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Coccothrinax argentata (Arecaceae) occurs in southern Florida, both on the mainland and in the islands of the Florida Keys. However, the palms from the mainland and Keys display morphological differences that led taxonomists to recognize them as distinct species in the past. They are now treated as a single, polymorphic species, but the question remains: Are the morphological differences best explained by genetics or environment? In 1999, seedlings grown from seeds collected from different populations were planted in a common garden in a randomized plot design. In 2007, the first research was published comparing genetics based on ISSRs to morphological measurements. The research from 2007 showed evidence for a genetic explanation, but with poor resolution. Here, we present new genetic data using microsatellite regions (SSRs), in combination with morphological data from more mature palms. The results support the recognition of two taxa, which we propose at the rank of subspecies.

Although Salvia roemeriana has long been known to produce both chasmogamous and cleistogamous flowers, the mericarps resulting from those flowers have received little attention. We germinated seeds from chasmogamous and cleistogamous flowers, recorded germination times, and fit time‐to‐germination, three‐parameter log‐logistic regressions to analyze differences in germination progress. Additionally, we compared the mass and size of mericarps from both kinds of flowers. Our results show that the mericarps produced from chasmogamous flowers are larger and heavier than those from cleistogamous flowers. In addition, seeds from chasmogamous flowers had a longer dormancy than those from cleistogamous flowers. This is the first report of heterocarpy in Salvia and in the family Lamiaceae. Together, cleistogamy and heterocarpy are a multiple strategy that may be advantageous in heterogeneous environments.

Introduced species can have diverse effects on recipient ecosystems. Here we share observations suggesting the formation of a reciprocally positive interaction, seed dispersal, between an introduced lizard and a native palm. We present evidence that the large arboreal lizard ( Anolis equestris ), native to the West Indies but well-established in south Florida USA, has a diet dominated by the fruit of several native trees including the endangered royal palm ( Roystonea regia ). We also show that seeds passed through the gut of A. equestris are viable, suggesting their role as seed dispersers in their introduced range. These findings are the first to document the passage of viable seeds by Anolis lizards, a speciose and ecologically-diverse Neotropical group that exhibits widespread frugivory. We believe these observations highlight potentially important, but understudied interactions between these Neotropical lizards and plants.

The seed dispersal mechanisms of Salvia species are reviewed, with particular attention to quantitative or experimental evidence of dispersal. Despite having rather uniform fruit morphology, Salvia has several dispersal mechanisms: dispersal of mericarps by water (hydrochory), wind (anemochory), animals (zoochory) or gravity (barochory). Cases of myrmecochory are highlighted, along with dispersal by the plant itself via springy or hygroscopic pedicels. Despite having no visible means of dispersal, many Salvia species disperse for short to medium distances. Many gaps in our knowledge of dispersal exist, despite the fact that knowledge of dispersal mechanisms is critical in evaluating invasive potential, conservation status, usefulness in habitat restoration, and geographic distribution.

A recent survey of the liverworts of Mahogany Hammock, Everglades National Park, Florida, USA, complements the surveys in the 1950s, 1970s, and 1980s. Despite disturbances by hurricanes, changes in local ecology, and millions of park visitors, Mahogany Hammock still supports a rich hepatic flora with mostly tropical affinities. We collected 29 of ca. 47 taxa that have been recorded from the hammock, including six new records. Most taxa were found growing on the bark of trees and shrubs, but some were epiphyllous on the leaves of trees, ferns, and epiphytic Tillandsia (Bromeliaceae). The boardwalk in the hammock also served as a substrate for liverworts.

Premise of research. Salvia is one of the most species-rich genera in the world. Its outstanding diversity and subcosmopolitan distribution have prevented the preparation of a modern comprehensive monograph and re-evaluation of its classification. As phylogenetic efforts advance to untangle the evolutionary relationships of Salvia, the need for a solid taxonomic footing is increasingly imperative. Accordingly, we present an updated checklist of the species richness and distribution of Salvia subg. Calosphace, which constitutes more than half of the diversity of the genus. Methodology. A preliminary checklist of the species of Salvia subg. Calosphace was compiled through examination of the literature and online databases; this was revised and discussed by the authors in order to retrieve a consensus list. The distribution of each species by country or territory as well as by biome was also recorded from the sources consulted; affinities in composition were visualized with the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean based on a dissimilarity matrix (Sørensen’s index). Pivotal results. Salvia subg. Calosphace comprises 580 species; 30 were qualified as unresolved and require further analysis. The countries with the highest species richness are Mexico (295 spp.), Peru (77 spp.), Colombia (60 spp.), Brazil (58 spp.), Guatemala (49 spp.), and Ecuador (41 spp.). The affinity in species composition between countries and between biomes is explained mainly by geographical proximity. Conclusions. The updated list of the species of Salvia subg. Calosphace will help to guide sampling for phylogenetic analyses, enabling the achievement of a more stable and solid phylogenetic hypothesis. At the same time, it is a potentially important tool for underpinning discussions toward a new sectional classification of the lineage.

The curious habit of shingle-leaf climbers – root-climbing plants whose leaves are closely adpressed to the phorophyte and often overlap like shingles – has attracted the attention of both botanists and horticulturists for more than a century. The habit has arisen in ten families, 22 genera, and at least 158 species and is especially common in several genera of Araceae and Marcgravia (Marcgraviaceae). Herein, the species are tabulated, and various hypotheses for the evolution of the habit are reviewed. Two hypotheses that emerge as having explanatory power for understory shingle-leaf climbers are 1) Trapping & Recycling CO2 and 2) Stemflow Nutrient Capture, but other hypotheses may also have support in some cases. Three hypotheses (Balancing Carbon Allocation, Avoiding Damage from Falling Objects, and Avoiding Herbivory) have some support for some species. One hypothesis (Protecting against Desiccation of Roots and Leaves) has some support for shingle-leaf climbers in exposed, sunny habitats (viz., Hoya, Dischidia, Cattleya cernua and other orchids). Different selective pressures may have led to convergence on the shingle-leaf habit in different habitats. Moreover, these hypotheses are not necessarily mutually exclusive. Few hypotheses have been explicitly tested, and so the adaptive significance of the shingle-leaf climber habit remains uncertain.

The phenology, floral biology and pollination ecology of Salvia arborescens Urb. & Ekman (Lamiaceae) are reported, based on field and garden observations. The flowers of S. arborescens are white, fragrant and rich in nectar. Anthesis begins in the late afternoon, and flowers wilt by late morning of the following day. Floral features fit the moth pollination syndrome. S. arborescens flowers are visited by a variety of nocturnal moths in the wild, including Celiptera levinum (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Erebidae), which was observed carrying pollen of this Salvia. This is the first report of a night-blooming, moth-pollinated Salvia. Hummingbirds, butterflies and beetles may play a role as secondary pollinators.

Litter-trapping plants have specialized growth habits and morphologies that enable them to capture falling leaf litter and other debris, which the plants use for nutrition after the litter has decayed. Litter is trapped via rosettes of leaves, specially modified leaves and/or upward-growing roots (so-called ‘root baskets’). Litter-trappers, both epiphytic and terrestrial, are found throughout the tropics, with only a few extra-tropical species, and they have evolved in many plant families. The trapped litter mass is a source of nutrients for litter-trapping plants, as well as food and housing for commensal organisms. Despite their unique mode of life, litter-trapping plants are not well documented, and many questions remain about their distribution, physiology and evolution.–© 2015 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2015, 179, 554–586.

A new survey of liverworts in three tropical hardwood hammocks in South Florida 100 years after they were first surveyed by John Kunkel Small found that the liverwort flora is mostly intact. The new survey collected 24 species, recollecting eight of the 13 species first collected by Small in these hammocks. Some taxa not noted by Small are xerophytic species that may have colonized the hammocks since Small's time. Epiphyllous species are a characteristic and noteworthy component of the hammock liverwort flora; eight taxa were found in this survey.

Garnett and Christidis (2017) slammed taxonomy for hampering conservation. They painted a picture of capricious taxonomists arbitrarily creating or dismissing species and claimed “the scientific community's failure to govern taxonomy threatens the effectiveness of global efforts to halt biodiversity loss, damages the credibility of science, and is expensive to society”. We reject their premise that taxonomy is but a service in need of governance, rather than an independent—and foundational—scientific discipline.

Se presenta una revisión sobre el descubrimiento de las únicas especies de Dracaena L. (Asparagaceae) endémicas del Nuevo Mundo: D. americana Donn. Sm. y D. cubensis Vict. Se muestran mapas de distribución e ilustraciones para ambas especies. Se discute su ecología, estado de conservación, posición filogenética, biogeografía, etnobotánica y horticultura. Se designa un lectotipo para D. americana. Palabras Claves: Asparagaceae, Cuba, Dracaena, México, América Central

Brother Marie-Victorin (1885–1944) was a member of the Roman Catholic congregation of the La Salle Brothers and one of the most important figures in the botanical history of Canada. In 1929, he undertook a 7-month trip across Europe, Africa and the Middle East. During this journey he visited the islands of Gran Canaria (26–27 June) and Tenerife (28 June to 3 July), where he took 118 photographs. The travelogue for this trip (447 pages) is an unpublished document, 26 pages of which are devoted to the Canaries. We provide English and Spanish translations for the portion of this travelogue devoted to the Canary Islands and a catalogue of the photos taken there. Botanical highlights of this visit include accounts for: (1) the Botanic Garden of La Orotava and its Head Gardener, Juan Bolinaga; (2) landmark specimens of Dracaena draco in Tenerife; (3) hybrids between the endemic Phoenix canariensis and the introduced Phoenix dactylifera; (4) an historical individual of Pinus canariensis found in Buen Paso (Icod municipality); and (5) endemic and invasive plants. This travelogue shows that Marie-Victorin had an interest in social, ethnobotanical and historical aspects of the Canaries.

The use of palms as a source of sweet sap is ancient and widespread throughout the palm-growing regions of Africa, Asia and the Americas. Sweet sap is consumed fresh, processed into syrup or sugar, or fermented into alcohol or vinegar. We review 40 species of palms and their tapping methods, which may be either destructive or nondestructive. Nondestructive exploitation, as with Phoenix canariensis, can provide a sustainable harvest

Morphometric analyses are used to test two competing hypotheses of classification for Aiphanes (Arecaceae: Cocoseae) in the Antilles. Three vegetative characters and three characters of the inflorescence were analyzed via one-way analyses of variance followed by a test of pairwise comparisons for the least-squares means. We found a complex pattern of morphological variation that supports the recognition of a single, variable species, Aiphanes minima.

A study of seed coat micromorphology, using both light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, revealed characters of taxonomic significance and utility among the species of Eriocaulaceae of the United States and Canada. Our survey of nine native species of Eriocaulon, five Lachnocaulon, and one Syngonanthus revealed diversity in the shape and size of the cells of the seed coat, the degree and pattern of ornamentation, and appendage shape. In the context of world Eriocaulaceae, the species of the United States and Canada exhibit no morphologies that are unique.

Additional collections and observations of living material shed new light on Salvia subg. Calosphace sect. Wrightiana, which comprises three species endemic to Cuba and Hispaniola. A new key and expanded descriptions are presented, a lectotype is designated for Salvia wunschmannii, which is a synonym of S. densiflora. One species, S. strobilanthoides, is known only from the type and has not been collected since 1860.

The micromorphology of the seeds of six species of Hypoxis (Hypoxidaceae) from eastern North America (east of Texas) was studied with low vacuum, scanning electron microscopy using the backscatter detector. The shape of the cells of the seed coat and the configuration of the cuticle appeared characteristic for a particular species. The species may be placed into three main groups. The first group, those with shiny black, papillate cells, includes H. curtissii and H. hirsuta. The second group, those with shiny black, rounded-inflated (colliculate) cells, comprises H. juncea and H. rigida. The third group of H. sessilis and H. wrightii is characterized by brown seeds with wrinkled, detached cuticles. The seeds of H. sessilis are unique among the eastern North American species in having iridescent seed coats. The widespread occurrence of these seed coat characters among both American and African species suggests that phylogenetically informative characteristics of the seed coat of Hypoxis are affect...

The Caribbean Islands are one of the world’s 34 biodiversity hotspots, remarkable for its biological richness and the high level of threat to its flora and fauna. The palms (family Arecaceae) are well represented in the West Indies, with 21 genera (three endemic) and 135 species (121 endemic). We provide an overview of phylogenetic knowledge of West Indian Palms, including their relationships within a plastid DNA-based phylogeny of the Arecaceae. We present new data used to reconstruct the phylogeny of tribe Cryosophileae, including four genera found in the West Indies, based on partial sequences of the low-copy nuclear genes encoding phosphoribulokinase (PRK) and subunit 2 of RNA polymerase II (RPB2). Recently published phylogenetic studies of tribe Cocoseae, based on PRK sequences, and tribes Cyclospatheae and Geonomateae, based on PRK and RPB2 sequences, also provide information on the phylogenetic relationships of West Indian palms. Results of these analyses show many independent origins of the West Indian Palm flora. These phylogenetic studies reflect the complex envolutionary history of the West Indies and no single biogeographical pattern emerges for these palms. The present day distributions of West Indian palms suggest complicated evolutionary interchange among islands, as well as between the West Indies and surrounding continents. We identified six palm lineages that deserve conservation priority. Species-level phylogenies are needed for Copernicia, Sabal, and Roystonea before we can build a more complete understanding of the origin and diversification of West Indian palms.

The conservation status of 134 species, subspecies and varieties of West Indian palms (Arecaceae) is assessed and reviewed, based on field studies and current literature. We find that 90% of the palm taxa of the West Indies are endemic. Using the IUCN Red List categories one species is categorized as Extinct, 11 taxa as Critically Endangered, 19 as Endangered, and 21 as Vulnerable. Fifty-seven taxa are classified as Least Concern. Twenty-five taxa are Data Deficient, an indication that additional field studies are urgently needed. The 11 Critically Endangered taxa warrant immediate conservation action; some are currently the subject of ex situ and in situ conservation projects in the region’s botanical gardens. We recommend that preliminary conservation assessments be made of the 25 Data Deficient taxa so that conservation measures can be implemented for those facing imminent threats.

Fresh hearts of palm were tested for cyanogenic glycosides; two species of the genus Dypsis were cyanogenic. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

The systematic placement of the little-known species Ptychosperma micranthum (Arecaceae/Palmae: Arecoideae: Areceae) from far western New Guinea has been repeatedly disputed, resulting in recombinations in both Heterospathe and Rhopaloblaste. However, comparative morphological and molecular phylogenetic studies provide strong evidence against the placement of the species within any of these three genera, or indeed in any other accepted genus. Thus, a new genus, Dransfieldia, is herein described and a new combination, Dransfieldia micrantha, is made. Morphological character analyses demonstrate that the combination of character states that defines Dransfieldia is highly distinctive, despite the fact that many of the states are homoplasious. Dransfieldia micrantha is a slender, unarmed palm possessing a well-defined crownshaft, strongly ridged leaflets with entire, acute apices, an infrafoliar inflorescence with a persistent prophyll that is split apically by the exertion of the peduncular bract, a...

Although known to European botanists since 1876, the genus Ptychococcus (Arecaceae: Arecoideae: Ptychospermatinae) of New Guinea has remained one of the most poorly known genera of the Ptychospermatinae. The present study, based on examinations of plants in the field, in herbaria, and in cultivation, reduces the number of species to two and presents a historical overview of this misunderstood genus, along with a taxonomic revision, a key, descriptions and synonymies of the two species. A neotype is designated for Ptychococcus paradoxus.

Recent botanical exploration in eastern Malesia has resulted in the discovery of three spectacular palm taxa that have proved difficult to assign to genus. New evidence from molecular phylogenetic research indicates that these taxa should now be recognised as three monotypic genera. Here, we describe these genera as new to science, all of which are members of subtribe Ptychospermatinae (Areceae: Arecoideae). Jailoloa Heatubun & W. J. Baker is restricted to ultramafic vegetation in a single site in Halmahera and is Critically Endangered due to nickel mining. Manjekia W. J. Baker & Heatubun is scattered throughout the limestone vegetation of Biak Island, east of the Bird’s Head Peninsula of New Guinea, and is Endangered, although parts of its distribution fall within a protected area. Wallaceodoxa Heatubun & W. J. Baker, named to mark the centenary of Alfred Russel Wallace’s death, is found on Gag and Waigeo, two of the Raja Ampat Islands west of the Bird’s Head Peninsula, where it is Critically Endangered due to its small and rapidly reducing population. Full morphological descriptions are provided with detailed comparisons with related genera, alongside a revised key to the genera of Ptychospermatinae. These new genera are unexpected additions to the palm flora of Malesia, and demand urgent conservation attention.

The Commelinoid monocots are a monophyletic group comprising the Arecales, Commelinales, Poales and Zingiberales, plus the unplaced family Dasypogonaceae. Pollen from 149 taxa was examined qualitatively for starch as the primary storage product. Starchy pollen was found in 134 taxa (90% of the sample) of Commelinoid monocots. Starchy pollen thus appears be a characteristic feature of the Commelinoid monocots. Starchy pollen can be easily observed with minimal preparation, making it a demonstrable character useful in the classroom or teaching laboratory. Furthermore, starchy pollen grains were found to be significantly larger in diameter than non-starchy grains, confirming previous hypotheses regarding pollen size and starch.

Pseudophoenix sargentii is critically endangered in the USA. We have developed ten polymorphic microsatellite loci for this palm. A study based on populations from the Bahamas and Florida identified 3–17 alleles per locus. Values for the fixation index were positive, and eight loci deviated significantly from Hardy–Weinberg Equilibrium. Two different PCR-based methods were utilized. The first method yielded specific primer-pairs for three of the loci, and it was based on amplification, cloning and sequencing of products obtained through 5′ anchored PCR. Specific primers for the remaining seven loci were obtained by refining microsatellite regions discovered by 5′ anchored PCR using a new protocol based on inverse PCR.

We surveyed leaf material of 545 individual palms representing 108 genera and 155 species for cyanogenesis using the Feigl-Anger test. We detected HCN production in only two species of one genus, Drymophloeus. Additional smaller surveys of shoot meristems and roots revealed cyanogenesis only in the shoot meristem of one species of Dypsis. Our results indicate that cyanogenesis is rather rare in the family. ( 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Salvia subg. Calosphace sect. Gardoquiiflorae is re-examined, and three species, all endemic to Hispaniola (Greater Antilles), are recognized. The names S. brachyloba, S. buchii and S. selleana are here lectotypified. Detailed morphological descriptions, distribution maps, information about habitat, and an identification key to the species are provided. In addition, preliminary results of a phylogeographical study of West Indian endemic species identified two colonization events. A group of high-elevation Hispaniolian endemic species is closely related to species of Salvia from the Andes.

 Premise of the study: We examined the phylogeny and intergeneric relationships among the 12 genera of the palm subtribe Ptychospermatinae. While many of these taxa are familiar, cultivated ornamental palms in warm areas of the world, the monophyly of the subtribe and its component genera required testing. We also examined the biogeographic relationships of this lineage, which has a signifi cant radiation east of Wallace ’ s Line.  Methods: Phylogenetic analyses were based on maximum parsimony and Bayesian analyses of nucleotide sequences of two low-copy nuclear genes: intron 4 of phosphoribulokinase and intron 23 of RNA polymerase II. Biogeographical reconstructions were explored using S-DIVA.  Key results: The two-gene, combined analysis yielded a monophyletic subtribe with six major clades. The biogeographical analysis suggests that the subtribe originated in New Guinea.  Conclusions: The phylogenetic hypotheses support the monophyly of the subtribe. The genera Drymophloeus , Ponapea , and Veitchia , as presently circumscribed, are not monophyletic. The resurrection and expanded circumscription of the genus Ponapea are supported. A newly discovered species of Adonidia is confi rmed as sister species to Adonidia merrillii . Our phylogenetic hypothesis suggests that the Ptychospermatinae diverged into six major clades with repeated radiations into Australia and the western Pacifi c. The presence of Adonidia to the west of Wallace ’ s Line is likely to be the result of long-distance dispersal. The following new combinations are made to restore monophyly to Veitchia and Ponapea : Veitchia pachyclada , V. subisticha , V. lepidota , and Ponapea hentyi .

The California Peony (Paeonia californica), a regional endemic and outcrossing species, is almost completely monomorphic for 23 isozyme loci. The level of genetic diversity in the California Peony is similar to that of narrow endemics and/or self-fertilizing species. This paradoxical result may be explained by either of two hypotheses: 1) low initial polymorphism of the ancestral genome, or 2) population bottle neck.

Leaf size and shape, long used to differentiate taxa in Haenianthus, were found to be less useful than previously believed. Nevertheless, two species can be recognized on the basis of leaf shape, H. incrassatus and H. salicifolius. The former species has long petioles, attenuate leaf bases, and thin laminas and is endemic to cloud forests of Jamaica. The latter species, with short petioles, acute to acuminate leaf bases, and thick laminas, has two varieties, H. salicifolius var. salicifolius of Cuba and Haiti, and H. salicifolius var. obovatus of Cuba, Hispaniola, and Puerto Rico. Key words: Caribbean, Haenianthus, morphometric analysis, Oleaceae.

Enzyme electrophoresis and restriction-fragment analysis of chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) and nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA) were used to test the hypothesis that both Helianthus neglectus and H. paradoxus are stabilized hybrid derivatives of H. annuus and H. petiolaris. The four species are annuals, diploid outcrossers, and have the same chromosome number. Helianthus annuus and H. petiolaris had the same allele in highest frequency for 16 of the 18 isozyme loci examined and had different majority alleles for only 6-Pgd3 and Pgi2. The two species had divergent rDNAs that could be distinguished by seven diagnostic restriction site mutations and three length mutations, and their cpDNAs could be differentiated by three diagnostic restriction site mutations. The alleles observed in H. neglectus were not a combination of those observed in H. annuus and H. petiolaris. Although H. neglectus had only one unique allele, it possessed none of the three alleles specific to H. annuus. In contrast, it had four of the seven alleles specific to H. petiolaris. Furthermore, H. neglectus had the same rDNA type as H. petiolaris and had the same cpDNA as that found in two populations of H. petiolaris ssp. fallax. These data allowed us to speculate that H. neglectus may be a recent derivative of H. petiolaris ssp. fallax, rather than a stabilized hybrid derivative as originally proposed. In contrast, H. paradoxus combined the alleles of H. annuus and H. petiolaris and had no unique alleles. At Adh2, H. paradoxus was monomorphic for an allele found only in H. petiolaris ssp. fallax, whereas at 6-Pgd3 and Pgi2, it was monomorphic for high frequency H. annuus alleles. Furthermore, H. paradoxus combined the rDNA repeat types of both proposed parents and had the chloroplast genome of H. annuus. These data provide compelling evidence that H. paradoxus, in contrast to H. neglectus, was derived via hybridization.

Species of the genus Schinus Linnaeus (1753) (Anacardiaceae) are native to the Americas but are found in many tropical and subtropical parts of the world, where they are cultivated as ornamentals or crops (“pink peppercorns”) or they are invasive weeds. Schinus molle L. (1753: 388) is a cultivated ornamental tree in Australia, California, Mexico, the Canary Islands, the Mediterranean, and elsewhere (US Forest Service 2015). In Hawaii, Florida, South Africa, Mascarene Islands, and Australia, Schinus terebinthifolia Raddi (1820: 399) is an aggressively invasive pest plant, costing governments millions of dollars in damages and control (Ferriter 1997).

d Background and Aims Raphides are ubiquitous in the palms (Arecaceae), where they are found in roots, stems, leaves, flowers and fruits. Their occasional presence in embryos, first noticed over 100 years ago, has gone largely unexamined. d Methods Embryos from 148 taxa of palms, the largest survey of palm embryos to date, were examined using light microscopy of squashed preparations under non-polarized and crossed polarized light. d Key Results Raphides were found in embryos of species from the three subfamilies Coryphoideae, Ceroxyloideae and Arecoideae. Raphides were not observed in the embryos of species of Calamoideae or Phytelephantoideae. The remaining subfamily, the monospecific Nypoideae, was not available for study. d Conclusions Within the Coryphoideae and Ceroxyloideae, embryos with raphides were rare, but within the Arecoideae, they were a common feature of the tribes Areceae and Caryoteae. a 2004 Annals of Botany Company

(1141) Oreodoxa regia Kunth in Humboldt & al., Nov. Gen. Sp., ed. 1, ed. 4?: 305 [& ed. f?: 244]. Aug (sero) 1816 (Roystonea regia (Kunth) O. F. Cook), nom. cons. prop. [Palm.]. Type: Cuba, Havana, Bonpland 1276 (P-Bonpl.). (=) Palma elata W. Bartram, Travels Carolina: iv, 115-116. 1791 (Roystonea elata (W. Bartram) Harper), nom. rej. prop. Neotype (designated here): U.S.A., Florida, Collier Co., Zona & Bigelow 406 (FLAS).

This study, the first survey of species composition and abundance in the built environment of Miami, Florida, USA, found 18 taxa, six of them new records for Miami-Dade County. The newly reported taxa are: Acrolejeunea heterophylla, Frullania brittoniae, F. eboracensis ssp. virginica, F. inflata var. communis, Lejeunea trinitensis, and Marchantia inflexa. In addition, Frullanoides bahamensis, last seen in the county in 1916, was recollected. A comparison of the findings of this study with previous works shows that the liverwort flora of the built environment is more similar in species composition to the flora of coastal woodlands of the Tampa Bay area than it is to the flora of tropical hammocks of Miami-Dade County.

Erpodium domingense is reported for the first time from Miami, Florida. In the United States, this tropical American species was previously known from only two localities in southern Texas.