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The purpose of this study is to provide the priority of the front-loading factors in the design stage of the automotive parts development process in order to efficiently and effectively respond to the demands of the car maker (customer). Front-loading is defined as a strategy in order to improve development performance by shifting the identification and solving of design problems to earlier phases of a product development process. Two approaches of the front-loading are project-to-project knowledge transfer and rapid problem solving. For the study, a survey was conducted on the R&D department in the automobile parts company and analyzed by AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) method. The result of the survey shows the cost savings is the highest weight in terms of front-loading effect and in terms of front-loading factors, it gives priorities as “the problems of past project” first, “Design Review” second, “CAE (Computer Aided Engineering)” third, “FMEA (Failure Mode and Effects Analysis)” fourth, “benchmarking” and SR (Sourcing of Requirements). The results of the study will be helpful to provide practical value for improving product design of component development.

Whole lung lavage (WLL) is a therapeutic procedure to remove accumulated material by infusing and draining the lungs with lavage fluid. This procedure has been regarded as the current standard of care to treat pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. However, the WLL protocol has not yet been standardized and the technique has been refined and modified a number of times. A rapid infusion system is a device used to infuse blood or other fluids at precise rates and normothermic conditions. This device is not typically used in WLL, which relies on the passive infusion of fluids using the gravitational force. However, in this study we performed WLL using a rapid infusion system, since we aimed to take advantage of its shorter operation time and greater degree of control over fluid volume and temperature. The patient's symptoms improved without the occurrence of any complications.

Purpose: This randomized noninferiority trial aimed to evaluate whether combined suprascapular, axillary nerve, and the articular branch of lateral pectoral nerve block (3NB) is noninferior to interscalene nerve block (ISB) for pain control after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair (ASRCR). Materials and Methods: Eighty-five patients undergoing ASRCR were randomized to either 3NB (n = 43) or ISB (n = 42) group. We used 5 and 15 ml of 0.2% ropivacaine for each nerve in the 3NB and ISB groups, respectively. The primary outcome was the visual analog scale (VAS) pain score at 4 h postoperatively measured assessed on an 11-point scale (ranging from 0 = no pain to 10 = worst pain) that was analyzed using noninferiority testing. The secondary outcome was VAS pain scores in the recovery room and at 8, 12, 24, 36, 48, and 72 h postoperatively. Rebound pain, IV-PCA usage during 48 h, dyspnea, muscle weakness, and satisfaction were evaluated. Results: Regarding the primary outcome, the mean difference in VAS pain scores between the 3NB (2.5 ± 1.6) and ISB (2.2 ± 2.3) groups at 4 h postoperatively was 0.3, with a 95% confidence interval (CI) of −0.56 to 1.11. The upper limit of 95% CI is lower than the noninferiority margin of 1.3 ( p < 0.001). At all other time points, except in the recovery room, 3NB showed noninferior to ISB. Rebound pain, IV-PCA usage during the second 24 h, and muscle weakness were lower in the 3NB group (all p < 0.005). The satisfaction was similar in both groups ( p = 0.815). Conclusion: Combined 3NB is noninferior to ISB in terms of pain control after ASRCR; and is associated with low levels of rebound pain, IV-PCA usage, and muscle weakness. Level of evidence: Randomized controlled trial, Level I.

본 연구에서는 제4차 산업혁명의 특징 및 미래신산업 발굴을 위한 해양분야의 기회영역별 해양과학기술을 분석하고, 해양 중심의 지속가능한 발전을 위해 향후 추진방향을 전망하고자 한다. 기술혁신을 기반으로 한 4차 산업혁명 기술에 접목될 수 있는 해양분야는 빅데이터, 증강현실, 드론, 로봇 등의 신기술과 IoT 기술의 융복합을 중심으로 가속화 되고 있다. 현재 해양 R&D 중점개발 기술은 미래해양자원, 해양청정에너지, 해양환경, 해양생명공학, 해양장비개발 및 인프라 구축, 해양과학조사 및 예보, 해양안전 및 교통시설, 첨단항만·물류 기술개발, 대형 연구인프라 구축 등에 투자되고 있다. 하지만, 안전한 해양공간 조성, 해양환경 개선 등을 위해 Safety 항만기술, 빅데이터 활용 해양예보 기술, 해양생태계 건강성 복원 기술, 인공지능 해저로봇기술 등이 기회영역 분야로 주목받고 있다. 또한, 신산업 분야의 핵심기술을 선도하고자 수공양용 무인이동체 기술, ICT기반 해양레포츠 서비스 및 고부가가치 해양레저장비 기술, 극한지 활용 장비·소재 기술, 해양수산자원을 활용한 신물질 기술 및 해양수산 바이오 팩토리 기술, 해양플랜트 운영·해체 기술 등이 거론되고 있다. 마지막으로 해운물류·항만, 수산 등 기존 산업분야의 위기를 극복하고 신성장동력을 창출하기 위해, IoT기반 해운·항만·물류서비스 개발, 선박 자율운항 기술, ICT 활용 스마트 양식기술, 해저구조물 건설 핵심기술개발 등이 제안되고 있다.

This project sought to conduct an economic feasibility study regarding the commercial production of bio-hydrogen by the marine hyperthermophilic archaeon, Thermococcus onnurineus NA1 using carbon monoxide-containing industrial off-gas. We carried out the economic evaluation of the biohydrogen production process using the raw material of steel mill by-product gas. The process parameter was as follows: H2 production rate was 5.6 L/L/h; the conversion of carbon monoxide was 60.7%. This project established an evaluation criterion for about 10,000 tonne/year. Inflation factors were considered as 3%. The operating costs were recalculated based on prices in 2014. The total investment required for development was covered 30% by capital and 70% by a loan. The operation cost for the 0.5-year test and integration, and the cost for the first three months in the 50% production period were considered as the working capital in the cost estimation. The costs required for the rental of office space, facilities, and other related costs from the construction through to full-scale production periods were considered as continuing expenses. Materials, energy, waste disposal and other charges were considered as the operating cost of the development system. Depreciation, tax, maintenance and repair, insurance, labor, interest rate charges, general and administrative costs, lubrication and miscellaneous expenses were also calculated. The hydrogen price was set at US$ 4.15/kg for the economic evaluation. As a result, the process was considered to be economical with the payback period of 6.3 years, NPV of 18 billion Won and IRR of 26.7%.

Castleman's disease (CD) is a rare lymphoproliferative disorder of undetermined etiology. Unicentric Castleman's disease is confined to a single lymph node; it is usually asymptomatic though sometimes has local manifestations related to mass effects. In contrast, multicentric Castleman's disease (MCD) typically presents with lymphoid hyperplasia at multiple sites; it is associated with systemic symptoms and abnormal laboratory findings, with a less favorable prognosis. In case of anesthesia in CD, an exhaustive preanesthetic evaluation is essential to identify associated clinical manifestations which may influence the management of the anesthesia. Perioperative careful monitoring and proper anesthetic management are both important. We report a case of general anesthesia with anesthetic management in a patient with MCD that has not been documented in the literature.

The Korean government is considering the implementation of the marine debris pollution abatement technology program (MDPATP) to mitigate the negative impacts of marine debris and systematically manage marine debris through scientific researches such as monitoring and environmental impact assessment of marine debris. In this regard, this study attempts to analyze the economic feasibility of the MDPATP in order to provide policy-maker with useful information. To this end, the indices for economic feasibility such as net present value (NPV), benefit/cost (B/C) ratio, and internal rate of return (IRR) are presented. The results show that NPV, B/C ratio, and IRR are computed to be 45.7 billion won, 2.72, and 17.12%, respectively, which are bigger than 0, 1.0, and 5.5%, and that the MDPATP passes the cost-benefit analysis. Thus, it is concluded that it is socially profitable to conduct the MDPATP.

*, ** Graduate School of Energy & Environment, Seoul National University of Science & Technology, 232 Gongreung-Ro, Nowon-Gu, Seoul, 139-743, Korea*** Environment and Economics Assessment Section, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, 787 Haean-Ro, Sangnok-gu, Ansan, 426-744, Korea요 약 : 본 연구는 금강 하구 관리에 대한 합리적 결론을 도출하기 위하여 하구의 환경가치를 추정하였다. 추정 방법은 하구의 세부적인 속성을 평가하기 위하여 다속성 효용이론에 근거한 조건부 가치측정법을 적용하였다. 또한 하구 인근지역(전북, 충남) 400가구와 전국 13개 광역지자체(전북, 충남, 제주도 제외)지역 600가구를 무작위로 추출하여 일대일 개별면접을 통해 금강 하구 관리방안에 대해 얼마나 지불할 의사가 있는지를 조사하였다. 응답자들은 전반적으로 조건부 시장을 잘 받아들였으며, 가구당 연 평균 지불의사액은 금강하구 인근지역의 경우 1,497원, 전국 13개 광역지자체 지역의 경우 4,343원으로 분석되어 지역에 따라 큰 차이가 났다. 이 값을 해당 지역의 모집단으로 확장한 결과, 각각 연간 21.3억 원 및 701.5억 원이었다. 이러한 정량적인 값은 금강 하구관리 정책에 대한 합리적인 의사결정에 유용한 자료로 활용될 수 있을 것이다. 핵심용어 : 금강 하구, 환경가치, 지불의사액, 다속성 효용이론, 조건부 가치측정법 Abstract : The current study attempted to assess the environmental value of Geum-river estuary for rational management decision-making. To investigate the comprehensive properties of the Geum-river estuary, we applied the contingent valuation method based on multi-attribute utility theory. We surveyed a randomly selected sample of 400 and 600 households of the Geum-river estuary-neighboring area (Jeollabuk-do, Chungcheongnam-do), and other nation-wide large districts (except Jeollabuk-do, Chungcheongnam-do, and Jeju-do), respectively, and carried out person-to-person interviews with subjects on their willingness-to-pay for the estuary conservation and management program. Respondents, overall, accepted the contingent market system and were willing to contribute a significant amount, that is 1,497 won for the residents from the Geum-river estuary-neighboring area and 4,343 won for the residents from other nation-wide large districts on average, per household per year. These results implied that there were large difference between the two groups. The aggregate values of the Geum-river estuary for the estuary-neighboring area and other nation-wide large districts amount to 2.13 and 70.15 billion won, respectively, per year. This quantitative value deduced from the current study, could be a useful baseline fact for any decision-making process particularly in the establishment of management policies for the Geum-river estuary. Key Words : Geum-river estuary, Environmental value, Willingness to pay, Multi-attribute utility theory, Contingent valuation method 1)

− It is time to develop new renewable energy that could fundamentally replace fossil fuel, which hasbeen increasingly needed due to environmental pollution and energy security. Korean marine bio-energy develop-ment project is planned to produce 50% of total bioenergy. This study attempts to measure the greenhouse gasemission reduction benefits of marine bio-energy development project through contingent valuation method.Single bounded dichotomous choice (SBDC) is applied with spike model. The results show that the averagewillingness to pay are estimated to be KRW 4,190 at SBDC, per household per year. If the result has beenexpanded to the region which is survey conducted, KRW 50.1 billion annually. These quantitative informationcan be usefully utilized in the cost benefit analysis to implement project and policy-making for the industrializa-tion of marine bio-energy development project.Keywords: Marine bio-energy(해양바이오에너지), Contingent valuation method(조건부가치측정법 ), Willingness topay(지불의사액 ), Single bounded dichotomous choice( 단일경계양분선택형 )

Summary of the economic impacts of marine bio-energy development project 게 증가하고 있으나 이로 인한 에너지의 공급 불균형 및 고갈 문제가 전 세계적인 이슈로 대두되고 있다 . 이러한 문제에 대한 유일한 해결책은 식용식물과 경쟁하지 않으면서 환경과 에너지 문제를 동시에 해결할 수 있는 해양생물을 이용하여 바이오에너지를 생산하는 것이다 . 해양바이오에너지는 기존 풍력 , 태양광 등의 신재생에너지와 다르게 에너지 밀도가 높은 액체연료를 공급할 수 있고 , 식량자원에 영향이 없으며 이산화탄소를 직접적으로 회수 및 탄소중립화 할 수 있는 장점을 가지고 있다 . 이러한 추세에 맞추어 우리나라도 a›제3차 신재생에너지 기술개발 및 이용 ·보급 기본계획 aœ해양바이오에너지 개발사업을 추진하고 있다 . 이러한 배경 하에서 , 본 연구는 2009 년도 산업연관표에 근거한 산업연관분석을 통해 해양바이오에너지 개발사업의 경제적 파급효과인 생산유발효과 , 부가가치 유발효과 , 취업유발효과 , 연구개발 유발효과룰 분석하고자 하였다 . 특히 해양바이오에너지 개발사업에 대한 투자가 자기 산업에 미치는 영향과 타 산업에 미치는 영향을 구분할 수 있는 외생화 기법을 이용하여 경제 내 타 부문에 대한 기여도를 보다 엄밀하게 도출하였다 . 주요 분석결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다 . 먼저 해양바이오에너지 개발사업의 생산유발효과를 살펴보았는데 , 화학제품 분야와 부동산 및 사업서비스 부문에 가장 큰 영향을 미치며 , 도·소매 부문 , 금융 및 보험 부문 및 운송 부문에도 상대적으로 큰 영향을 미치는 것으로 분석되었다 . 부가가치 유발효과는 전체적인 면에서는 생산유발효과와 비슷하나 ,도·소매 부문에 큰 영향을 미치며 화학제품 부문 , 금용 및 보험 부문에 상대적으로 영향을 미쳤으며 서비스업 중에서는 운수 부문에 영향을 미치는 것으로 분석되었다 . 취업유발효과와 관련해서는 생산유발효과 및 부가가치 유발효과와는 전체적인 면에서는 유사하게 도·소매 부문 , 부동산 및 사업서비스 부문 , 식음료 부문에 큰 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으며 , 이 외에 ,농림 및 수산 부문 , 기타 서비스 부문에 영향을 미치는 것으로 분석되었으며 , 제조업 중에서는 섬유제품 부문이 영향을 많이 받았다 . 연구개발 유발효과는 화학제품 부문 , 전기 및 전자기기 부문 , 일반기계 부문 등과 같은 제조업에서 영향이 큰 것으로 분석되었다 . 타 산업에 대한 효과를 종합해 보면 , 해양바이오에너지 개발사업에서의 1원 생산은 타 산업의 생산 , 부가가치 , 연구개발을 각각 0.3979 원, 0.1412 원, 0.0029원 만큼 유발하며 , 10 억원 투자에 따라 취업은 타 산업에서 2.5173 명만큼 유발되는 것으로 분석되었다 . 해양바이오에너지 개발사업 자체에 미치는 효과까지도 포함하여 국민경제 전체적인 효과를 계산해 보면 , 해양바이오에너지 개발사업에 대한 1원의 투자는 1.3979 원의 생산유발효과 , 0.8591 원의 부가가치 유발효과 , 0.0214 원의 연구개발 유발효과를 가져오며 , 10억원 투자로 5.1520 명의 취업을 유발한다 .산업연관분석은 비교적 적용이 간단하면서도 다양한 정보를 제공하기에 연구자와 정책 결정가에게 유용한 분석도구이다 . 본 연구에 제시된 산업연관분석을 보다 확장할 수 있는 추후 연구주제로는 여러 연

Annual power consumption of our country is positioned in the upper percentile in the world, and because the proportion of fossil power generation is high, which ranks the 10th emission country. In this regard, government has established and is implementing the National Energy Basic Plan to realize to get out of fossilization in energy supply while focusing on securing the technology for renewable energy as well as its commercialization in order to reduce greenhouse gas. Resource recovery technology for deep seawater thermal energy which is one of renewable energies is newly getting attention domestically as well as in overseas for securing resources and environmental improvement as a core technology for multilateral use of marine resources for low carbon and green growth. Economic feasibility analysis was conducted for the research and development as follows on the use of ocean thermal energy conversion and seawater air conditioning. First, in the case of power generation using deep seawater and warm discharge water from ocean thermal energy conversion plant of 1MW level, it is judged that the economic feasibility is insufficient but the feasibility will be significantly improved if we consider not only power generation but also drinking water and certified emission reduction by developing the power plant to the size for commercialization. Second, the economic feasibility for the use of deep seawater as air conditioning for the power plant of 1,000RT level turned out to be very good. Especially, when we consider certified emission reduction, it will be possible to secure sufficient economic feasibility. When we use it in connection with ocean thermal energy conversion, water conversion and agricultural and fishery use, it is judged that economic ripple effect will be significant and therefore it will be necessary to conduct research and development for early commercialization, distribution and diffusion of deep seawater energy.

This paper presents a novel green laser sequential lateral solidification G-SLS process for AMOLED applications. G-SLS utilizes a high frequency pulsed green laser and 2D mask patterns to manipulate the microstructure of crystallize Si films. Mask patterns have been optimized to obtain uniform microstructure of the crystallized Si films at the overlap region. Thin film transistors based on G-SLS processed Si films have mobility of 150.72 cm2/V-sec and a sub-threshold swing of 0.20V/dec. 14″ qFHD AMOLEDs have been fabricated using the G-SLS process. The advantages and issues of G-SLS technology will be further discussed.

The securing of raw material is an important requirement for economic development. Many countries, including Korea, actively seek out a stable supply of minerals such as manganese. Manganese nodules are rock concretions on the sea bottom formed of concentric layers of iron and manganese hydroxides around a core and include several strategic minerals necessary for economic development. In particular, the manganese nodule development project (MNDP) plays an important role in the Korean national economy. This study attempts to apply input-output (I-O) analysis in investigating the economic impacts of the MNDP in the Korean national economy. A static I-O framework was employed, focusing on four topics in its application; the production-inducing impacts, the value-added-inducing impacts, the employment-inducing impacts and R&D-inducing impacts of MNDP investments on other sectors. To this end, several versions of the demand-driven models are utilized. In addition, inter-industry linkage analysis is performed to obtain information on the forward and backward linkage effects of industries, including MNDP, to quantify the strength of causation among these industries.

Indium doped zinc oxide films (ZIO) were deposited on non-alkali glass substrates by radio frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering at room temperature. The structural, electrical and optical properties of the ZIO films were investigated as a function of their In₂O₃ content (3.33-15.22 wt%). The ZIO films deposited with an In₂O₃ content of 9.54 wt% showed a relatively low resistivity of 9.13×10 ?4 Ω㎝ and a highly c-axis preferred orientation. The grain size and FWHM were mainly affected by the In₂O₃ content. The crystallinity and resistivity were enhanced with increasing grain size. The average transmittance of the ZIO films was over 85% in the visible region and their band gap varied from 3.22 to 3.66 eV depending on their doping ratio.