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This paper aims to conduct a systematic and critical review of contemporary literature on processes of polarisation, the role they are perceived as playing in creating a matrix of adversities that can lead to increased vulnerability to what is often termed ‘violent extremism’, and the potential impact of practices that are understood as building pro-social resilience to such adversities. Through a wide-ranging review, taking in studies and practice on polarisation and ‘violent extremism’, the authors aim to identify a schema of what are broadly conceptualised as vulnerabilities – factors, operating on macro, meso and micro levels, which may either increase or decrease the likelihood that communities become fragmented and polarised within a European context. The BRaVE project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement number 822189

Paid elderly care-work in Italy: the case of not-for-profit private organizations, social cooperatives which provide domiciliary services and employ mainly migrant women in the cities of Milan and Reggio Emilia.

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Ma recherche sur les ‘emplois domestiques’ (ménage et aide aux personnes âgées) porte sur l’insertion des travailleurs migrants (essentiellement des travailleuses migrantes) en France et en Italie. Il s’agit d’une étude comparative et ethnographique (entretiens et observations) réalisée entre 2000 et 2005. Emplois domestiques : j’utilise cette expression pour parler d’emplois où le travail domestique gratuit généralement accompli par les femmes est externalisé et rémunéré. Ce secteur d’emploi est très diversi* é (on parle de ‘galaxie’ des services à la personne) quant aux statuts des salariés et des formes d’organisation du travail (emploi direct et associations mandataires et/ou prestataires, secteur à cheval entre bénévolat, salariat et tiers secteur à but non-lucratif, mais aussi entreprises privées opérant dans ce marché dans plusieurs pays européens). En France, la recherche a porté sur l’aide à domicile, et en Italie sur l’emploi direct puisque ce sont les deux formes d’organisation de l’emploi domestique qui prédominent dans chacun des deux pays.

This innovative book analyses the role gender plays in the relationship between globalisation, migration and reproductive labour. Exploring the gendered experiences of migrant men and the social construction of racialised masculinities in the context of the 'international division of reproductive labour' (IDRL), it examines how new patterns of consumption and provision of paid domestic/care work lead to forms of inequality across racial, ethnic, gender and class lines. Based on an ethnographic analysis of the working and family lives of migrant men within the IDRL, it focuses on the practices and strategies of migrant men employed as domestic/care workers in Italy. The authors highlight how migrant men's experiences of reproductive labour and family are shaped by global forces and national public policies, and how they negotiate the changes and potential conflicts that their 'feminised' jobs entail. They draw on the voices of men and women of different nationalities to show how masculinities are constructed within the home through migrant men's interactions with male and female employers, women relations and their wider ethnic network. Bridging the divide between scholarship on international migration, care work and masculinity studies, this book will interest sociologists, anthropologists, economists, political scientists and social policy experts. -- Introduction: men and masculinities in the international division of reproductive labour -- Migrant men in Europe and beyond: historical and sociological perspectives -- Gender, racism, and migrant reproductive labour in Italy and Europe -- Migrant men doing ‘women’s work’ -- Masculinities and work relations in the home -- Masculinity, reproductive labour, and transnational families -- Moving out of 'women’s work' -- Conclusion: migrant men’s strategies in the IDRL

Protestant Evangelical churches are expanding in the global South. In Europe too, while Christian confessions such as Catholicism and ‘mainline’ Protestant churches are losing worshippers, migration-driven Evangelical churches, especially Pentecostals, are growing. This paper investigates the role of faith and Evangelical churches in helping migrants to negotiate class demotion and integration, attain respectability and resist racialization. The paper applies a gender perspective to the study of the narratives and practices of Latin American men and women who are members of an Evangelical church in Italy. It finds that the church provides its members with gendered norms, enabling men and women to identify with valued models of feminine/masculine Christian morality and respectability. Through religious participation, migrants members may dissociate from dominant stigmatising representations of Latin American drunkards, ‘gangs’, ‘broken families’ and ‘bad mothers’ as well as from Pentecostal religious practices, which are regarded as ‘unorthodox’ in Italy. The paper also identifies generational differences in the way in which migrants make use of Evangelical religion to resist racism. Finally, the analysis points to ambivalent processes of ‘domestication’ of migrant men and of migrant women’s agency, which combine with an overall resilient gendered asymmetry in the distribution of power in the church.

Based on life histories of National Front activists, this article analyses how multiple boundaries - pertaining to ethnic and political, but also class and spatial divides - are constructed and negotiated in the party. Ethnicity and class shape the ways in which the activists identify with the party and accommodate the construction of political outsiders and ethnic Others forged by the party populist propaganda. The article thus contributes to the study of radical right-wing populist parties by considering the impact of ethnicity and class on activism and party membership.

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