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El presente artículo busca mostrar la participación de la Congregación del Oratorio de San Felipe Neri en la alfabetización de Nueva España durante el siglo XVIII. Mediante diversas fuentes documentales manuscritas y editas, se comprueba que la orden de los filipenses se sumó al proyecto ilustrado a través de la instrucción popular de ambos sexos, y la inclusión de disciplinas modernas en la oferta educativa de sus colegios y escuelas de primeras letras, particularmente en la región del Bajío. The present article seeks to show the participation of the Congregation of the Oratory of St. Philip Neri in the process of spreading literacy in New Spain during the 18th century. Through an analysis of a variety of handwritten and edited documentary sources, it shows that the order founded by St. Philip Neri contributed to the enlightened project through its work of promoting public education for both sexes and the inclusion of modern disciplines in the education offerings of its secondary and primary schools, especially in the Bajío region. Este artigo busca mostrar a participação da Congregação do Oratório de San Felipe Neri na alfabetização da Nova Espanha durante o século XVIII. Mediante diversas fontes documentares manuscritas e editadas, comprova-se que a ordem dos filipenses se somou ao projeto iluminista por meio da instrução popular da ambos os sexos e a inclusão de disciplinas modernas na oferta educativa de seus colégios e escolas de “primeiras letras”, particularmente na região do Bajío.

From officium to beneficium: Local government structures in the Hospitaller Priory of Alamania during the 13th and early 14th century The paper is about the appointment of commanders for Hospitaller houses in southern Germany during the second half of the thirteenth and the first half of the fourteenth century (until c. 1330). No written documents about such appointments are extant from the time and region. The names of the commanders are only known from local charters. Some commanders were changed almost annually. Others stayed on more or less for life. The Hospitaller rule, statutes and consuetudines concerning such appointments are not clear. In the fourteenth century commanders were entrusted their houses either for ten years or for life. Earlier on shorter periods are probable, five years or even only one year, until the next regional chapter. Further research should be devoted to the question whether military-religious orders started with an office whose officers was ad nutum amovibilis, and then changed to procedures known from ecclesiastical benefices held by non-religious, secular clergy for life and from fiefs held by secular knights that were also held for life.

espanolEste articulo estudia el impacto de las Reformas Borbonicas en el hospital de Tunja, virreinato de Nueva Granada, entre finales del siglo XVIII y las primeras decadas del XIX. A traves del analisis de fuentes de archivo y lectura critica de fuentes secundarias, reconstruye el problema sanitario causado por el traslado del hospital a una esquina de la plaza mayor de Tunja. Los enfrentamientos entre ordenes religiosas, clero secular y los vecinos representados por el cabildo y la Junta de Temporalidades, la Real Audiencia y el virrey de Santafe (Bogota) a causa de los miasmas producidos por las enfermerias, letrinas y cementerio del convento-hospital y las explicaciones aeristas a favor y en contra de su traslado. Las reformas borbonicas tuvieron particularidades en contextos regionales como el estudiado, lo que hace posible diferenciar las reformas en el campo de la medicina y la salud, de las aplicadas a las ordenes religiosas en cumplimiento del Real Patronato y el control regalista de las instituciones hospitalarias de caridad. Finalmente, es la Republica la que decide el traslado del hospital y acaba con el problema causado por los miasmas que producia y toma el control administrativo de sus rentas, desplazando y extinguiendo la Orden Hospitalaria. EnglishThis article studies the impact of the Bourbon Reforms on the hospital of Tunja, in the viceroyalty of New Granada, between the end of the 18th century and the first decades of the 19th century. Through the analysis of archival sources and a critical reading of secondary sources, the sanitary problem caused by the transfer of the hospital to a corner of the main square of Tunja is reconstructed. The confrontations between the religious orders, secular clergy and neighbours, represented by the town council and the Temporalities Committee, the Royal Court and the Viceroy of Santafe (Bogota), were caused by the miasma produced from the infirmaries, latrines and cemetery of the convent-hospital and the miasmatic explanations for and against its transfer. The Bourbon Reforms had particularities in regional contexts, such as the one under study, which makes it possible to differentiate between the reforms in the medical and health fields and those applied to religious orders in fulfilment of the Royal Patronage and regalian control of charitable hospital institutions. Finally, it was the Republic that decided on the transfer of the hospital, and resolved the problem caused by the miasmas, and took administrative control of its revenue, displacing and extinguishing the Hospitaller Order. francaisCet article analyse l’impact des Reformes bourboniennes dans l’hopital de Tunja, en Nouvelle-Grenade, entre la fin du XVIIIe et le debut du XIXe siecle. Puis, au moyen d’une etude des documents d’archive et d’une lecture critique de sources secondaires, on tente de reconstituer le probleme sanitaire cause par le deplacement de l’hopital a un coin de rue de la Plaza Mayor de Tunja. Il est question aussi des disputes entre differentes ordres religieuses, le clerge seculaire et le peuple represente par le Cabildo et la Junta de Temporalidades, la Real Audiencia et le vice-roi de Santafe (Bogota) a cause des miasmes produites par les infirmeries, les latrines et le cimetiere du couvent-hopital, ainsi que des explications «aireistes» pour ou contre le deplacement en question. Les Reformes bourboniennes ont eu des effets particuliers sur la medicine et la sante. Ces effets sont a distinguer notamment de ce qui a ete applique par les ordres religieuses en accord avec le Real Patronato et le control regaliste des institutions hospitalieres de charite. Finalement, la Republique decide le deplacement de l’hopital et finit avec le probleme des miasmes, en prenant le controle administratif de ses rentes, ce qui a produit l’extinction de l’Ordre Hospitaliere.

espanolEl 15 de octubre de 1246, Inocencio IV dirigio una carta al obispo de Zaragoza en donde relato una serie de eventos de extrema conflictividad que habrian protagonizado los frailes de la Orden de los Menores de la ciudad de Pamplona y el prior y archidiacono de la misma ciudad. Dicha carta forma parte de un conjunto de bulas que el pontifice dirigio a diferentes actores, tanto del ambiente eclesiastico como del secular, con el objetivo de frenar los litigios entre los integrantes de la mencionada comunidad. La problematica no se resolveria hasta dos anos despues, cuando el 2 de septiembre de 1247, el propio Inocencio confirmo una conciliacion realizada entre las partes por un prelado que el mismo habia enviado. El proposito de este trabajo es reconstruir los hechos desde la perspectiva de la conflictividad y los comportamientos violentos a partir del analisis de las cartas de intervencion papal. EnglishOn October 15, 1246, Innocent IV sent a letter to the bishop of Zaragoza where he related a series of events of extreme conflict that would have been led by the friars of the Order of Minors of the city of Pamplona and the prior and archdeacon of the same city. This letter is part of a set of bulls that the pontiff addressed to different actors, both in the ecclesiastical and secular environment, with the aim of curbing disputes between the members of the aforementioned community. The problem would not be resolved until two years later, when on September 2, 1247, Innocent himself confirmed a conciliation between the parties by a prelate that he had sent. The purpose of this work is to reconstruct the facts from the perspective of conflict and violent behaviors based on the analysis of papal intervention letters.

En el siglo xvii hubo una oleada de aperturas de universidades en la América hispana a cargo de jesuitas y dominicos. En la historiografía aún falta mucho por saber del papel que estas universidades, en manos de religiosos, desempeñaron en las sociedades. El presente artículo pone como ejemplo a la Universidad de Mérida de Yucatán, a cargo de la Compañía de Jesús, la cual abrió sus puertas en 1624. Por una parte, analiza la importancia de las cátedras y los grados de la universidad jesuita en la formación y el ascenso eclesiástico del clero secular del obispado. Y por la otra, explica el gran interés que tuvo el obispado de Yucatán en la buena marcha de esa universidad, al ser el principal semillero de la clerecía y parte de un proyecto más amplio para secularizar las doctrinas franciscanas en beneficio de la Iglesia diocesana.

The present study provides a comparative analysis of whitewashed stucco moldings and polychrome gilded altarpieces, major elements of the distinct decorative style that originated in colonial Goa during the period under investigation. The study’s comparative approach focuses on the combination of these materials and the entangled evolution of their decorative motifs. The article employs Antonio Gramsci’s theory of cultural hegemony to analyze the artistic patronage of a selected group of religious buildings that are particularly important from the perspective of their decorative program. The theory of cultural hegemony is applied to the discursive and stylistic formulations of the local secular clergy against the background of jurisdictional conflict between the Crown and the Holy See. Through this approach, this study highlights the ability of local elites to legitimize their status and assert their dominance though active consensus strategies, namely the persuasive effects of baroque architecture. The distinct quality of the Goan baroque that emerged within this process of artistic appropriation, is here interpreted in its transversal, emulative and intrinsically allusive aspects. El presente estudio ofrece un análisis comparativo de las molduras de estuco encalado y de los retablos policromados, elementos principales del estilo decorativo que se originó en la Goa colonial durante el período bajo investigación. El enfoque comparativo del estudio se centra en la combinación de estos materiales y en la evolución enmañarada de sus motivos decorativos. El artículo utiliza la teoría de Antonio Gramsci sobre la hegemonía cultural para analizar el mecenazgo artístico de un grupo de edificios religiosos que son particularmente importantes desde la prespectiva de su programa ornamental. La teoría de la hegemonía cultural se aplica a las formulaciones discursivas y estilísticas del clero secular local en el contexto del conflicto entre la Corona y la Santa Sede. Mediante este enfoque, el presente estudio pone de relieve la capacidad de las elites locales para legitimar su condición y afirmar su dominio mediante estrategias de consenso activo, a saber, los efectos persuasivos de la arquitectura barroca. La cualidad distintiva del barroco de Goa que

This article examines the revival of female Franciscan religious communities in the nineteenth-century as a platform for analyzing the mechanisms and networks behind the restoration and renewal of female convent life in Belgium. The analysis is conducted from a threefold perspective: the specific role of male and female protagonists, the struggle with old and new identities, and the material backgrounds of the revival. The diverse landscape of old and new, contemplative and apostolic, and urban and rural Franciscan convents and congregations offers an interesting platform for research. The interaction between secular clergy, lay and religious women and the male Friars Minor is examined within the context of changing political regimes, social changes, religious revival and diocesan centralization. Mechanisms of material recovery and the (re-)constructions of gendered, canonical and religious identities are used as a framework for evaluating the importance of old and new models and examining to what extent this nineteenth-century history was a genuine Franciscan revival.

St Alban’s English College in Valladolid, established at the height of the Catholic Reformation for the training of English secular clergy under the rule of Spanish Jesuits, underwent an alteration in its management after the expulsion of the religious order from Spain in 1767. As part of this process, numerous valuable archival records were produced which have not, thus far, been studied. This article analyses a portion of these documents: the surviving manuscript inventories of the library. It also considers the series of governmental orders issued by the Spanish authorities as part of the process of expulsion and examines how these orders shaped the production of the library inventories. It offers an overview of the contents of the catalogues, with descriptions of some of those specific book entries that make these inventories unique. The study of these archival documents provides insight into, and understanding of, a key moment in the College history: its shift from Spanish Jesuit control to an English secular one and the difficulties that the Spanish authorities faced because of this change in the College’s national identity.

Resumo: O artigo procura analisar o processo de mobilidade social de descendentes de escravos e libertos de origem africana na América portuguesa, destacando as estratégias executadas pelos grupos familiares no intuito de superar a mácula imposta pela escravidão. Nesse sentido, privilegia-se o papel da carreira eclesiástica em sociedades escravistas hierarquizadas com base em valores oriundos do Antigo Regime. Abstract: The article seeks to analyze the process of social mobility of African descendants of slaves and freedmen in Portuguese America, highlighting the strategies executed by family groups in order to overcome the macule imposed by slavery. In this sense, the role of the ecclesiastical career in hierarchical slave societies based on values derived from the Old Regime is privileged.

This paper explores the role of competition between masters and their communities in shaping the dynamism of theological debate in twelfth-century Europe. Whereas scholastic debate in the thirteenth century was heavily influenced by the structures and curriculum of the University of Paris, this was not the case in the twelfth century. While there were celebrated confrontations between individual monks and schoolmen (such as St Anselm against Roscelin of Compiegne, and Bernard of Clairvaux against Peter Abelard), it is inadequate to interpret these episodes in terms of simple opposition between monastic and scholastic theological traditions. Rather, we see the evolution of a range of educational communities, of monks, of regular canons, and of secular clergy, each with their own interpretation of Christian teaching, and with their own attitudes to the use of reason and the learning of classical antiquity. After 1150, there was an increasing tendency to professionalization in the teaching of theology, epitomized by the growing influence of Peter Lombard’s Sentences, but there was no consensus about the extent to which it should also engage in philosophical reflection. There was also competition between the cathedral school at Notre-Dame and the canons of Saint-Victor, who preferred to emphasize the role of experience in the spiritual life. The case of Richard of Saint-Victor’s writing on the Trinity shows how he sought to combine an experiential dimension to religious insight, with presentation of Christian teaching in terms of reason, rather like St Anselm, rather than through debating patristic authority, as followed by disciples of Peter Lombard. The label of scholasticism should not conceal the enduring diversity of approaches adopted by different communities.

RESUMENDurante los reinados de los primeros borbones, el confesor real desempeñó un papel fundamental en las provisiones beneficiales pertenecientes a la corona, así como en el resto de las tareas relacionadas con la gestión del patronato regio. Sin embargo, tras el ascenso de Carlos III al trono español en 1759, la situación cambió. Joaquín de Eleta, al frente del confesionario real durante el reinado de este monarca, no llegaría a disfrutar de las cotas de poder que alcanzaron sus predecesores dentro del ámbito beneficial. En este trabajo, pretendemos conocer el alcance de sus actuaciones en lo que respecta a la gestión del Patronato Real. En concreto, analizaremos su implicación y su peso en el reclutamiento del clero beneficial en un momento en el que la provisión de la práctica totalidad de los beneficios eclesiásticos anteriormente reservados al papado había pasado a manos de la corona.PALABRAS CLAVEConfesor real, Joaquín de Eleta, Carlos III, Real Patronato, provisiones beneficiales, clero secular. TITLEConfessor Joaquín de Eleta in Royal Patronage management (1761-1788)ABSTRACTDuring the reigns of the first Bourbons, the royal confessor played a fundamental role in beneficial provisions belonging to the Crown, as well as in the rest of the tasks related to the management of Royal Patronage. However, since the ascent of King Charles III to the Spanish throne in 1759, the situation changed. Joaquín de Eleta, in charge of the royal confessional during the reign of this monarch, did not manage to enjoy echelons of power that his predecessors achieved within the beneficial area. This paper will try to know the scope of his actions with regard to the management of Royal Patronage. In particular, we will look at his involvement and his weight in beneficial clergy recruitment at a time when the provision of almost all of ecclesiastical benefices previously reserved to papacy had passed over into the hands of the Crown.KEY WORDSRoyal confessor, Joaquín de Eleta, King Charles III, Royal Patronage, beneficial provisions, secular clergy.

La gestión de los patrimonios del clero secular no es un asunto bien conocido en la España moderna. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar los contratos agrarios y la evolución de la renta de la tierra sobre una muestra representativa de cincuenta propiedades rurales de la catedral de Toledo entre 1521 y 1650. El censo enfitéutico fue el contrato de cesión mayoritario, si bien la mayor fuente de ingresos procedía de los arrendamientos. Hasta mediados del siglo xvi prevalecieron los arrendamientos a largo plazo; después se expandieron las fórmulas a corto. Entre 1521-1529 y 1642-1650 la renta en las labranzas creció un 28% y en las dehesas descendió un 57%. Tal divergencia podría explicarse por un creciente diferencial de rentabilidad a favor del cultivo y por un encarecimiento de las actividades ganaderas. Sin embargo, que una parte considerable de arrendamientos fuese asumida por canónigos y élites locales pudo alterar tanto la trayectoria de la renta rústica como el tipo de contratos. Este caso condiciona el papel de la renta como variable de coyuntura económica y cuestiona si los intereses corporativos se impusieron al ideal de maximización de la renta. Little is known about the management of secular clergy assets in modern Spain. The aim of this work is to analyse agrarian contracts and the evolution of land rent in Toledo between 1521 and 1650, from a representative sample of fifty rural properties belonging to the city’s Cathedral. The census was the most frequent contract, although the lease provided the main source of income for the Chapter. Long-term leases were more prevalent during the first half of the sixteenth century, after which short-term leases increased. From 1521-1529 and 1642-1650, farmland rents increased by 28%, while meadow rents fell by 57%. Such a divergence can be explained by the growing profitability of farmland and increases in the cost of livestock activities. In the seventeenth century, agrarian depression in the region and reorientation of Madrid’s grain supplies would have driven down the rents of the Cathedral farmlands that were closely located to the seat of the new Crown. However, the takeover of a considerable share of the leases by Chapter canons and civil elites would have altered both rent trends and contractual formulas. This makes the role of land rent a proxy for economic performance and questions the idea that corporate interests prevailed over the ideal of maximizing income.

The essay provides the second and final part of the large review dedicated to italian secular clergy whose first part was printed on the same scientific journal in 2019. The evolution of studies in this branch is observed by merging the most complete bibliographical information and the main tendences of a historiographic phenomenon which gained own total independency from other fields of the religious history in the last decades.

The clerical establishment in Toledo in the Early Modern Age is not only archetypal but also special, for its unusual strength and for the mark it has left on the city itself to nowadays. An omnicompression of the ecclesiastical phenomenon in the spiritual capital of Spain is analyzed and proposed, which includes both the study of a characteristic urban landscape, derived from real and mythologized descriptions; an analysis of the different clerical levels and their internal relationships; and a series of considerations on the different interactions of the clergy with the rest of the population and the civic powers. El estamento clerical en la Toledo de la Edad Moderna no sólo es arquetípico sino también especial, por su inusitada fuerza y por la huella que ha dejado hasta el día de hoy en la propia ciudad. Se analiza y se propone una omnicompresión del fenómeno eclesiástico en la capital espiritual de España que abarca tanto el estudio de un paisaje urbano característico, procedente de descripciones reales y mitificadas; un análisis de los distintos niveles clericales y sus relaciones internas; y una serie de consideraciones sobre las diferentes interactuaciones del clero con el resto de la población y los poderes cívicos.

RESUMO A dispensa do “defeito da cor”, proferida em benefício dos descendentes de escravos e africanos, tornou-se expressão corrente nos processos de habilitação ao clero secular ao longo do século XVIII. No entanto, seu emprego não foi natural e desprovido de sentido específico. A padronização das dispensas implicou a definição de um vocabulário que foi estabelecido a partir da experiência dos agentes eclesiásticos no contexto de uma sociedade escravista perpassada pelos valores de uma cultura política de Antigo Regime. Desse modo, a expressão passou a representar uma visão sobre as classificações sociais com base na cor e possíveis concepções sobre as origens relacionadas à escravidão. ABSTRACT Dismissal because of the “color defect” for descendants of enslaved and free Africans became a widespread feature of the licensing process for the secular clergy throughout the eighteenth century. However, the expression was neither natural nor meaningless. The standardization of these dismissals reflected vocabulary that was established based on the experiences of ecclesial agents in the context of a slave society permeated by Old Regime political culture. Therefore, the expression came to represent a vision about social classifications based on color and conceptions about slavery-related origins. RESUMEN La dispensa del “defecto de color”, manifestada en beneficio de esclavos y africanos, se volvió una expresión recurrente en los procesos de habilitación al clero secular a lo largo del siglo XVIII. Sin embargo, su utilización no fue natural y desprovista de sentido específico. La estandarización de las dispensas implicó la definición de un vocabulario que fue establecido a partir de la experiencia de agentes eclesiásticos en el contexto de una sociedad esclavista traspasada por los valores de una cultura política del Antiguo Régimen. De este modo, la expresión pasó a representar una visión sobre las clasificaciones sociales con base en el color y posibles concepciones sobre el origen relativas a la esclavitud.

For many years Brazil was a mission land, a space for evangelization mostly occupied by non-Christian peoples and targets of the conversion work of Catholic missionaries. Furthermore, the slowness of the colonizing—and missionary—advance toward the vast sertões of Portuguese America meant that a large part of the territory remained outside the principal organizing institutions of the colonial space, among which was the diocesan church. However, by confusing the space effectively occupied by colonization with what would eventually form the extension of the territorial possessions of the Portuguese monarchy, the field was opened to mistaken perceptions about the presence and importance of the diocesan Church in colonial Brazil. Since 2000, the proliferation of studies about the episcopacy and different aspects of the structures and actions related to episcopal power has contributed to a change in the understanding of its role and relevance in the development of the Church and the Luso-American colony. Contemporary historians, more attentive to documentary sources related to diocesan administration, have sought to show that the diocesan geography of Portuguese America had greater complexity and importance than has been attributed to it by incautious researchers convinced they were aware of the limitations of the role played by secular clergy in the construction of the Church and Catholicism. Emerging out of recent 21st-century studies is a better knowledge of diocesan structures—bishoprics, ecclesiastic administrations, parishes, chapels—and the functioning of the mechanisms of pastoral vigilance and the punishment of deviants, whether they were clerics or simple believers. This demystifies the idea that the royal Padroado was a nefarious obstacle to the development of the diocesan church in Brazil and shows the importance of the study of diocesan geography not only for the understanding of the history of the Church and Catholicism but also for the development of colonial society.

The success of the Counter-Reformation in Ireland following the restoration of the Catholic hierarchy was a remarkable achievement. Between 1618 and 1630 Rome made a staggering nineteen episcopal appointments in a kingdom that was ruled by a Protestant king. Documenting the achievements of the initial period only paints half the picture, however. The implementation of the Tridentine reforms and the thorny issue of episcopal authority brought the religious orders into a head-on collision with the secular clergy. This protracted dispute lasted for a decade, most notably in the diocese of Dublin where an English secular priest, Paul Harris, led a hostile attack on the Franciscan archbishop, Thomas Fleming. The longevity of the feud, though, owed at least as much to the intervention of Lord Deputy Sir Thomas Wentworth as it did to the internal tensions of the Catholic Church. Despite Wentworth’s influential role, he has been largely written out of the conflict. This article addresses the lacunae in the current historiography and argues that the lord deputy’s interference was a decisive factor in exacerbating the hostilities between the secular and regular clergy in early seventeenth-century Ireland.

The Bishopric of Cartagena de Indias shares the same characteristics as the American Church during the 18th century: the increase in number and importance of the creole people and the secular clergy. However, the especial features of the city of Cartagena gave rise to new points of view on these aspects. The growth of the commercial sector among the urban elite made the creole people as well as the creole bishops have a more relevant role in society. At the same, despite being an episcopate of less importance than others and having insufficient rents, the vacant period became shorter in relation to other areas of the viceroyship and all this also contributed to a great improvement in the diocesan administration.

La historiografía en torno a la Iglesia novohispana ha estudiado los innumerables escenarios en los que se manifestó el conflicto entre el clero regular y el secular. Precisamente, este trabajo ejemplifica cómo ése también se hizo presente en los procesos de fundación y establecimiento de los conventos de la Concepción y Santa Clara en la Ciudad de México en la segunda mitad del siglo XVI. Particularmente aborda la confrontación entre el diocesano y los franciscanos por la apropiación del espacio urbano.

From the beginning of the seventeenth century, Englishmen professed as Benedictine monks in mainland Europe began returning to their homeland. Until that point, the Catholic mission to England had been run by secular clergy and Jesuits, relationships between the two clerical parties growing increasingly troubled over how the Catholic Reformation should be implemented in England. The arrival of the Benedictines saw the offering of a “third way” to England's proscribed Catholics. Yet with the various missions dependent on lay Catholic resources and support both in England and in mainland Europe, it was necessary for the Benedictines to justify their presence in this often fraught environment. As such, they forcefully laid claim to contemporary English Benedictine martyrs against rival claims by other clerical groups. These battles for validation reached a new level of intensity following James I's serving of the Oath of Allegiance. This article explores how competing groups of English missionary clergy sought to justify their presence in England. Taking the case of two conflicting images of the executed George Gervase, it argues that the contest for martyrs sheds new light on the ways in which martyrdom was exploited by different groups; it also contributes to debates about the Oath of Allegiance, which was threatening to derail the wider Catholic Reformation across mainland Europe. By placing these clashes over English religious identity in both domestic and international contexts, the article makes evident that events on the peripheries of mainland Europe affected discussions at its center.

The present study focuses on the 18th-century Catholic Church in Hungary through its crisis of identity. Its aim is to examine the action of the Church from the 1770s and demonstrate the challenges posed by the enlightened absolutist state to the secular clergy and the monastic orders. In our investigation we apply the points of view of the research project of the University of Tubingen called Bedrohte Ordnungen (Th reatened Orders). This program examines such social and cultural orders which were disturbed by certain power factors, fi nally resulting in considerable losses.