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To protect cold-water corals and sponges from fishing damage, management changes were made in 2012 to the groundfish bottom trawl fishery British Columbia, Canada. The Groundfish Trawl Habitat Agreement restricted the spatial footprint of the fishery and introduced a cold-water coral and sponge bycatch quota, which was among the world’s first. Using 12 years of catch records from the fishery, we found a 31% decrease in overall frequency of encounters of cold-water coral and sponge, a 76% decrease in mean catch weight, and an 89% decrease in total annual catch. We tracked changes in the relative utilization of fine-scale fishing grounds (“fishing opportunities”) and found evidence of active avoidance of areas with high cold-water coral and sponge density. The habitat agreement appears overall to have been successful at reducing impacts to cold-water coral and sponge, although we identified several areas of potential conservation concern where effort and catch have not decreased. Nonspatial management measures in a complex multispecies fishery can result in spatial changes in fishing behaviour, with positive conservation outcomes for bycatch species.

Background: Bipolar disorder impacts every domain of living, but treatment is often focused only on core diagnostic symptoms. Care and quality of life can be improved by understanding the experience of people with the condition. Direct interviews with affected individuals offers a unique window into the lived experience of bipolar disorder.Methods: Thirty individuals participated in Experience Group sessions. Researchers conducted individual interviews (n=12) and group sessions (n=18). Audio files were transcribed and NVivo software processed initial thematic analysis. Data was analyzed using the Capability, Comfort, and Calm (CCC) framework of outcomes that matter most to people developed by Teisberg and Wallace (Liu et al. 2017; Teisberg et al. 2020).Results: Themes identified in the CCC framework included the struggle to maintain identity, employment disruptions, relationship loss, unpredictable nature of bipolar disorder, personal perception of diagnosis, social stigma, identifying appropriate medication medication, managing dismissive doctors, finding the right psychotherapist and navigating financial burden. Limitations: Limitations of our study include a small sample size and length of interview time. Researchers also had limited information about participants’ diagnoses and comorbidities. Conclusions: Qualitative data about bipolar disorder helps identify aspects of care and quality of life that are overlooked when focusing only on core diagnostic symptoms. Improved outcomes could be achieved by implementing care based on the lived experiences of people with bipolar disorder.

This study reports the seasonal dynamics of evapotranspiration (ET) and evaporation (E) in different subsurface flow treatment wetlands operating in a temperate European climate. Daily water balances were compiled over the course of ten years (August 2010-July 2020). The study includes non-aerated horizontal flow wetlands (25 cm deep and 50 cm deep) as well as horizontal flow and vertical flow wetlands. The pilot systems were operated in planted and unplanted pairs, enabling Phragmites evapotranspiration rates (for planted systems) and evaporation rates (for unplanted systems) to be calculated. Evapotranspiration rates are highly seasonal. Aeration was observed to increase both evaporation and evapotranspiration rates. The overall percentage of inflow lost to ET was highest in non-aerated wetlands, due to the lower hydraulic load that they received compared to the aerated systems. Plant coefficients (K

Biofilms serve to house diverse microbial communities, which are responsible for the majority of wastewater constituent degradation and transformation in treatment wetlands (TWs). TW biofilm has been generally conceptualized as a relatively uniform film covering available surfaces. However, no studies attaining direct visual 3D representations of biofilm morphology have been conducted. This study focuses on imaging the morphology of detached, gravel-associated, and rhizospheric (Phalaris arundinacea) biofilms from subsurface TW mesocosms. Images obtained through both traditional light microscopy, environmental scanning electron microscopy (E-SEM) and Wet-SEM revealed that TW biofilms are structurally heterogeneous ranging from corrugated films to clusters of aggregates. Features such as water channels and pores were observed suggesting that pollutant transport inside biofilms is complex, and that the interfacial surface area between water and biofilm is much larger than previously understood. Biofilm thickness generally ranged between 170 and 240 μm, with internal biofilm porosities estimated as 34 ± 10 %, reaching a maximum of 50 %. Internal biofilm matrix pore diameters ranged from 1 to 205.2 μm, with a distribution that favored pores and channels smaller than 10 μm, and a mean equivalent spherical diameter of 8.6 μm. Based on the large variation in pore and channel sizes it is expected that a variety of flow regimes and therefore pollutant dynamics are likely to occur inside TW biofilm matrices. Based on the visual evidence and analysis, a new conceptual model was created to reflect the microscale TW biofilm dynamics and morphology. This new conceptual model will serve to inform future biokinetic modelling, microscale hydrology, microbial community assessment, and pollutant treatment studies.

Introduction: With advances in care, an increasing number of individuals with single-ventricle congenital heart disease (SVCHD) are surviving into adulthood. Partners of individuals with chronic illness have unique experiences and challenges. This pilot qualitative research study explores the lived experiences of partners of individuals with SVCHD. Methods: Partners of SVCHD patients ≥18 years were recruited and participated in Experience Group (EG) sessions and 1:1 interviews. EG sessions are lightly moderated groups that bring together individuals with similar experiences and place them as the experts to discuss lived experiences. Formal qualitative coding was performed to identify salient themes. Results: A total of 6 partners, 4 male, 4 married and all partners of someone of the opposite sex, participated. Themes identified included uncertainty of their partners future health and mortality, becoming a lay SVCHD specialist, balancing multiple roles, and providing positivity and optimism.(Table) Participants expressed a steep learning curve initially, which transforms into a strong understanding of the condition. Over time they took on the advocacy role as a repository of medical history and navigating the health system, which is often a role of parents of younger SVCHD patients. They struggled with taking on the role of primary medical caregiver of their partner while managing greater responsibility at home, and changes to their role as a spouse and a parent. Despite the uncertainties, participants described many facets of championing positivity and optimism for the future for their partner. Conclusions: In this first of its kind pilot study, partners of individuals with SVCHD expressed unique challenges and experiences in their lives. There is a tacit need to design strategies to help partners of SVCHD patients cope with those challenges. Further larger-scale research is required to better understand the experiences of this unique population.

The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has exposed a health security gap within our nation and around the world. Recent national laws and policies have outlined the ends and means to improve health security. A decisive way is to achieve this objective is through health-related security cooperation efforts by increasing Health Services Support capacity.

This study reports a systematic assessment of treatment efficacy for 15 pilot-scale subsurface flow constructed wetlands of different designs for CBOD 5 , TSS, TOC, TN, NH 4 -N, NO 3 -N, NO 2 -N, and E. coli over the course of one year in an outdoor study to evaluate the effects of design and plants. The systems consisted of a range of designs: horizontal flow (HF) with 50 and 25 cm depth, unsaturated vertical flow (VF) with sand or fine gravel, and intensified systems (horizontal and saturated vertical flow with aeration, and reciprocating fill and drain). Each system was built in duplicate: one was planted with Phragmites and one was left unplanted (with the exception of the reciprocating system, of which there was only one and it was unplanted). All systems were fed with the same primary-treated domestic wastewater. Effluent concentrations, areal and volumetric mass removal rates, and percent mass removal for the 15 systems are discussed. HF wetlands removed CBOD 5 , TSS, TN, NH 4 -N and E. coli by 73–83%, 93–95%, 17–41%, 0–27% and 1.5 log units, respectively. Unsaturated VF and aerated VF wetlands removed CBOD 5 , TSS, TN, NH 4 -N and E. coli by 69–99%, 76–99%, 17–40%, 69–99% and 0.9–2.4 log units, respectively. The aerated HF and reciprocating systems removed CBOD 5 , TSS, TN, NH 4 -N and E. coli by 99%, 99%, 43–70%, 94–99% and 3.0–3.8 log units, respectively. The aerated HF and reciprocating systems achieved the highest TN removal rate of all of the designs. Design complexity clearly enhanced treatment efficacy (HF < VF < Intensified, p < 0.001) during the first two years of plant growth while the presence of plants had minor effects on TN and NH 4 -N removal in the shallow HF design only.

Current shark conservation and management conflicts represent an underrecognized expression of long-standing debates over whether the goal of modern conservation should be sustainable exploitation of natural resources or maximum possible preservation of wilderness and wildlife. In the developing world, exploitation of fisheries resources can be essential to food security and poverty alleviation, and management is typically focused on sustainably maximizing economic benefits. This approach aligns with traditional fisheries management and the perspectives of most surveyed scientific researchers who study sharks. However, in Europe and North America, sharks are increasingly venerated as wildlife to be preserved irrespective of conservation status, resulting in growing pressure to prohibit exploitation of sharks and trade in shark products. To understand the causes and significance of this divergence in goals, we surveyed 155 shark conservation focused environmental advocates from 78 environmental non-profits, and asked three key questions: (1) where do advocates get scientific information? (2) Does all policy-relevant scientific information reach advocates? and (3) Do advocates work towards the same policy goals identified by scientific researchers? Findings suggest many environmental advocates are aware of key scientific results and use science-based arguments in their advocacy, but a small but vocal subset of advocates report that they never read the scientific literature or speak to scientists. Engagement with science appears to be the key predictor of whether advocates support sustainable management of shark fisheries or bans on shark fishing and trade in shark products. Conservation is a normative discipline, and this analysis more clearly articulates two distinct perspectives in shark conservation. Most advocates support the same evidence-based policies as academic and government scientists, while a smaller percentage are driven more by moral and ethical beliefs, and may not find scientific research relevant or persuasive. A values-based perspective is also a valid approach to conservation, but claiming that it is a science-based approach while misrepresenting the science is problematic. This suggests possible alternative avenues for engaging diverse stakeholders in productive discussions about shark conservation.

Many species of sharks are threatened with extinction, and there has been a longstanding debate in scientific and environmental circles over the most effective and appropriate strategy to conserve and protect them. Should we allow for sustainable fisheries exploitation of species which can withstand fishing pressure, or ban all fisheries for sharks and trade in shark products? In the developing world, exploitation of fisheries resources can be essential to food security and poverty alleviation, and global management efforts are typically focused on sustainably maximizing economic benefits. This approach aligns with traditional fisheries management and the perspectives of most surveyed scientific researchers who study sharks. However, in Europe and North America, sharks are increasingly venerated as wildlife to be preserved irrespective of conservation status, resulting in growing pressure to prohibit exploitation of sharks and trade in shark products. To understand the causes and significance of this divergence in goals, we surveyed 155 shark conservation focused environmental advocates from 78 environmental non-profits, and asked three key questions: (1) where do advocates get scientific information? (2) Does all policy-relevant scientific information reach advocates? and (3) Do advocates work towards the same policy goals identified by scientific researchers? Findings suggest many environmental advocates are aware of key scientific results and use science-based arguments in their advocacy, but a small but vocal subset of advocates report that they never read the scientific literature or speak to scientists. Engagement with science appears to be a key predictor of whether advocates support sustainable management of shark fisheries or bans on shark fishing and trade in shark products. Conservation is a normative discipline, and this analysis more clearly articulates two distinct perspectives in shark conservation. Most advocates support the same evidence-based policies as academic and government scientists, while a smaller percentage are driven more by moral and ethical beliefs and may not find scientific research relevant or persuasive. We also find possible evidence that a small group of non-profits may be misrepresenting the state of the science while claiming to use science-based arguments, a concern that has been raised by surveyed scientists about the environmental community. This analysis suggests possible alternative avenues for engaging diverse stakeholders in productive discussions about shark conservation.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to provide insight for improvement in care for young adults diagnosed with cancer (YADC), by identifying underemphasized outcomes that strongly matter to YADC and the gaps in care that may limit achieving these outcomes for this unique and vulnerable population. Methods: Twenty-seven YADC, ages 25-39, participated in unstructured discussions focusing on topics relating to diagnosis, daily experiences living with cancer outside of the clinical setting, goals, concerns, and clinical care experience. Most participants engaged in group discussions using Experience Group methodology. Discussions were designed to collect information on three dimensions of health: capability, comfort, and calm (CCC). Data were coded using thematic analysis with NVivo software. Results: Several themes were identified within the CCC framework: capability in terms of confronting mortality at a young age, losing youthful identity and control over major life course decisions, especially fertility, and debilitating side effects, comfort in terms of the lack of understanding from peers and family and the fear of cancer recurrence, and calm was discussed as the difficulty of making complex medical decisions, financial toxicity, and loss of clinical support in survivorship. Conclusion: This research highlighted four care additions that are important for YADC: (1) concise and understandable education about their condition and treatment; (2) same-age support groups; (3) fertility support; and (4) better care transitions for life after cancer. These findings emphasize the importance of creating a collaborative, multidisciplinary care team and a holistic approach with care innovations that support clinicians to meet the unique needs of YADC.

Emerging organic contaminants (EOCs) include a diverse group of chemical compounds, such as pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), pesticides, hormones, surfactants, flame retardants and plasticizers. Many of these compounds are not significantly removed in conventional wastewater treatment plants and are discharged to the environment, presenting an increasing threat to both humans and natural ecosystems. Recently, antibiotics have received considerable attention due to growing microbial antibiotic-resistance in the environment. Constructed wetlands (CWs) have proven effective in removing many EOCs, including different antibiotics, before discharge of treated wastewater into the environment. Wastewater treatment systems that couple conventional treatment plants with constructed and natural wetlands offer a strategy to remove EOCs and reduce antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) far more efficiently than conventional treatment alone. This review presents as overview of the current knowledge on the efficiency of different wetland systems in reducing EOCs and antibiotic resistance.

Summarization: Constructed wetlands (CW) are an attractive technology due to their operational simplicity and low life-cycle cost. It has been applied for refinery effluent treatment but mostly single-stage designs (e.g., vertical or horizontal flow) have been tested. However, to achieve a good treatment efficiency for industrial effluents, different treatment conditions (both aerobic and anaerobic) are needed. This means that hybrid CW systems are typically required with a respectively increased area demand. In addition, a strong aerobic environment that facilitates the formation of iron, manganese, zinc and aluminum precipitates cannot be established with passive wetland systems, while the role of these oxyhydroxide compounds in the further co-precipitation and removal of heavy metals such as copper, nickel, lead, and chromium that can simplify the overall treatment of industrial wastewaters is poorly understood in CW. Therefore, this study tests for the first time an innovative CW design that combines an artificially aerated section with a non-aerated section in a single unit applied for oil refinery wastewater treatment. Four pilot units were tested with different design (i.e., planted/unplanted, aerated/non-aerated) and operational (two different hydraulic loading rates) characteristics to estimate the role of plants and artificial aeration and to identify the optimum design configuration. The pilot units received a primary refinery effluent, i.e., after passing through a dissolved air flotation unit. The first-order removal of heavy metals under aerobic conditions is evaluated, along with the removal of phenols and nutrients. High removal rates for Fe (96–98%), Mn (38–81%), Al (49–73%), and Zn (99–100%) generally as oxyhydroxide precipitates were found, while removal of Cu (61–80%), Ni (70–85%), Pb (96–99%) and Cr (60–92%) under aerobic conditions was also observed, likely through co-precipitation. Complete phenols and ammonia nitrogen removal was also found. The first-order rate coefficient (k) calculated from the collected data demonstrates that the tested CW represents an advanced wetland design reaching higher removal rates at a smaller area demand than the common CW systems. Presented on: Water Research

Does patients’ Internet search of disease information affect their trust in physicians during diagnosis? This study proposes a research model from a knowledge power perspective, that is, Internet search affects patients’ perception of their knowledge level. Our empirical study of more than 400 subjects suggests that for patients who searched online for disease information, the inconsistency between their self-diagnosis expectations and their physician's diagnosis reduces their trust in their physician. The effect is stronger for those who spent more time on Internet search. Patients with chronic conditions are less affected by the inconsistency, as are patients of physicians with a higher professional status. This study also found that physicians’ interaction quality in the diagnosis process—how well they communicate with their patient—still plays a dominant role in gaining patient's trust. This finding suggests that even in the high-tech age, high-touch remains an important factor to physician-patient trust.

Consumers often pursue goals that lack specific end states, such as goals to lose as much weight as possible or to pay off as much debt as possible. Yet despite considerable interest in the consequences of setting nonspecific (vs. specific) goals, how goal specificity affects motivation throughout goal pursuit is less well understood. The current research explores the role of reference points in shaping goal specificity’s effects. We propose that goal specificity alters what reference point consumers spontaneously adopt during goal pursuit: for specific goals, the end state tends to be more salient, but for nonspecific goals, the initial state should be more salient. Five studies investigate how this difference in focal reference points shapes (1) the relationship between goal progress and motivation, (2) when (i.e., at what level of goal progress) goal specificity produces the greatest difference in motivation, and (3) the underlying process driving these effects. Our findings advance understanding of the relationship between goal specificity, goal progress, and motivation, and in doing so, underscore the critical role that reference points play in goal-directed behavior. In addition, the findings offer practical insight into how best to set important financial, health, and other consumer goals to enhance motivation.

The impact of bottom trawling to seafloor habitat has been one of the major marine conservation issues over the last two decades. This paper describes the pre-conditions, process, and the first two years of results of a precedent setting ecosystem based management plan to address the habitat impacts of bottom trawling in Canada’s Pacific waters. In British Columbia, Canada, industry and conservation organizations worked collaboratively over a period of three years outside of government to develop measures which formally took effect on April 2, 2012. The measures include four main components: (1) ecosystem based trawling boundaries; (2) the world's first habitat quota; (3) an encounter protocol; and (4) formation of a habitat review committee. It is demonstrated that measures implemented have resulted in reduced impacts to sensitive benthic habitat features such as coral and sponge complexes. It is concluded that the conditions required to produce this agreement are not unique to British Columbia, yet that the potential to develop a similar agreement and management reform elsewhere does require a unique set of conditions involving seafood markets, an effective ENGO sector, a strong regulatory environment, intra-industry cooperation, and the proper incentives.

Mayfield Farm Treatment System receives effluent collected from the Southern Catchment of Heathrow Airport, a total of 290 ha. During winter operations, weather-related de-icing activity results in large shifts in the flow and concentrations of airport run-off. The biological treatment of spent de-icing fluids is challenging because it involves the treatment of a cold and nutrient-deficient wastewater of variable flow and strength. After a successful full scale trial to determine the efficacy of aerated wetlands, the entire treatment system was upgraded and optimized in 2010. It consisted of a primary reservoir, partial and complete mix zones, a balancing lagoon, and 12 aerated horizontal sub-surface flow (HSSF) treatment wetlands operating in parallel, with a total wetland area of 2.08 ha. The original non-aerated HSSF wetland system, commissioned in 2001 had a design cBOD5 loading rate of 374 kg/day at a flow rate of 40 l/s ( Revitt et al., 2001 , Richter et al., 2003 ). The aerated HSSF wetlands now have a design cBOD5 loading rate of 2073 kg/day at a maximum flow rate of 80 l/s. Due to the weather conditions of the UK, the system is event-driven with highly variable flows and loads, with peak cBOD5 loadings of up to 12,188 kg/day. The entire treatment system is now designed to remove 3500 kg/day cBOD5 at a design flow of 40 l/s. It has a combined capacity of >44,000 m3 of wastewater with a retention time of approximately 21 days, depending on the pump flow rate which varies between 40 and 80 l/s. Nutrient dosing points have been positioned at strategic points throughout the whole system to prevent nutrient deficiency becoming a limiting factor in the development of a stable and viable mass of bacteria necessary to achieve the design criteria.

The application of constructed wetlands (CWs) has significantly expanded to treatment of various industrial effluents, but knowledge in this field is still insufficiently summarized. This review is accordingly necessary to better understand this state-of-the-art technology for further design development and new ideas. Full-scale cases of CWs for treating various industrial effluents are summarized, and challenges including high organic loading, salinity, extreme pH, and low biodegradability and color are evaluated. Even horizontal flow CWs are widely used because of their passive operation, tolerance to high organic loading, and decolorization capacity, free water surface flow CWs are effective for treating oil field/refinery and milking parlor/cheese making wastewater for settlement of total suspended solids, oil, and grease. Proper pretreatment, inflow dilutions through re-circulated effluent, pH adjustment, plant selection and intensifications in the wetland bed, such as aeration and bioaugmentation, are recommended according to the specific characteristics of industrial effluents.

Swine wastewater management is often affected by two main issues: a too high volume for optimal reuse as a fertilizer and a too high strength for an economically sustainable treatment by classical solutions. Hence, an innovative scheme has been tested to treat swine wastewater, combining a low cost anaerobic reactor, upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB), with intensified constructed wetlands (aerated CWs) in a pilot scale experimental study. The swine wastewater described in this paper is produced by a swine production facility situated in North Italy. The scheme of the pilot plant consisted of: (i) canvas-based thickener; (ii) UASB; (iii) two intensified aerated vertical subsurface flow CWs in series; (iv) a horizontal flow subsurface CW. The influent wastewater quality has been defined for total suspended solids (TSS 25,025 ± 9,323 mg/l), organic carbon (chemical oxygen demand (COD) 29,350 ± 16,983 mg/l), total reduced nitrogen and ammonium (total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) 1,783 ± 498 mg/l and N-NH4+ 735 ± 251 mg/l) and total phosphorus (1,285 ± 270 mg/l), with nitrates almost absent. The overall system has shown excellent performances in terms of TSS, COD, N-NH4+ and TKN removal efficiencies (99.9%, 99.6%, 99.5%, and 99.0%, respectively). Denitrification (N-NO3− effluent concentration equal to 614 ± 268 mg/l) did not meet the Italian quality standards for discharging in water bodies, mainly because the organic carbon was almost completely removed in the intensified CW beds.

We can see why educators are drawn to making; maker environments hold tremendous potential for engaging learners in both (a) building and representing their knowledge and (b) fostering opportunities for seeing the world in new ways. This potential reflects what our team of middle school teachers, university professors, and graduate students observed during a year-long project in which students built aquaponic systems while simultaneously asking questions about food, food systems, and sustainability. Their systems took a variety of forms, supporting everything from bluegill to aquatic frogs and growing a variety of flowers and vegetables. However, together we all also experienced struggle and moments of doubt. How much guidance is enough? Too much? How do we build knowledge and not just “do projects”? How do we connect the doing and the building with our community? With the world? And, perhaps most practically, how do we fix what we just messed up?

Purpose We used conjoint analysis to assess the relative importance of factors that influence a patient's decision between surgical or nonsurgical management of a nondisplaced scaphoid fracture. Our hypothesis was that out-of-pocket costs will have a greater influence on decision making than the time spent in a cast or brace, degree of soreness, or the risk of treatment failure. Methods Two-hundred and fifty participants were recruited using Amazon Mechanical Turk and asked to assume that they had experienced a nondisplaced scaphoid waist fracture. They then indicated their relative preferences among 13 pairs of alternatives with variations in the following attributes: time in a cast, time in a brace, duration of ongoing soreness, risk of treatment failure (by which we meant scaphoid nonunion), out-of-pocket costs based on estimates of direct costs ($500–2,500), and apprehension about surgery. A conjoint analysis was used to determine the relative importance of these factors when choosing between surgical or nonsurgical management. Results The factor with the greatest influence on treatment choice was the cost of the procedure. After assessing the respondent's apprehension to undergo surgery, a sensitivity analysis showed the proportion of respondents who would choose surgery given different outcomes. To make the predicted share of those who are "not worried" about surgery equal to those who are "somewhat worried" or "a little worried" would require that the cost of surgery increase by $2,700. In addition, 2 weeks in a cast, 3 weeks in a brace, 2 months of soreness, or a 2% increase in the risk of fracture nonunion generates the same surgical choice probability as a $2,000 increase in the out-of-pocket cost of surgery. Conclusions As conceptualized in this conjoint analysis, out-of-pocket costs and apprehension about surgery seem to have a greater impact on a decision for surgery than the time spent in a brace or cast and the risk of treatment failure. Type of study/level of evidence Economic and decision analysis III.

In this study, a side-by-side comparison of two pilot-scale vertical subsurface flow constructed wetlands (6.2 m 2 × 0.85 m, q i = 95 L/m 2 d, τ n = 3.5 d) handling primary treated domestic sewage was conducted. One system (VA-i) was set to intermittent aeration while the other was aerated continuously (VAp-c). Intermittent aeration was provided to VA-i in an 8 h on/4 h off pattern. The intermittently aerated wetland, VA-i, was observed to have 70% less nitrate nitrogen mass outflow than the continuously aerated wetland, VAp-c. Intermittent aeration was shown to increase treatment performance for TN while saving 33% of running energy cost for aeration. Parallel tracer experiments in the two wetlands showed hydraulic characteristics similar to one Continuously Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR). Intermittent aeration did not significantly affect the hydraulic functioning of the system. Hydraulic efficiencies were 78% for VAp-c and 76% for VA-i.

Fans of the National Basketball Association (NBA) have long considered the idea that NBA referees are biased in various ways, such as when certain “star players” benefit from so-called “phantom fouls” committed against them or are sheltered from calls against fouls they commit. Using two data sets, the first based on Wallace, Caudill, and Mixon (2013), and a second based on all player games during the 2011 NBA Playoffs series, including dozens of NBA All Stars, the present study empirically investigates this potential form of referee bias by examining both early- and late-game free throw shooting in these most critical games of any season for NBA players, coaches, owners, and fans. The empirical results suggest that marquee NBA players are the beneficiaries of referee bias that occurs near the end of NBA Playoffs contests. More specifically, through regression models with various fixed effects, we find that NBA All Stars are awarded with an additional 0.32 free attempts per minute during the fourt...

This presentation will highlight our research which uses a qualitative methodology to incorporate the voices and experiences of people impacted by dementia into the value-based health model. This model is characterized by a team-based approach as well as the measurement of outcomes. The aim of value-based care is to provide individuals meaningful and compassionate care that helps them achieve the health outcomes that matter most to them. Foundational to creating this person-centered model is the incorporation of the perspectives of individuals with dementia and their care partners. Experience Groups offer an opportunity for those affected by dementia to share their expertise and describe their daily challenges and successes so we are able to learn from their experiences and better understand unmet and unarticulated needs. The findings of this research—consisting of 41 patients and 11 care partners—enabled the development of outcome measurement tools implemented at the clinical level, and the design of a care delivery model that addresses unmet needs. Some of the key findings from the research that have been implemented at the Cognitive Disorders Clinic and that will be highlighted in this poster are: 1. Care partners would like more emotional support from their medical team; 2. Individuals want more information about the trajectory of the disease and an actionable “roadmap-of-care”; 3. Care partners and those with early stage memory loss desire counseling and team-based care versus strictly physician-provided care.

Subsurface oxygen availability tends to be one of the main rate-limiting factors for removal of carbonaceous and nitrogenous compounds in subsurface flow (SSF) wetlands used for domestic wastewater treatment. This paper reviews the pertinent literature regarding oxygen transfer and consumption in subsurface flow treatment wetlands, and discusses the factors that influence oxygen availability. We also provide first results from a pilot-scale research facility in Langenreichenbach, Germany (15 individual systems of various designs, both with and without plants). Based on the approach given in Kadlec and Wallace (2009) , areal-based oxygen consumption rates for horizontal flow systems were estimated to be between 0.5 and 12.9 g/m2-d; for vertical flow systems between 7.9 and 58.6 g/m2-d; and for intensified systems between 10.9 and 87.5 g/m2-d. In general, as the level of intensification increases, so does subsurface oxygen availability. The use of water or air pumps can result in systems with smaller area requirements (and better treatment performance), but it comes at the cost of increased electricity inputs. As the treatment wetland technology envelope expands, so must methods to compare oxygen consumption rates of traditional and intensified SSF treatment wetland designs.

The current article builds on Berri and Eschker's (2005) research on the impact of crunch time, or pressure-packed performance, in professional basketball by searching for changes in individual player performance near the end of the game. In this way, our study is similar to the study of Savage and Torgler (2012), which examined World Cup soccer performances. Here, we focus solely on National Basketball Association (NBA) Playoff games (from 2011), which are the most stressful games to players. The empirical analyses presented in this study generally confirm earlier research contending that the existence of a prime time or clutch player in the NBA is a myth. On the contrary, our work supports the idea that professional basketball fans often exhibit confirmation bias, wherein they tend to overweight clutch performances that support their a priori beliefs.