and S. peltifer, and use dual‐digest RAD sequencing to understand how this hybrid zone formed and elucidate genomic patterns of reproductive isolation. First, the geographical extent and timing of formation of the hybrid zone is established to provide context for understanding the role of extrinsic and intrinsic reproductive isolating mechanisms in this system. The strength of selection on taxon‐specific contributions to maintenance of the hybrid zone is then inferred using a Bayesian genomic cline model. These analyses identify a role for selection inhibiting introgression in some genomic regions at one end of the hybrid zone and promoting introgression in many loci at the other. When selective pressures necessary to generate outliers to the genomic cline are considered with the geographical and temporal context of this hybrid zone, we conclude that habitat‐specific selection probably limits introgression from S. depressus to S. peltifer in the direction of river flow. However, selection is mediating rapid, unidirectional introgression from S. peltifer to S. depressus, which is probably facilitated by anthropogenic habitat alteration. These findings indicate a potentially imminent threat of population‐level genomic extinction for an already imperiled species due to ongoing human‐caused habitat alteration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Campylobacter hepaticus was recently identified as the aetiological agent of Spotty Liver Disease (SLD). SLD causes significant health and productivity losses in the Australian egg industry and the disease is present in other countries. Following the isolation and characterization of C. hepaticus, molecular tools and refined culturing methods have been developed to identify the pathogen. It is suspected that the application of these tools will lead to identification of the pathogen in many poultry production systems throughout the world. As C. hepaticus has only recently been identified, little is known about the mechanisms of pathogenesis and, hence, new research needs to be directed towards understanding SLD epidemiology and C. hepaticus virulence mechanisms to inform efforts to develop intervention strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate and consistent delimitation of species and their relationships provides a necessary framework for comparative studies, understanding evolutionary relationships, and informing conservation management. Despite the ever-increasing availability of genomic data, evolutionary dynamics can still render some relationships exceedingly difficult to resolve, including underlying speciation events that are rapid, recent, or confounded by post-speciation introgression. Here we present an empirical study of musk turtles ( Sternotherus ), which illustrates approaches to resolve difficult nodes in the Tree of Life that robust species-tree methods fail to resolve. We sequence 4430 RAD-loci from 205 individuals. Independent coalescent-based analyses, corroborated with morphology and geography, strongly support the recognition of cryptic species within Sternotherus , but with conflicting or weak support for some intraspecific relationships. To resolve species-tree conflict, we use a likelihood-based approach to test support for alternative demographic models behind alternative speciation scenarios and argue that demographic model testing has an important role for resolving systematic relationships in recent, rapid radiations. Species-tree and demographic modeling strongly support the elevation of two nominal subspecies in Sternotherus to species and the recognition of a previously cryptic species ( S. intermedius sp. nov.) described within. The evolutionary and taxonomic history of Sternotherus is discussed in the context of these new species and novel and well-supported systematic hypotheses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the purpose of geological carbon storage, it is necessary to understand the long-term effects of introducing CO2 and sulfur-species into saline aquifers. CO2 stripped from the flue gas during the carbon capture process may contain trace SO2 and H2S and it may be economically beneficial to inject S-bearing CO2 rather than costly purified CO2. Furthermore, reactions between the S-CO2-bearing formation brines and formation minerals will increase pH and promote further dissolution and precipitation reactions. To investigate this we model reactions in a natural analog where CO2- and SO4-H2S bearing fluids have reacted with clay-rich siltstones. In the Mid-Jurassic Carmel formation in a cap rock to a natural CO2-bearing reservoir at Green River, Utah, a 3.1 mm wide bleached alteration zone is observed at the uppermost contact between a primary gypsum bed and red siltstone. Gypsum at the contact is ~1 mm thick and shows elongate fibers perpendicular to the siltstone surface, suggesting fluid flow along the contact. Mineralogical concentrations, analyzed by Quantitative Evaluation of Minerals by SCANning electron microscopy (QEMSCAN), show the altered siltstone region comprises two main zones: a 0.8 mm wide, hematite-poor, dolomite-poor, and illite-rich region adjacent to the gypsum bed; and a 2.3 mm wide, hematite-poor, dolomite-poor, and illite-poor region adjacent to the hematite alteration front. A one-component analytical solution to reactive-diffusive transport for the bleached zone implies it took less than 20 yr to form before the fluid self-sealed, and that literature hematite dissolution rates between 10–8 and 10–7 mol/m2/s are valid for likely diffusivities. Multi-component reactive-diffusive transport equilibrium modeling for the full phase assemblage, conducted with PHREEQC, suggests dissolution of hematite and dolomite and precipitation of illite over similar short timescales. Reaction progress with CO2-bearing, SO4-rich, and minor H2S-bearing fluids is shown to be much faster than with CO2-poor, SO4-rich with minor H2S-bearing fluids. The substantial buffering capacity of mineral reactions demonstrated by the S- and CO2-related alteration of hematite-bearing siltstones at the Green River CO2 accumulation implies that corrosion of such a cap rock are, at worst, comparable to the 10 000 yr timescales needed for carbon storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A four-step protocol for the synthesis of pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrazines has been developed. Commercially available pyrazoles were alkylated and formylated in a regiocontrolled manner to give pyrazole-5-aldehydes bearing 2,2-dialkoxyethyl substitution on N-1. Efficient conditions for the subsequent deprotection and cyclization of these intermediates allowed access to pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrazines with multiple substitution patterns. The versatility of the pyrazole-5-aldehyde intermediates was further demonstrated through a deprotection and double-reductive amination sequence to give 4,5,6,7-tetrahydropyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrazines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arylacetonitriles are versatile building blocks for the construction of heterocyclic scaffolds in medicinal chemistry. These intermediates are able to engage in a variety of synthetic transformations, giving rise to diverse biologically active structures. This digest focuses on recent applications of this synthetic methodology by drug discovery teams across several disease areas, with an emphasis on different reaction types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phytophthora plant pathogens cause tremendous damage in planted and natural systems worldwide. Phosphite is one of the only effective chemicals to control broad-scale Phytophthora disease. Little work has been done on the phytotoxic effects of phosphite application on plant communities especially in combination with plant physiological impacts. Here, we tested the phytotoxic impact of phosphite applied as foliar spray at 0, 12, 24 and 48 kg a.i. ha−1. Eighteen-month-old saplings of 13 conifer and angiosperm species native to New Zealand, and two exotic coniferous species were treated and the development of necrotic tissue and chlorophyll- a-fluorescence parameters (optimal quantum yield, Fv/Fm; effective quantum yield of photosystem II, ΦPSII) were assessed. In addition, stomatal conductance ( gs) was measured on a subset of six species. Significant necrosis assessed by digital image analysis occurred in only three species: in the lauraceous canopy tree Beilschmiedia tawa (8-14%) and the understory shrub Dodonaea viscosa (5-7%) across phosphite concentrations and solely at the highest concentration in the myrtaceous pioneer shrub Leptospermum scoparium (66%). In non-necrotic tissue, Fv/Fm, ΦPSII and gs remained unaffected by the phosphite treatment. Overall, our findings suggest minor phytotoxic effects resulting from foliar phosphite application across diverse taxa and regardless of concentration. This study supports the large-scale use of phosphite as a management tool to control plant diseases caused by Phytophthora pathogens in plantations and natural ecosystems. Long-term studies are required to ascertain potential ecological impacts of repeated phosphite applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Based on multiple lines of evidence our results support four lineages within the C. bottae complex, each restricted to distinct biogeographic regions of coastal California, the Sierra Nevada Mountains, southern California Mountains, the Pacific Northwest, and the Great Basin. • Additionally, our results indicate each of these lineages contain multiple divergent clades, highlighting the possible unrecognized diversity within Rubber Boas across their entire range. • Additionally, our data provide further evidence that C. b. umbratica is composed of multiple sky-island populations that are currently restricted to isolated mountain tops and ranges across southern California, and is an independent evolutionary unit. • When these results are considered in the context of environmental challenges and current and future habitat suitability, a picture of extremely reduced habitat and localized extinction emerges over the next 70 years for many sky-island populations of C. b. umbratica. • These models of future habitat suitability also indicate that these same threats have the same potential to lead to local extirpation of montane populations of other co-distributed species as well. • Therefore, as defined under the Endangered Species Act (1973) we recommend that C. b. umbratica be available for federal protection. The mountains of southern California represent unique, isolated ecosystems that support distinct high-elevation habitats found nowhere else in the area. Analyses of several moisture-dependent species across these sky-islands indicate they exist as locally endemic lineages that occur across these fragmented mountains ranges. The Rubber Boa is a semi-fossorial snake species that is widely distributed in the cooler and more moist ecoregions regions of western North America, including isolated populations across southern California mountain ranges. We developed a genomic and ecological dataset to examine genetic diversity within Rubber Boas and to determine if the endemic Southern Rubber Boa represents a distinct lineage. We quantified current and future habitat suitability under a range of climate change scenarios, and discuss the possible environmental threats facing these unique montane isolates. Our results support four major lineages within Rubber Boas, with genetic breaks that are consistent with biogeographic boundaries observed in other co-distributed, cool-temperature, moisture adapted species. Our data support previous studies that the Southern Rubber Boa is an independent evolutionary unit and now includes multiple locally endemic sky-island populations, restricted to isolated mountain tops and ranges across southern California. Analyses of future habitat suitability indicate that many of these sky-island populations will lose most of their suitable habitat over the next 70 years given predicted increases in drought, rising temperatures, and wildfires. Collectively these data emphasize the critical conservation needs of these montane ecosystems in southern California under current and projected climate change conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A practical method for the regiocontrolled synthesis of substituted quinoline-4-carboxylic acids is described. Solubility differences between the product quinoline regioisomers enable their facile separation, thus avoiding any challenging chromatographic purifications and allowing access to highly substituted quinoline compounds in three steps from commercially available anilines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key message: Across 13 experiments the gw2 - A1 mutant allele shifts grain size distribution consistently across all grains significantly increasing grain weight (6.6 %), width (2.8 %) and length (2.1 %) in tetraploid and hexaploid wheat. Abstract: There is an urgent need to identify, understand and incorporate alleles that benefit yield in polyploid wheat. The rice OsGW2 gene functions as a negative regulator of grain weight and width and is homologous to the wheat TaGW2 gene. Previously it was shown that transcript levels of the A-genome homoeologue, TaGW2- A1, are negatively associated with grain width in hexaploid wheat. In this study we screened the tetraploid Kronos TILLING population to identify mutants in TaGW2- A1. We identified a G to A transition in the splice acceptor site of exon 5 which leads to mis-splicing in TaGW2- A1. We backcrossed the mutant allele into tetraploid and hexaploid wheat and generated a series of backcross derived isogenic lines which were evaluated in glasshouse and field conditions. Across 13 experiments the GW2- A1 mutant allele significantly increased thousand grain weight (6.6 %), grain width (2.8 %) and grain length (2.1 %) in tetraploid and hexaploid wheat compared to the wild type allele. In hexaploid wheat, this led to an increase in spike yield since no differences were detected for spikelet or grain number between isogenic lines. The increase in grain width and length was consistent across grains of different sizes, suggesting that the effect of the mutation is stable across the ear and within spikelets. Differences in carpel size and weight between alleles were identified as early as 5 days before anthesis, suggesting that TaGW2-A1 acts on maternal tissue before anthesis to restrict seed size. A single nucleotide polymorphism marker was developed to aid the deployment of the mutant allele into breeding programmes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Automobile manufacture is generally regarded as the paradigmatic mass production industry, with large plants able to exploit scale economies. We argue that the radio industry also sheds important light on evolving production technology and determinants of competitive success in inter-war manufacturing. Timothy F. Bresnahan and Daniel M.G. Raff (1991) showed that productivity differences resulting from scale in the auto industry translated into differences in exit rates during the despression. We find that technical scale economies did not play a large role in the radio industry. Instead selection during the Depression was on non-"technical" productivity factors, including whether or not a plant's parent company owned a brand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding changes in biodiversity at the levels of species and genes is imperative for effective conservation management. Here, we present a study that uses both dynamic occupancy modeling and mtDNA genetic analyses to quantify hypothesized population extinction and genetic introgression in the morphologically unique and federally threatened flattened musk turtle, Sternotherus depressus , endemic to rocky creeks in north-central Alabama, USA. Incorporating historic surveys in dynamic occupancy modeling shows that the flattened musk turtle has been extirpated from 32–56% of its historically occupied distribution. We find strong support for unidirectional mtDNA introgression from a closely related species into the flattened musk turtle. Additionally flattened musk turtles with allospecific mtDNA have an intermediate morphology (level of carapace depression) when compared to pure forms suggesting overall genomic hybridization that may have negative fitness effects for the species. Overall, this research provides a necessary quantitative evaluation of both local extinction and hybridization in the flattened musk turtle and shows that both demographics and genetics are essential for effective management of the species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bulged structures have been identified in nucleic acids and have been shown to be linked to biomolecular processes involved in numerous diseases. Thus, chemical agents with affinity for bulged nucleic acids are of general biological significance. Herein, the mechanism of specific recognition and stabilization of bulged DNA and RNA by helical bimetallic species was established through detailed molecular biophysics and biochemistry assays. These agents, known as ‘flexicates’, are potential mimetics of α-helical peptides in cancer treatment, exhibiting antimicrobial and antitumor effects. The flexicates have positive impacts on the thermal stability of DNA duplexes containing bulges, which means that the flexicates interact with the duplexes containing bulges, and that these interactions stabilize the secondary structures of these duplexes. Notably, the stabilising effect of the flexicates increases with the size of the bulge, the maximal stabilization is observed for the duplexes containing a bulge composed of at least three bases. The flexicates bind most preferentially to the bulges composed of pyrimidines flanked on both sides also by pyrimidines. It is suggested that it is so because these bulges exhibit greatest conformational variability in comparison with other combinations of bases in the bulge loop and bases flanking the bulge. Finally, the results indicate that there is only one dominant binding site for the flexicates on the DNA and RNA bulges and that the flexicates bind directly to the bulge or in its close proximity. It is also shown that the flexicates effectively bind to RNA duplexes containing the bulged region of HIV-1 TAR RNA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hedrick brings up several potential concerns that he feels challenge or limit our main finding. Hedrick does not comment on our empirical results, but rather argues that several factors may confound or invalidate our conclusion. Many of these concerns focus on unknown ecological aspects of the translocated tortoises, but we believe there is no reason to conclude that they bias the results or interpretation as presented in our original paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article outlines the basic structure of RFID microchips used for identification of animals. It reviews the recent legislation and its impact on implanters and others, looking at some issues surrounding training of implanters, microchip placement, the Microchip Adverse Event Reporting Scheme and the interaction with MRI. The practice of microchipping of animals for identification purposes has been developed considerably since the mid-1980s when Destron/idENTICHIP brought their original FDX-A 10 digit microchips into the UK. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A two-stepprotocol has been developed for the introduction ofcyanomethylene groups to metalated aromatics through the intermediacyof substituted isoxazoles. Apalladium-mediated cross-coupling reaction was used to introduce theisoxazole unit, followed by release of the cyanomethylene functionunder thermal or microwave-assisted conditions. The intermediate isoxazoleswere shown to be amenable to further functionalization prior to deprotectionof the sensitive cyanomethylene motif, allowing access to a wide rangeof aryl- and heteroaryl-substituted acetonitrile building blocks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, I argue against understanding and treating nature as external. Arguing against such externality of nature, I suggest that the human situation is best understood by reference to postnatural right. As abstract and revolutionary, such right is critical, leveling, and teleological. This forms the basis of a formative metaphysics that I proceed to test against the concept of the common good and a recent theological engagement with climate change. At the conclusion, I argue that the plurality of nature recommends understanding society as a 'greater society' that in turn has implications for how we think about civil society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]