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To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy ofFrom January 2021 to January 2022, 45 patients (median age: 67 years) with negative digital rectal examination underwent transperineal prostate biopsy for abnormal PSA values (median 7.3 ng/ml). Before prostate biopsy, all patients underwent mpMRI andPCa was found in 29/45 (64.4%) men; in detail, 22/45 (48.9%) were csPCa.

Meningiomas represent the most common benign histological tumor of the central nervous system. Usually, meningiomas are intracranial, showing a typical dural tail sign on brain MRI with Gadolinium, but occasionally they can infiltrate the skull or be sited extracranially. We present a systematic review of the literature on extracranial meningiomas of the head and neck, along with an emblematic case of primary extracranial meningioma (PEM), which provides further insights into PEM management. A literature search according to the PRISMA statement was conducted from 1979 to June 2021 using PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and Scopus databases, searching for relevant Mesh terms (primary extracranial meningioma) AND (head OR neck). Data for all patients were recorded when available, including age, sex, localization, histological grading, treatment, possible recurrence, and outcome. A total of 83 published studies were identified through PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus databases, together with additional references list searches from 1979 to date. A total of 49 papers were excluded, and 34 manuscripts were considered for this systematic review, including 213 patients. We also reported a case of a 45-year-old male with an extracranial neck psammomatous meningioma with sizes of 4 cm × 3 cm × 2 cm. Furthermore, whole-body 68Ga-DOTATOC PET/CT was performed, excluding tumor spread to other areas. Surgical resection of the tumor was accomplished, as well as skin flap reconstruction, obtaining radical removal and satisfying wound healing. PEMs could suggest an infiltrative and aggressive behavior, which has never found a histopathological correlation with a malignancy (low Ki-67, 68Ga-DOTATOC PET/CT should be considered in the patient’s global assessment. Surgical removal is a resolutive treatment, and the examination of frozen sections can confirm the benignity of the lesion, reducing the extension of the removal of healthy tissue surrounding the tumor.

68Ga-DOTATOC represents a useful tool in tumor contouring for radiosurgery planning. We present a case series of patients affected by meningiomas on who we performed 68Ga-DOTATOC positron emission tomography (PET)/CT pre-operatively, a subgroup of which also underwent a post-operative 68Ga-DOTATOC PET/CT to evaluate the standardized uptake value (SUV) modification after Gamma Knife ICON treatment in single or hypofractionated fractions. Twenty patients were enrolled/included in this study: ten females and ten males. The median age was 52 years (range 33–80). The median tumor diameter was 3.68 cm (range 0.12–22.26 cm), and the median pre-radiotherapy maximum SUV value was 11 (range 2.3–92). The average of the relative percentage changes between SUVs at baseline and follow up was −6%, ranging from −41% to 56%. The SUV was reduced in seven out of 12 patients (58%), stable in two out of 12 (17%), and increased in three out of 12 (25%), suggesting a biological response of the tumor to the Gamma Knife treatment in most of the cases. 68Ga-DOTATOC-PET represents a valuable tool in assessing the meningioma diagnosis for primary radiosurgery, it is also promising for follow-up assessment.

Background: To evaluate the accuracy of 68Ga-prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) PET/CT in the diagnosis of clinically significant prostate cancer (csPCa) (Grade Group > 2) in men enrolled in Active Surveillance (AS) protocol. Methods: From May 2013 to May 2021, 173 men with very low-risk PCa were enrolled in an AS protocol study. During the follow-up, 38/173 (22%) men were upgraded and 8/173 (4.6%) decided to leave the AS protocol. After four years from confirmatory biopsy (range: 48–52 months), 30/127 (23.6%) consecutive patients were submitted to mpMRI and 68Ga-PSMA PET/CT scan before scheduled repeated biopsy. All the mpMRI (PI-RADS > 3) and 68Ga-PET/TC standardised uptake value (SUVmax) > 5 g/mL index lesions underwent targeted cores (mpMRI-TPBx and PSMA-TPBx) combined with transperineal saturation prostate biopsy (SPBx: median 20 cores). Results: mpMRI and 68Ga-PSMA PET/CT showed 14/30 (46.6%) and 6/30 (20%) lesions suspicious for PCa. In 2/30 (6.6%) men, a csPCa was found; 68Ga-PSMA-TPBx vs. mpMRI-TPBx vs. SPBx diagnosed 1/2 (50%) vs. 1/2 (50%) vs. 2/2 (100%) csPCa, respectively. In detail, mpMRI and 68Ga-PSMA PET/TC demonstrated 13/30 (43.3%) vs. 5/30 (16.7%) false positive and 1 (50%) vs. 1 (50%) false negative results. Conclusion: 68Ga-PSMA PET/CT did not improve the detection for csPCa of SPBx but would have spared 24/30 (80%) scheduled biopsies showing a lower false positive rate in comparison with mpMRI (20% vs. 43.3%) and a negative predictive value of 85.7% vs. 57.1%, respectively.

Background: The development of [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-SSTR PET tracers has garnered interest in neuro-oncology, to increase accuracy in diagnostic, radiation planning, and neurotheranostics protocols. We systematically reviewed the literature on the current uses of [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-SSTR PET in brain tumors. Methods: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane were searched in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines to include published studies and ongoing trials utilizing [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-SSTR PET in patients with brain tumors. Results: We included 63 published studies comprising 1030 patients with 1277 lesions, and 4 ongoing trials. [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-SSTR PET was mostly used for diagnostic purposes (62.5%), followed by treatment planning (32.7%), and neurotheranostics (4.8%). Most lesions were meningiomas (93.6%), followed by pituitary adenomas (2.8%), and the DOTATOC tracer (53.2%) was used more frequently than DOTATATE (39.1%) and DOTANOC (5.7%), except for diagnostic purposes (DOTATATE 51.1%). [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-SSTR PET studies were mostly required to confirm the diagnosis of meningiomas (owing to their high SSTR2 expression and tracer uptake) or evaluate their extent of bone invasion, and improve volume contouring for better radiotherapy planning. Some studies reported the uncommon occurrence of SSTR2-positive brain pathology challenging the diagnostic accuracy of [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-SSTR PET for meningiomas. Pre-treatment assessment of tracer uptake rates has been used to confirm patient eligibility (high somatostatin receptor-2 expression) for peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) (i.e., neurotheranostics) for recurrent meningiomas and pituitary carcinomas. Conclusion: [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-SSTR PET studies may revolutionize the routine neuro-oncology practice, especially in meningiomas, by improving diagnostic accuracy, delineation of radiotherapy targets, and patient eligibility for radionuclide therapies.

Although the therapeutic landscape for multiple myeloma (MM) has expanded, the disease always tends to relapse. In attempt to obtain deep and durable responses, each relapse requires the use of a new strategy. In recent years, new treatment options have emerged even for heavily treated patients. Novel, well-tolerated and highly effective therapies in the relapsed/refractory (RRMM) setting currently represent a real hope. Belantamab mafodotin (BLENREP™) is a first-in-class monoclonal antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) whose target is B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA) conjugated to the cytotoxic microtubule inhibitor monomethyl auristatin F (MMAF). Here, we present two cases of heavily pre-treated RRMM patients that were favorably treated with Belantamab mafodotin, obtaining at least a partial response. Treatment was well tolerated and is ongoing. This is a rare report on real life clinical use of Belantamab mafodotin outside of controlled clinical trials and provide information on efficacy and safety of this anti-myeloma new class of drugs.

Objective: Positron Emission Tomography (PET) with F-18-Fluoro-deoxy-glucose (FDG) emerged as a prognostic tool to predict treatment outcome in Hodgkin Lymphoma (HL). Moreover, a FDG-PET adapted strategy is currently assessed in clinical trial to minimize the toxic effect while maintaining the efficacy of treatment in HL. Purpose was to analyze the quantitative parameters to support the prognostic role of FDG-PET today based on the semi-quantitative Deauville 5-point Scale (D5-PS). Methods: This retrospective study included 53 patients diagnosed with advanced-stage HL between 2009 and 2014, enrolled in the PET response-adapted clinical trial HD 0607. FDG-PET was performed at baseline (PET0) and after two cycles of chemotherapy (PET2). Analysis was based on two main approaches: on the single lesion presenting the higher FDG uptake and on the five hottest lesions. Different metabolic parameters were analyzed. Patients were classified into responders and nonresponders. Optimal cut-offs were derived from Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves. Results were correlated with Progression Free Survival (PFS) using Kaplan-Meier. Results: A 71% threshold in SUVmax reduction (?SUVmax) was found to be the best cutoff quantitative parameter able to identify responders vs. non-responders, also with a multivariate analysis, joining clinical data with SUVmax. After a mean follow-up of 34.2 months (95% CI, 26.2 to 39.1), the median PFS for non-responders was 8 months vs. not reached for responders. These results were superimposable to that obtained by an independent group of reviewers using the D5-PS. Conclusion: Semi-quantitative analysis by ?SUVmax outperforms qualitative assessment by D5-PS in predicting treatment outcome in ABVD-treated advanced-stage HL.

Methionine (MET) is an essential α-amino acid which plays a role in several biochemical processes, such as biosynthesis of proteins.

// Alessandra Romano 1 , Nunziatina Laura Parrinello 1 , Calogero Vetro 1 , Daniele Tibullo 1 , Cesarina Giallongo 1 , Piera La Cava 1 , Annalisa Chiarenza 1 , Giovanna Motta 1 , Anastasia L. Caruso 1 , Loredana Villari 2 , Claudio Tripodo 3 , Sebastiano Cosentino 4 , Massimo Ippolito 4 , Ugo Consoli 5 , Andrea Gallamini 6 , Stefano Pileri 7 , Francesco Di Raimondo 1 1 Division of Hematology, AOU “Policlinico - Vittorio Emanuele”, University of Catania, Catania, Italy 2 Division of Pathology, AOU “Policlinico - Vittorio Emanuele”, Catania, Italy 3 Tumor Immunology Unit, Department of Health Science, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy 4 Nuclear Medicine Center, Azienda Ospedaliera Cannizzaro, Catania, Italy 5 Division of Hematology, ARNAS Garibaldi, Catania, Italy 6 Research, Innovation and Statistics Department. A. Lacassagne Cancer Centre, Nice, France 7 Unita di Diagnosi Emolinfopatologica, IEO, Milano, Italy Correspondence to: Alessandra Romano, email: sandrina.romano@gmail.com Francesco Di Raimondo, email: diraimon@unict.it Keywords: Arginase-1, Hodgkin lymphoma, PET-2 Received: June 30, 2016 Accepted: September 05, 2016 Published: September 14, 2016 ABSTRACT Purpose: Neutrophilia is hallmark of classic Hodgkin Lymphoma (cHL), but its precise characterization remains elusive. We aimed at investigating the immunosuppressive role of high-density neutrophils in HL. Experimental design: First, N-HL function was evaluated in vitro , showing increased arginase (Arg-1) expression and activity compared to healthy subjects. Second, we measured serum level of Arg-1 (s-Arg-1) by ELISA in two independent, training ( N = 40) and validation ( N = 78) sets. Results: s-Arg-1 was higher in patients with advanced stage ( p = 0.045), B-symptoms ( p = 0.0048) and a positive FDG-PET scan after two cycles of chemotherapy (PET-2, p = 0.012). Baseline levels of s-Arg-1 > 200 ng/mL resulted in 92% sensitivity and 56% specificity to predict a positive PET-2. Patients showing s-Arg-1 levels > 200 ng/mL had a shorter progression free survival (PFS). In multivariate analysis, PET-2 and s-Arg-1 at diagnosis were the only statistically significant prognostic variables related to PFS (respectively p = 0.0004 and p = 0.012). Moving from PET-2 status and s-Arg-1 level we constructed a prognostic score to predict long-term treatment outcome: low s-Arg-1 and negative PET-2 scan (score 0, N = 63), with a 3-Y PFS of 89.5%; either positive PET-2 or high s-Arg-1 (score 1, N = 46) with 3-Y PFS of 67.6%, and both positive markers (score 2, N = 9) with a 3-Y PFS of 37% ( p = 0.0004). Conclusions: We conclude that N-HL are immunosuppressive through increased Arg-1 expression, a novel potential biomarker for HL prognosis.

Scintigraphy 99mTc-sestamibi, in association ultrasound of the neck, is currently the technique of choice for the location of parathyroid adenomas in patients with hyperparathyroidism then undergo parathyroidectomy. After surgery, from 2% to 7% of patients continues to have a persistence of the disease. In this case, the sensitivity of scintigraphy with MIBI in locating ectopic parathyroid glands is limited and varies from 30% to 80%. Thanks to the introduction of a new method radiological, PET with 11C-methionine, it is now possible to detect the possible presence of parathyroid adenomas in patients with MIBI scintigraphy been examined and is also useful for false positives. PET with 11C-methionine is a diagnostic accurate in locating the parathyroid adenomas of the neck with a sensitivity of 91%, allowing you to run parathyroidectomy focused with a reduced invasiveness of surgery, with reduction of postoperative pain and better results aesthetic. In addition, a method is clinically useful in patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism and tertiary. The limits of this promising method are the poor availability of the tracer, the fact that it is executed in only four centers in Italy and the high cost. We present the cases of two patients who are diagnosed with hyperparathyroidism. They are submitted in the first instance to MIBI parathyroid scintigraphy parathyroidectomy and after removal of pathological glands. Persisting high values of PTH, patients are executed before a new scintigraphy with MIBI which is however negative and then a PET with 11C-methionine which shows accumulation of tracer in a different place not detected by scintigraphy.

BACKGROUND: In this paper the clinical value of PET for early prediction of tumor response to erlotinib in patients with advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) after failure of at least one prior chemotherapy regimen is evaluated. The aim was to compare the early metabolic treatment response using European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) 1999 recommendations and PET Response Criteria in Solid Tumors (PERCIST), and the standard treatment response using Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST). METHODS: Twenty patients with stage IV NSCLC were enrolled prospectively. PET/CT studies were performed before, then 48 hours, and 45 days after the initiation of erlotinib treatment. The lesion with the highest uptake in each patient was evaluated according to EORTC 1999 recommendations, PERCIST and RECIST to assess metabolic and anatomic response. Response classifications were compared statistically using Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) were calculated by the Kaplan-Meier Test. RESULTS: At 48 hours, the Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that EORTC proved to be a significant prognostic factor for predicting DFS and OS. At 45 days, there was a significant difference in response evaluation between RECIST and metabolic classifications. RECIST and PERCIST were significant prognostic factors for predicting DFS and OS. EORTC was not able to discriminate responder from non-responder patients. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that, according to the EORTC protocol, the PET exam is able to provide early identification of patients who benefit from Erlotinib treatment. Used at the end of therapy, PERCIST could be considered an appropriate metabolic evaluation method to discriminate responders from non-responders.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the changes in cervical cancer glucose metabolism for different levels of cellular differentiation. The metabolic activity was measured by standardized uptake value (SUV), SUV normalized to lean body mass, metabolic tumor volume and total lesion glycolysis using fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (PET). A correlation study of these values could be used to facilitate therapeutic choice and to improve clinical practice and outcome. This study considered 32 patients with diagnosed cervical cancers, at different International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stages. Glucose metabolism was assessed by PET examination, and histological specimens were examined to determine their initial grade of differentiation. A correlation study of these values was evaluated. Histological examination showed that all cases were of squamous cell carcinoma. Regarding the differentiation of the tumor, 19 well- to moderately-differentiated tumors and 13 poorly-differentiated tumors were determined. Negative findings for correlations between metabolic parameters and initial grade of histological differentiation were found, and considering that histological grade has been shown to have no consistent prognostic value in cervical cancer treatment, PET imaging could play a significant role in cervical cancer prognosis.

Background: [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-PET is being evaluated as a tool for the early detection of response to various targeted agents in solid tumors. The aim of this study was to evaluate the predictive value of PET response after 2 days of erlotinib in unselected pretrated patients with stage IV NSCLC. Patients and methods: FDG-PET/CT scans were conducted at baseline and after 2 days of erlotinib, with a CT evaluation performed at baseline and after 45-60 days of therapy. PET responses were evaluated by quantitative changes on SUVmax tumor/non-tumor ratio and classified according to EORTC criteria. PET responses were compared with RECIST responses and related to progression-free (PFS) and overall (OS) survival. Erlotinib effects on glucose uptake were also studied in a panel of NSCLC cell lines. Results: Fifty-three patients were enrolled. At 2 days of erlotinib, 20 (38 %) patients showed partial metabolic response (PMR), 25 (47 %) had stable metabolic disease (SMD) and 8 (15 %) had progressive metabolic disease (PMD). All patients with PMD had confirmed RECIST progression at 45-60 days. Patients with early PMR and SMD had significantly longer PFS (p < 0.001 and p = 0.001, respectively) and OS (p = 0.001 for both) than PMD patients. Conclusions: FDG-PET assessment after 2 days of erlotinib could be useful to identify early resistent patients and to predict survival in unselected NSCLC pretreated population. © 2013 Springer-Verlag.

A primary pleural marginal zone B cell lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) is a very rare eventuality. Here, we report a rare case of MALT lymphoma arising in the pleura and update the literature on this topic. A 74-year-old female was hospitalized for persistent cough and weakness. A chest radiograph and total-body CT scan showed only large right-sided pleural effusion, and the coexistence of pleural thickening. Video-assisted thoracoscopic exploration and a talc pleurodesis were performed and microscopic and immunohistochemical findings showed that the tumor was a pleural MALT lymphoma. The patient received immunotherapy with Rituximab and obtained a good response that lasted 2 years. To the best of our knowledge, only seven cases of primary pleural MALT lymphoma have been documented until recently, mostly from Japan with a mean age for all patients of 60.5 years. The pathogenesis of MALT lymphomas remains unclear, although a possible chronic antigenic stimulation by microbial pathogens and/or autoantigens has been hypothesized. Surgical resection was performed in most cases, and some patients received postoperative chemotherapy or immunotherapy. The clinicopathologic characteristics and management of this extremely rare disease are also discussed.

Feminizing syndromes in men are rare and may be related to several causes that usually produce increases in estrogen and androgen secretions. When a feminizing syndrome is caused by an adrenocortical tumor, this is nearly always a carcinoma. The authors report a very rare case of a 59-year-old man with bilateral gynecomastia as the sole presenting symptom of a pure estrogen-secreting adrenocortical adenoma. A presumptive diagnosis was reached by means of a high level of 17-B-estradiol, contrast-enhanced computed tomographic (CT) scans, and 1-131-norcholesterol scintigraphy and was confirmed pathologically. To the authors' knowledge, there are no other reports of the scintigraphic features of this disorder.

7568 Background: FDG-PET could be useful for early evaluation of tumor response to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI). Glucose metabolic activity seems to closely reflect response to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) TKI in vivo and in vitro (Su H et al, Clin Cancer Res 2006;12:5659–67). Thus, we attempted to assess the clinical value of FDG-PET for early prediction of tumor response to Eb an EGFR-TKI. Methods: Pts with NSCLC stage IV in progression after at least one line of chemotherapy and PS 0–1 were treated with Eb (150 mg orally once daily). FDG-PET was performed on days 0 and 2, after administration of 3 daily doses. FDG uptake was evaluated as the maximum standardized uptake value in the tumor (SUVmax). SUVmax was divided by SUV of the background region (liver) to produce the tumor:nontumor ratio (TNT). FDG-PET responses were evaluated by quantitative changes on TNT and classified according to the EORTC PET study group. PET response were compared with radiographic tumor response (RECIST criteria) assessment based on CT scan at baseline and on day 45. Results: From May 2007, 27 pts were enrolled and 23 were evaluable (4 not-evaluable: 2 BAC PET negative, 2 violations). FDG-PET revealed a metabolic partial response (PR) in 8 pts; subsequent CT scan assessment evidenced 4 PR and 4 long lasting stable disease (SD), respectively. Seven pts had metabolic progressive disease (PD) at PET scan and 8 had SD, all of them presented PD at CT scan. Metabolic PR was associated with a longer median progression-free survival (152 vs 45 days, p = < 0.0001) and longer overall survival (323 vs 128 days p=0.15). For radiological PD pts who presented metabolic SD or PD, survival time was respectively 220 and 117 days. EGFR gene mutation, gene copy number and protein expression are ongoing. Conclusions: FDG-PET using changes on TNT can very early predict (already 2 days after initiation) Eb treatment outcome. Particularly, pts with early metabolic PD are unlikely to benefit from Eb. Therefore, evaluation of the early metabolic response holds promise for assessment of pts selection. The two different behavior of FDG-PET observed on refractory pts, deserve biomolecular analysis for understanding mechanism of resistance. No significant financial relationships to disclose.

e18096 Background: Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI TOF MS) was used to create and validate a plasma proteomic algorithm VeriStrat (VS), based on 8 m/z peaks, and able to select advanced NSCLC pts who may benefit from EGFR TKIs. The algorithm was associated with PFS and OS of patients treated with EGFR TKIs and not with chemotherapy. Standardized Uptake Value (SUV) is of prognostic value for survival in non-small cell lung cancer. Aim of the current study was to analyze the OS and TTP in advanced NSCLC pts treated with erlotinib (E) according to baseline VeriStrat classification and baseline SUVs of FDG-PET. Methods: Plasma samples were collected before the beginning of E from metastatic NSCLC patients. Acquired spectra were classified according to the VeriStrat algorithm. The FDG-PET was performed the day before the beginning of E. Results: Thirty eight NSCLC pts on E therapy with the following characteristics were analyzed: median age 62 years old, 63% were males, 53% had adenocarcinoma histology, response rate was 26%, median OS 10 mos and (TTP) 3.4 mos. Twenty-six (68%) were classified as VS Good, 12 (32%) as Poor. TTP and OS for VS Good and Poor were 4.1 vs 2.1 mos (HR 0.86, log-rank p=0.6) and 11.1 vs 4.1 mos (HR 0.45,log-rank p=0.02), respectively. Baseline SUV levels were associated with TTP (Wilcoxon test p=0.001) but not with OS (all pts progressed, 5 still alive). All Poor classified pts had SUV ≥ 7 and had the worst TTP and OS; VS Good classified patients had worse TTP and OS if their baseline SUV level was > 7 than those who were VS Good and had SUV

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical value of PET (Positron Emission Tomography) for early prediction of tumor response to platinum-based therapy in patients with nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The evaluation was carried out comparing the standard treatment response using RECIST (Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors) with metabolic treatment response according to European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) recommendations, PET Response Criteria in Solid Tumors (PERCIST), Total Lesion Glycolysis (TLG) and Metabolic Tumor Volume (MTV). Seventeen inoperable patients with stage IV NSCLC were enrolled between October 2011 and June 2013: PET studies were carried out before the initiation of platinum-based therapy and after the first cycle of chemotherapy for an early therapy monitoring. The lesions with the highest uptake in each patient were evaluated according to EORTC recommendations considering a cut-off of 15% (EORTC15%) and 25% (EORTC25%) to discriminat between patients who respond from those who do not respond to treatment. Moreover, PERCIST and RECIST classifications were evaluated too. Receiver operating characteristic curves were used to obtain cut-off points for therapy evaluation based on variations of TLG and MTV in sequential scans. Overall Survival (OS) time was calculated by the Kaplan-Meier test. The Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that RECIST, EORTC15%, ∆TLG, and ∆MTV proved to be a significant prognostic factor for predicting OS (p-value ≤ 0.0251). For responder patients, median OS was 595 days for RECIST, 423 for EORTC15% and ∆MTV, 492 for ∆TLG. For nonresponder patients, median OS was 238 days for RECIST and ∆TLG, 194.5 for EORTC15%, and 188 for ∆MTV. No statistically significant difference was recognized between responder and non-responder patients according to EORTC25% and PERCIST classifications (p-value ≥ 0.13). In addition, a new threshold of 17% for PERCIST classification was proposed for an early therapy monitoring rather than the conventional cut-off of 30%. Even if this is a preliminary analysis, the results suggest that PET examinations could provide an early identification of patients who benefit from platinum-based treatment.

Limited data suggest that F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) may have a role in diagnosing infection. Here we present two cases of lymphoma patients in complete response (CR) who presented during follow-up dry cough and fever. Physical examination and serum evaluations were negative for lymphoma while whole body FDG-PET showed lung uptake which posed a differential diagnosis between relapse of lymphoma and an atypical pneumonia due to persistent lymphopenia. In both cases, cytology examination of sputum suggested Pneumocystis Jiroveci pneumonia (PJP). After appropriate antibiotic treatment, the follow-up examination showed complete resolution of the lung changes revealed by FDG-PET. False-positive results on FDG-PET were supposed to be due to the high uptake of FDG in non-neoplastic inflammatory cellular elements such as macrophages and lymphocytes. Our findings suggest that in cases of FDG-PET positive images in immunocompromised patients with previous hematologic disease, caution must be used, and differential diagnosis might include infections such as PJP in addition to relapse of disease.