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Background: White noise has attracted widespread attention due to its potential effects on psychological and physiological states, particularly in promoting relaxation. The prefrontal cortex, a critical region of the brain responsible for higher cognitive functions and emotional regulation, may influence an individual's mental and physical health through its responses to external stimuli. Although previous research has investigated the calming effects of white noise, systematic studies on its specific impact on prefrontal cortex activity are still lacking. This study aims to explore the calming effects of white noise on the prefrontal cortex to elucidate its associated physiological mechanisms. Methods: In total, 103 healthy adult college students were recruited and randomly divided into four groups (fire, n = 24; wind, n = 27; rain, n = 27; and snow, n = 25), with each group exposed to the corresponding white noise for 3 min. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) was used to evaluate excitability changes in the brain and changes in life signs and facial expressions were also measured. Results: The data of fNIRS were analyzed by paired sample t-test; in the wind group and the snow group, we found that the white noise can be effectively decreased the cortical excitability of related brain areas. The areas of reduced excitability were concentrated in the prefrontal cortex and pars triangularis of Broca's frontopolar area, while the concentration of oxyhemoglobin in these two area decreased from −0.159 to −0.107 µmol/L and from −0.139 to −0.096 µmol/L, respectively, both areas involved in relaxing and sedative modulation. Conclusion: White noise can reduce the excitability of the prefrontal cortex and play a sedative effect. It may strengthen our understanding of how white noise is involved in neural modulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The soy isoflavone daidzin (DZN) has been considered a hopeful bioactive compound having diverse biological activities, including anxiolytic, memory-enhancing, and antiepileptic effects, in experimental animals. However, its sedative and hypnotic effects are yet to be discovered. This study aimed to evaluate its sedative/hypnotic effect on Swiss mice. Additionally, in silico studies were also performed to see the possible molecular mechanisms behind the tested neurological effect. For this, male Swiss albino mice were treated with DZN (5, 10, or 20 mg/kg) intraperitoneally (i.p.) with or without the standard GABAergic medication diazepam (DZP) and/or flumazenil (FLU) and checked for the onset and duration of sleeping time using thiopental sodium-induced as well as DZP-induced sleeping tests. A molecular docking study was also performed to check its interaction capacity with the α1 and β2 subunits of the GABAA receptor. Findings suggest that DZN dose-dependently and significantly reduced the latency while increasing the duration of sleep in animals. In combination therapy, DZN shows synergistic effects with the DZP-2 and DZP-2 + FLU-0.01 groups, resulting in significantly (p < 0.05) reduced latency and increased sleep duration. Further, molecular docking studies demonstrate that DZN has a strong binding affinity of − 7.2 kcal/mol, which is closer to the standard ligand DZP (− 8.3 kcal/mol) against the GABAA (6X3X) receptor. Molecular dynamic simulations indicated stability and similar binding locations for DZP and DZN with 6X3X. In conclusion, DZN shows sedative effects on Swiss mice, possibly through the GABAA receptor interaction pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Medicinal plants have experienced a resurgence in usage over recent decades. Indeed, they constitute a therapeutic resource for a considerable proportion of the world's population. Nevertheless, evaluating the safety of these plants remains a challenge in ensuring their secure utilisation. Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the safety, tolerability and sedative effect of Feretia apodanthera Methods: A lyophilised aqueous infusion of Feretia apodanthera was prepared from dried leaf powder. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) guidelines 423 and 407 were employed. The initial assessment of acute toxicity was conducted by administering a single dose of 2,000 mg kg-1 of lyophilisate to female rats, after which the animals were observed for a period of 14 days. In a subsequent series of experiments, the subacute toxicity of the lyophilisate was evaluated through daily administrations of doses of 250 mg kg-1, 500 mg kg-1 and 1,000 mg kg-1 to both male and female rats over a period of 28 days. Furthermore, the potential sedative effect of the lyophilisate was investigated in mice. Results: In both single administration and repeated administration over 28 days in rats, the lyophilisate of the aqueous infusion of Feretia apodanthera did not induce mortality or significant changes in weight progression, water and food consumption, relative organ weights, or biochemical and haematological parameters, compared to the controls. However, it potentiated diazepam-induced sleep in mice. This sedative effect appears to involve an interaction with GABAA receptors. Conclusion: Although the sedative effect should be taken into account during use, the aqueous leaf infusion of Feretia apodanthera appears to be relatively well tolerated in both single and repeated administrations.

The effect of thioxypine (2-ethyl-6-methylpyridinol-3-yl thioctate) and its acyl and alcohol components on the duration of behavioral despair (BD) in the mouse tail suspension test according to L. Steru, et al. and the forced swimming test of mice and rats according to R. Porsolt, et al. was studied. Amitriptyline (a reference antidepressant) was used as a reference BD-contractor. The impact of the substances being studied on the behavior of mice in the open-field test was additionally evaluated to provide a control of false-positive and false-negative results. Ambiguous effects of the studied substances on the duration of BD were revealed. The direction of the changes depended on the stress generated in the used tests. Thioxypine, unlike its free components, was shown to lack thymoanaleptic potential although it had a sedative effect due to its acyl (thioctyl) fragment. The prospects of further studying the psychotropic action of thioxypine with an emphasis on identification of its possible tranquilizing and antipsychotic activity were considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rationale: The SPICE III (Sedation Practice in Intensive Care Evaluation) trial reported significant heterogeneity in mortality with dexmedetomidine treatment. Supplemental propofol was commonly used to achieve desirable sedation. Objectives: To quantify the association of different infusion rates of dexmedetomidine and propofol, given in combination, with mortality and to determine if this is modified by age. Methods: We included 1,177 patients randomized in SPICE III to receive dexmedetomidine and given supplemental propofol, stratified by age (>65 or ⩽65 yr). We used double stratification analysis to produce quartiles of steady infusion rates of dexmedetomidine while escalating propofol dose and vice versa. We used Cox proportional hazard and multivariable regression adjusted for relevant clinical variable to evaluate the association of sedative dose with 90-day mortality. Measurements and Main Results: Younger patients (598 of 1,177 [50.8%]) received significantly higher doses of both sedatives compared with older patients to achieve comparable sedation depth. On double stratification analysis, escalating infusion rates of propofol to 1.27 mg/kg/h at a steady dexmedetomidine infusion rate (0.54 μg/kg/h) was associated with reduced adjusted mortality in younger but not older patients. This was consistent with multivariable regression modeling (hazard ratio, 0.59; 95% confidence interval, 0.43–0.78; P < 0.0001) adjusted for baseline risk and interaction with dexmedetomidine dose. In contrast, among younger patients, using multivariable regression, escalating dexmedetomidine infusion rate was associated with increased adjusted mortality (hazard ratio, 1.30; 95% confidence interval, 1.03–1.65; P = 0.029). Conclusions: In patients ⩽65 years of age sedated with dexmedetomidine and propofol combination, preferentially increasing the dose of propofol was associated with decreased adjusted 90-day mortality. Conversely, increasing dexmedetomidine may be associated with increased mortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • SCL dose-dependently increased the onset in animals. • SCL dose-dependently increased the duration of sleep in animals. • LIN50 significantly decreased the onset in animals. • LIN50 increased the sleep duration in animals. Sleep disturbance causes many health problems in humans worldwide. This study evaluated the effects and possible mechanisms of sclareol (SCL) and/or linalool (LIN) through in vivo and in silico studies. For this, young chicks SCL (5, 10, and 20 mg/kg) and/or LIN (50 mg/kg) were orally administered thirty minutes before to the thiopental sodium (TS)-induced chicks with or without the standard drug diazepam (DZP: 3 mg/kg). Incidence, onset, and duration of sleep were then noted. The results suggest that SCL dose-dependently increased the onset and decreased the duration of sleep in animals. In contrast, LIN50 significantly (p < 0.05) decreased onset and increased sleep duration. SCL20 combined with LIN50 and/or DZP3 modulated the sleep parameters in animals. In combination, LIN50 showed better effects with DZP3, where the percentage decrease in latency and increase in sleep duration were 54.20 and 168.65 %, respectively. SCL20 when combined with LIN50 + DZP3 also modulated the onset and duration of sleep in animals. Further, in silico studies suggest that SCL and LIN have binding affinities with the 6X3X protein of the GABA A receptor (α1 and β2 subunits) of −6.9 and −6.8 kcal/mol, respectively. The standard drug DZP showed a binding affinity of −5.0 kcal/mol. Taken together, SCL may exert an angiogenic- like effect and antagonize LIN and/or DZP-mediated sedative effects in TS-induced chicks, possibly through the GABA A receptor α1 and β2 subunits interaction pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Allergic rhinitis (AR) is the most common undiagnosed chronic condition in children. Moderate/severe AR symptoms significantly impair quality of life, and cause sleep disruption, absenteeism and decreased productivity. Additionally, untreated AR predisposes children to asthma and other chronic conditions. Although intranasal corticosteroids are the most effective pharmacologic treatment for AR, oral antihistamines are often preferred. First-generation antihistamines may be chosen to relieve AR symptoms as they are inexpensive and widely available; however, they cause sedative and cardiovascular negative effects due to poor receptor selectivity. Therefore, second-generation antihistamines were developed to reduce adverse effects while retaining efficacy. There are fewer clinical trials in children than adults, therefore, efficacy and safety data is limited, particularly in children under 6 years, highlighting the need to generate these data in young children with AR. Fexofenadine, a highly selective second-generation antihistamine, effectively alleviates symptoms of AR, is non-sedating due to decreased blood–brain barrier permeability, and is devoid of cardiovascular side effects. Importantly, fexofenadine relieves the ocular symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis, which occur concomitantly with AR, improving quality of life. Overall, fexofenadine displays a favorable safety profile and results in greater treatment satisfaction in children compared with other second-generation antihistamines. This review aimed to evaluate and compare the safety and efficacy of fexofenadine with other available first- and second-generation antihistamines in children with AR.

[Display omitted] This study aimed at the evaluation of the sedative effect of phytol (PHY) with possible molecular mechanisms through in vivo and in silico studies. For this, adult male mice were randomly divided into six individual groups, namely control (vehicle), two standards (DZP: diazepam at 2 m/kg, FLU: flumazenil at 0.1 mg/kg), three test groups (PHY at 25, 50, and 75 mg/kg), and three combined groups with the DZP-2 and/or FLU-0.1 with PHY-75 mg/kg. After thirty minutes, each animal was treated with thiopental sodium (TS) at 40 mg/kg to produce sedation and observed for latency and duration of sleep up to 4 h. In silico studies were performed with the 6X3X protein of the GABA A receptor α1 and β2 subunits. The results demonstrate that PHY dose-dependently enhanced sleep duration in animals. However, it produced an insignificant sleep duration compared to the control and standard groups. It also significantly (p < 0.05) decreased the latency and increased the duration of sleep with DZP-2, while reducing these parameters with FLU-0.1. In in silico studies, DZP and FLU exhibited binding affinities with 6X3X by −6.8 and −6.9 kcal/mol, respectively, while PHY exhibited −6.9 kcal/mol. Taken together, PHY may exert a sedative- like effect in TS-induced sleeping mice and modulate the effects of DZP and FLU, possibly through interacting with the 6X3X protein of the GABA A receptor. PHY may be one of the good candidates for the management of sleep disturbances, such as insomnia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trachyspermum ammi seeds were selected for photochemical study. The crude T. ammi methanol and aqueous extracts showed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, steroids, terpenoids, coumarins, betacyanins, flavonoids and soluble starch. The synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) using T. ammi extract was characterized using UV-visible, and FT-IR spectroscopy. The appearance of sharp peak at 520 nm in the UV visible spectra, and the appearance of broad band nanoparticles spectra at 563.21 cm-1, 516.92 cm-1 and 462.92 cm-1 as well as the disappearance of the carboxyl OH bond and carbon-carbon triple bond supported the formation of AuNPs. The crude T. ammi methanol and AuNPs were investigated for antioxidant potential using DPPH· free radical assay, which shows that crude extract has significant antioxidant effect. The synthesized AuNPs was also evaluated for antibacterial activities against staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumonia and Bacillus subtilis. The crude extract showed activity against Bacillus subtilis, while AuNPs showed activity against staphylococcus aureus. The in vivo sedative effect and analgesic effect were enhanced in AuNPs treated animals in 5 times less dose (i.e., 5, and 10 mg/kg) than that of crude extract. It was concluded that T. ammi extract includes capping and reducing agents, which make it capable to be developed as stable AuNPs. The biological action of AuNPs is either enhanced (sedative and analgesic) or changed (antibacterial activity), when compared with that of plant extract.

Several social, psychological and biological factors could be cause for central nervous system disorders, especially anxiety; the latter could lead to more serious neurological and psychosomatical disorders. Sedative medications of plant origin are widely used practically as an alternative and/or additive to traditional pharmacological treatments of anxiety, hyperexcitation and other neuroses. Thus, the search of new effective sedatives based on plant extracts is an actual and perspective task. Aim of the present work is to investigate the sedative effect of biomass extract from cell culture of Rauwolfia serpentina K-27 strain. Sedative action of biomass extract from cell culture of Rauwolfia serpentina high-productive strain was determined by open field method on 24 white mice males (no line). Mice weight was in 18–25 g interval. The behavior was assessed by usual behavioristic acts: motor activity, psychoemotional activity and tentative research reaction. Animals were randomized into 3 groups of 8 individuals each. Rauwolfia serpentina biomass extract at doses of 7.5 mg/kg (group 1) or 15 mg/kg (group 2) was administered orally as an aqueous solution. Animals of the control group (group 3) received a solvent (distilled water). The sedative effect of extract was discovered in doses of 7.5 and 15 mg/kg, that showed a decrease in horizontal motor activity to 63.31 and 79.76% respectively, vertical activity to 82.05 and 71.79%, grooming duration to 57.28 and 60.78% at experimental days 20 to 28. Tentative research reaction demonstrated the direct dependence of sedation intensity on duration of extract administration. As a result of the conducted researches significant differences in the number of fecal bolus of both experimental and control groups of mice were not revealed. No significant difference between the sedative effect and the dose (7.5 and 15 mg/kg) was observed. The sedative effect of biomass extract from cell culture of Rauwolfia serpentina K-27 strain was proven. This leads to perspective inclusion of the extract to traditional medicine in prophylaxis and treatment of insomnia and of physical and psychological overexcitation.

Yoshiteru Takekita,1 Sachie Inoue,2 Kenji Baba,3 Tadashi Nosaka3 1Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; 2CRECON Medical Assessment Inc, Tokyo, Japan; 3Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co, Ltd, Tokyo, JapanCorrespondence: Yoshiteru TakekitaDepartment of Neuropsychiatry, Kansai Medical University, 10-15 Fumizono-Cho, Moriguchi, Osaka 570-8506, JapanTel +81-6-6992-1001Fax +81-6-6992-4846Email takekity@takii.kmu.ac.jpPurpose: The aim of this study was to examine whether there is a difference in the risk of rehospitalization when antipsychotics are classified into two groups treated using drugs with a higher or lower affinity to H1 or α 1 receptors than to D2 receptors (histamine H1 receptors, adrenaline α 1 receptors [HA] high- and HA low-affinity drug group, respectively) based on affinity to receptors related to sedation using a nationwide insurance claims database in Japan.Patients and Methods: We identified eligible patients by the following two criteria: (i) hospitalization due to schizophrenia (International Classification of Disease [ICD]-10 code: F20 or F25) in psychiatric wards between January 1st, 2005 and August 31st, 2017, and (ii) administration of HA high- or HA low-affinity drugs in the next month after discharge from the earliest hospitalization due to schizophrenia (index month). The primary endpoint was rehospitalization due to schizophrenia. The secondary endpoints were (i) involuntary rehospitalization, (ii) concomitant use of anxiolytics/hypnotics, mood stabilizers, and antiparkinsonian drugs, (iii) all-cause death, and (iv) medication discontinuation. Propensity score (PS) matching analysis was applied, and the hazard ratio (HR) of the event rate in the HA high-affinity drug group relative to the HA low-affinity drug group was calculated using Cox’s proportional hazards model.Results: Two thousand nine hundred and forty patients were identified as eligible patients. Among PS-matched patients (819 in each group), the HR in the HA high-affinity drug group compared with the HA low-affinity drug group was 1.018 (0.822– 1.260, P = 0.870). Other outcomes did not differ significantly between the two groups.Conclusion: No significant difference was observed in the rehospitalization risk due to schizophrenia associated with HA high-affinity antipsychotic drugs. Although this study was a retrospective PS-matched cohort study, the possibility of masking of the rehospitalization risk cannot be excluded because more than 80% of the patients were administered an anxiolytic/hypnotic at the time of admission.Keywords: schizophrenia, antipsychotics, sedative effect, rehospitalization, claim database, propensity score matching

Introduction. Creating a new herbal remedy with a mild generalized effect is an urgent task of modern pharmacology and pharmaceutical technology. The dosage form of an innovative medicinal product should take into account its properties, ensure the effectiveness of the drug and ease of intake.Aim. Creation of hard gelatin capsules with a plant composition-dry extract and validation of methods for quantifying the amount of flavonoids for the preparation of draft regulatory documentation.Materials and methods. The physicochemical and technological properties of the developed dry extract, as well as experimental capsule masses, such as mass loss during drying, bulk volume and granulometric composition, flowability, angle of natural slope, compaction, and parameters of the obtained capsules (solubility, disintegration, etc.) were studied according to the methods described in the State Pharmacopoeia of the XIV edition. Methods were developed for quantitative determination of flavonoid content in terms of rutin in dry extract and capsules using differential spectrophotometry, which were validated.Results and discussion. During the study of the experimental dry extract, its high hygroscopicity was found, which worsens its technological properties and complicates the encapsulation process. As a result of the addition of auxiliary substances, such as anhydrous lactose and talc, it was possible to obtain an optimal mass for encapsulation, which served as the basis for the creation of the drug «Sedoflav».Conclusion. On the basis of a dry extract of plant composition capsules «Sedoflavt» were developed, its standardization was produced. Methods for quantifying the amount of flavonoids in terms of rutin in experimental dry extract and capsules have been developed and validated.

Objective: To explore the sedative effect of sleep deprivation combined with modified chloral hydrate retention enema in infants and young children’s pulmonary function examination. Methods: Prospectively selected the clinical data of infants and young children who were admitted to our hospital from February 2018 to August 2020 and required pulmonary function tests. 194 infants and young children were included as the research objects, and they were simply randomly divided into 4 groups according to the random number table method. The control group（n=48） did not undergo sleep deprivation, the short-term group（n=48） was short-term sleep deprivation, the middle-term group（n=49） the middle-term sleep deprivation, the long-term group（n=49） was the leader period sleep deprivation. The time to fall asleep, sedative effects and adverse reactions of the 4 groups of infants and young children were compared.Results: The difference in time to fall asleep between the four groups of infants and young children was statistically significant（P<0.05）.Compared with the control group, the number of infants and young children in the three groups of combined sleep deprivation intervention that went to sleep within 10 minutes was significantly increased; with the increase in sleep deprivation, the number of infants and young children in the three groups of sleep deprivation that went to sleep after 30 minutes was significantly less than the control group.The difference in the sedative effect of the four groups of infants and young children was statistically significant（P<0.05）; compared with the control group, the three groups of infants and young children combined with sleep deprivation intervention had a significantly higher sedative effect, and the total effective rate of sedation was higher than that of the control group（P<0.05）. During the experiment, the four groups of infants and young children had different types of adverse reactions, and there was no statistically significant difference in the incidence and total incidence of each type of adverse reaction among the groups（P>0.05）, but the the proportion of emotional irritability in the long-term group was slightly higher. Conclusion: Sleep deprivation combined with the modified chloral hydrate retention enema has a good sedative effect on infants and young children, but long-term sleep deprivation may make them emotionally irritable, so they need to be carefully calmed after the examination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of the present study is to explore the combination of dexmedetomidine (DXM) and tramadol (TMD) on sedative effect in patients with pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH).Methods: A total of 356 patients with pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) were randomly divided into three groups: DXM, TMD and DXM + TMD groups. These patients were treated with different doses of DXM, TMD or combination of DXM and TMD by a patient-controlled intravenous injection device. The scores of static pain and dynamic pain, sedation degree, and adverse reaction were recorded. The plasma levels of inflammatory mediators IL-10 and C-reactive protein (CRP), and the serum level of p-p38-MAPK were evaluated.Results: It was found that administration with DXM 1.0 µg/kg/h + TMD 700 mg and DXM 2.0 µg/kg/h + TMD 600 mg result in stronger sedative effect than single administration with DXM or TMD. The mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) of patients with PIH were decreased with the combinational treatment of DXM and TMD. Interestingly, the PIH patients injected with DXM 1.0 µg/kg/h + TMD 700 mg and DXM 2.0 µg/kg/h + TMD 600 mg showed stronger sedative effect. In addition, the plasma level of level of IL-10 was increased and CRP decreased. The serum level of p-p38/MAPK was decreased.Conclusion: Taken together, our study indicates that combination of DXM and TMD effectively lowers blood pressure and reduces inflammation through increasing the level of IL-10, reducing CRP and inhibiting p-p38/MAPK in patients with PIH. This study suggests that the combination of DXM and TMD could be an anesthetic choice in the management of PIH.

Allergic rhinitis (AR) is the most common undiagnosed chronic condition in children. Moderate/severe AR symptoms significantly impair quality of life, and cause sleep disruption, absenteeism and decreased productivity. Additionally, untreated AR predisposes children to asthma and other chronic conditions. Although intranasal corticosteroids are the most effective pharmacologic treatment for AR, oral antihistamines are often preferred. First-generation antihistamines may be chosen to relieve AR symptoms as they are inexpensive and widely available; however, they cause sedative and cardiovascular negative effects due to poor receptor selectivity. Therefore, second-generation antihistamines were developed to reduce adverse effects while retaining efficacy. There are fewer clinical trials in children than adults, therefore, efficacy and safety data is limited, particularly in children under 6 years, highlighting the need to generate these data in young children with AR. Fexofenadine, a highly selective second-generation antihistamine, effectively alleviates symptoms of AR, is non-sedating due to decreased blood–brain barrier permeability, and is devoid of cardiovascular side effects. Importantly, fexofenadine relieves the ocular symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis, which occur concomitantly with AR, improving quality of life. Overall, fexofenadine displays a favorable safety profile and results in greater treatment satisfaction in children compared with other second-generation antihistamines. This review aimed to evaluate and compare the safety and efficacy of fexofenadine with other available first- and second-generation antihistamines in children with AR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of the present study is to explore the combination of dexmedetomidine (DXM) and tramadol (TMD) on sedative effect in patients with pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH). Methods: A total of 356 patients with pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) were randomly divided into three groups: DXM, TMD and DXM + TMD groups. These patients were treated with different doses of DXM, TMD or combination of DXM and TMD by a patient-controlled intravenous injection device. The scores of static pain and dynamic pain, sedation degree, and adverse reaction were recorded. The plasma levels of inflammatory mediators IL-10 and C-reactive protein (CRP), and the serum level of p-p38-MAPK were evaluated. Results: It was found that administration with DXM 1.0 µg/kg/h + TMD 700 mg and DXM 2.0 µg/kg/h + TMD 600 mg result in stronger sedative effect than single administration with DXM or TMD. The mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) of patients with PIH were decreased with the combinational treatment of DXM and TMD. Interestingly, the PIH patients injected with DXM 1.0 µg/kg/h + TMD 700 mg and DXM 2.0 µg/kg/h + TMD 600 mg showed stronger sedative effect. In addition, the plasma level of level of IL-10 was increased and CRP decreased. The serum level of p-p38/MAPK was decreased. Conclusion: Taken together, our study indicates that combination of DXM and TMD effectively lowers blood pressure and reduces inflammation through increasing the level of IL-10, reducing CRP and inhibiting p-p38/MAPK in patients with PIH. This study suggests that the combination of DXM and TMD could be an anesthetic choice in the management of PIH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medicinal plants are used all over the world and have rapidly gained economic importance. The study was conducted to investigate the effects of the aqueous extract of C. arabica leaves on the sexual behavior of Wistar rats. C. arabica is a medicinal plant with a foul odor, toxic, and has hallucinogenic effects. The experimental study was carried out on white rats (male and female) of the Wistar strain from the Pasteur Institute of Algiers (Kouba, Algeria) weighing between 150 and 200g sexually naive. The animals are raised in polyethylene cages, the rats were divided into 4 groups (n=10 rats/group) which received a saline solution (male and female control group), 0.17 µg/ml of the aqueous extract of C. arabica leaves for 7 days orally (male and female treated group). The sexual behavior test was carried out according to four crosses types. The results of the treated groups showed a significant decrease in the mating frequency compared to the control group. Overall, the results showed that C. arabica significantly altered the sexual behavioral parameters (mounts frequency, mating time, licking time, first contact time, contacts number, intromission, latency time, and frequency). The aqueous extract of the plant caused an inconsistent decrease in the parameters of sexual behavior and orientation activity that were recorded in the treated animals. The C. arabica leaves aqueous extract caused an inconsistent decrease in the sexual behavioral parameters and orientation activity that were recorded in the treated animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perilla frutescens is an ingredient for cooking and for Japanese traditional medicine formulations. Essential oils extracted from P. frutescens are classified according to their composition, which are genetically regulated. Here, we extracted five types of essential oil from P. frutescens and studied their sedative activities. We grew P. frutescens strains that give oils of type PK, PA, PP, EK, and C, and extracted the essential oils by hydrodistillation. We then measured the spontaneous locomotor activity of mice who had inhaled the oils in an open field test. All types of essential oil except the PK type decreased the spontaneous locomotor activity of mice. The effective doses were 4.0 × 10−3 to 4.0 × 10−2 mg/cage (PA type), 4.0 × 10−4 mg/cage (PP type), 4.0 × 10−5 mg/cage (EK type), and 4.0 × 10−5 to 4.0 × 10−3 mg/cage (C type). Our results show that the essential oils of type PA, PP, EK, and C have a sedative effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trachyspermum ammi seeds were selected for photochemical study. The crude T. ammi methanol and aqueous extracts showed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, steroids, terpenoids, coumarins, betacyanins, flavonoids and soluble starch. The synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) using T. ammi extract was characterized using UV-visible, and FT-IR spectroscopy. The appearance of sharp peak at 520 nm in the UV visible spectra, and the appearance of broad band nanoparticles spectra at 563.21 cm-1, 516.92 cm-1 and 462.92 cm-1 as well as the disappearance of the carboxyl OH bond and carboncarbon triple bond supported the formation of AuNPs. The crude T. ammi methanol and AuNPs were investigated for antioxidant potential using DPPH· free radical assay, which shows that crude extract has significant antioxidant effect. The synthesized AuNPs was also evaluated for antibacterial activities against staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumonia and Bacillus subtilis. The crude extract showed activity against Bacillus subtilis, while AuNPs showed activity against staphylococcus aureus. The in vivo sedative effect and analgesic effect were enhanced in AuNPs treated animals in 5 times less dose (i.e., 5, and 10 mg/kg) than that of crude extract. It was concluded that T. ammi extract includes capping and reducing agents, which make it capable to be developed as stable AuNPs. The biological action of AuNPs is either enhanced (sedative and analgesic) or changed (antibacterial activity), when compared with that of plant extract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim There are no definitive data to determine whether age influences the effects of dexmedetomidine (DEX) treatment. Thus, we investigated whether older age was associated with more favorable sedative action by DEX in sepsis patients who required mechanical ventilation. Methods This study involved a post‐hoc analysis of data from the Dexmedetomidine for Sepsis in the ICU Randomized Evaluation (DESIRE) trial. The patients were categorized based on median age into elderly and younger groups. The two groups were then compared during the first 7 days after ventilation based on proportion of patients with well‐controlled sedation (Richmond Agitation–Sedation Scale score between −3 and +1), days free from delirium (based on the Confusion Assessment Method for ICU), and days free from coma (Richmond Agitation–Sedation Scale score between −4 and −5). Results One hundred and one patients were assigned to the elderly group and 100 patients were assigned to the younger group. In the elderly group, 50 patients received DEX treatment and 51 patients received non‐DEX treatment, with the DEX arm having significantly better‐controlled sedation (range, 14–52% versus 16–27%; P = 0.01). In the younger group, 50 patients received DEX treatment and 50 patients received non‐DEX treatment, with no significant difference in the proportions of well‐controlled sedation (range, 20–64% versus 24–60%; P = 0.73). There were no significant differences in the numbers of days free from delirium or coma between the groups. Conclusion In elderly sepsis patients who require ventilation, dexmedetomidine could be more effective than other sedative agents for achieving proper sedation.

Introduction:Rhodiola rosea (RR) and Rhodiola kirilowii (RK) are well known for their influence on central nervous system, however their impact on the development of alcohol tolerance has not yet been proven.

Aim. The “PARUS” program included investigation of the analgesic, muscle relaxant and sedative effects of Mydocalm-Richter which acts as central muscle relaxant in patients with myofascial pain syndrome, taking into account its registered indication for use - the hypertonus and cross-striated muscle spasm. Materials and methods. Fifty patients with myofascial trigger points, the mean age of 41.67±11.86 years, have been enrolled in the study. All patients had undergone clinical examination that allowed the diagnosis of myofascial pain syndrome. The intensity of pain syndrome was evaluated using the pain visual analogue scales and McGill pain questionnaire. Visualization of area in spasm and evaluation of blood circulation was carried out using the ultrasound scan of target muscle. In order to objectively evaluate any conceivable hypotensive and sedative effects of Mydocalm-Richter we used the orthostatic test, Schulte’s test for attention span and perfor-mance distribution and Munsterberg’s test for attention discrimination and concentration. Results. The analgesic and muscle relaxant effects of Mydocalm-Richter become apparent by day 3 post-injection, and the muscle relaxation effect is reaching its maximum on day 10 post-injection. Cardiovascular function following administration of Mydocalm-Richter was evaluated using the orthostatic test which revealed good orthostatic tolerance. Single injection of tolperisone hydrochloride possessing a central muscle relaxant activity has no sedative effect and does not influence patient response time. The ultrasound examination data demonstrated the improvement and in some cases restoration of blood circulation in the myofascial trigger points. Conclusion. Clinical study “PARUS” conducted in patients with myofascial pain has demonstrated a positive muscle relaxant and analgesic effect of Mydocalm-Richter that resulted in restoration of peripheral circulation in the myofascial trigger pointsconfirmed by ultrasound examination. An important benefit of this drug product is the absence of sedative effect and arterial hypotension.

The research was conducted in 12 female dogs undergoing elective ovariohysterectomy. They were divided into two groups of six animals each to evaluate and compare sedative effect in Group-I atropine- meloxicam - dexmedetomidine - butorphanol - midazolam - ketamine and Group-II atropine- meloxicam - xylazine - butorphanol - midazolam - ketamine anaesthetic combination. Maintenance of anaesthesia was done by ketamine in both the groups. Anaesthetic combinations were evaluated by clinical and physiological observations. Adequate muscle relaxation, sedation and analgesia necessary for surgical intervention were achieved along with smooth and uneventful recovery of the patients. Onset of sedation and induction time were quicker in Group-I. Physiological parameters fluctuated within the normal limits. Both anaesthetic protocols in the present study provided satisfactory surgical plane of anaesthesia in dogs. But dexmedetomidine may be preferred over xylazine in the anaesthetic regimen of atropine-meloxicam-butorphanolmidazolam-ketamine for elective ovariohysterectomy in dogs.

Objective: Pterocarpous indicus is a plant, which is traditionally used for the treatment of tumours, headaches, fever, constipation, stomach pains and female irregular ministration. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the possible analgesic, anti-diarrheal and neuropharmacological activities of the alcoholic extract of P. indicus leaves in mice. Materials and Methods: Swiss albino mice of either sex weighing 25-30gm were used for the study. The analgesic activity was measured by acetic acid-induced writhing inhibition test. Anti-diarrheal activity was assessed using castor oil-induced diarrhea inhibition test and the neuropharmacological activities were evaluated using hole cross, hole board, and open field tests. The extract was used at 250 and 500mg/kg b.w. Results: The experimental results obtained indicated that the alcoholic extract significantly inhibited the acetic acid induced writhing in mice models at 250 and 500mg/kg body weight. The extract showed a significant sedative effect in hole cross test at 250 and 500 mg/kg. In hole board test, the extract exhibited significant (p <0.001) anxiolytic-like activity at 500 mg/kg. The extract showed no significant anti-diarrheal effect in experimental animals. Conclusion: This investigation confirmed that alcoholic extract of P. indicus has good analgesic and neuropharmacological property. Further studies are required to elucidate the possible mechanisms and to isolate the compounds from the alcoholic extract of P. indicus responsible for these bioactivities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various essential oils from plants and fragrance components such as monoterpenes have been discovered to reduce spontaneous movements in mice; thus, it has been made clear that the odor itself has the sedative activity. In the present study, we examined the sedative activity of the odors of fragrance components added to eye drops; l-menthol, d-camphor, phenylethyl alcohol, and geraniol, which are often used as refreshers or preservatives. Each fragrance component was administered by the inhalation route to mice, and the sedative effects were evaluated using an open field test. The results showed that four components administered via inhalation to mice significantly decreased the amount of spontaneous motor activity in a dose-dependent manner, indicating that all four components have a sedative effect. The optimal concentrations at which l-menthol, d-camphor, phenylethyl alcohol, and geraniol showed the highest sedative activity were 4 × 10–2 mg per cage, 4 × 10–4 mg per cage, 4 × 10–2 mg per cage, and both 4 × 10–4 and 4 × 10–2 mg per cage, respectively. The AUC graph of geraniol was represented as a W-shaped curve, suggesting that the sedative action of geraniol was biphasic. The present finding demonstrates a new perspective on a possible pharmacological property of eye drop additives used with no expected pharmacological functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: In recent years, the search for potential neuroprotective properties of salidroside and its ability to influence the activity of nervous system become the subject of intense studies of many research groups. None of these studies, however, include an attempt to determine the effect of salidroside on the course of alcohol tolerance in vivo.

Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M.King & H.Rob. essential oil (COEO) was investigated for its sedative activity in mice. The results showed that COEO significantly reduced mice locomotor activity and the most efficient concentrations were 0.04 and 0.00004 mg/cage (volume of the cage 61.2L). Analysis of chemical composition of the oil indicated that caryophyllene oxide (43.75%) was the major compound and bioactivity-guided fractionation of the oil was performed to isolate the compound responsible for activity. The data clearly identified sesquiterpene caryophyllene oxide as the compound inducing COEO sedative activity and it was effective in decreasing mice locomotor activity by 56% and 57% at 0.0004 and 0.04 mg/cage, respectively. In order to understand the action mechanisms, caryophyllene oxide was tested for its effects on the central nervous system (CNS) by using a caffeine pre-excited mice test and a pentobarbital sleeping-induced test in mice. The results showed that caryophyllene oxide is a potent CNS depressant. Nevertheless, it fails to potentiate the effects of pentobarbital on the GABAergic system, nor did flumazenil, a GABAA receptor antagonist, reversed its effects. It was especially interesting to note that β-caryophyllene, the precursor of caryophyllene oxide, demonstrated a similar pattern of sedative activity, and the present work further extends actual knowledge on these naturally occurring sesquiterpenes. The findings in this study reveal the new activity of caryophyllene oxide as an innovative way to manage sleep and CNS-related disorders, and demonstrates a satisfactory effect of two interesting sesquiterpene compounds on the CNS.

Lantana camara Linn. (Verbenaceae) is used traditionally for its numerous medicinal properties such as antimalarial, antibacterial, anticancer and anti-inflammatory. In the present study, we investigated the chemical composition of essential oil from the leaves of L. camara (LCEO) occurring in the Republic of Benin (West Africa) in comparison with LCEOs from other regions; evaluated its sedative effects in mice via inhalation administration; and identified the compounds responsible for activity. LCEO was extracted by hydrodistillation and chemical analyses of the oil were performed by GC and GC/MS. The oil was dominated by monoterpene hydrocarbons (60.58%) and oxygenated monoterpenes (33.39%), among which sabinene (38.81%) and 1,8-cineole (28.90%) were the most abundant. LCEO administered via inhalation to mice significantly decreased locomotor activity in a dose-dependent manner, mainly at the doses of 0.0004 and 0.04 mg per 400 μL of triethyl citrate (TEC). The oil was fractionated to give two fractions, which were further investigated, and revealed that both sabinene and 1,8-cineole were the principal active compounds. The results of the present study indicated that via inhalation administration, LCEO and its main constituents could be considered as promising candidates for the management of dementia, insomnia, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and other central nervous system-associated diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the effect of α2A -adrenergic receptor ( ADRA2A) gene polymorphism on the sedative effect of dexmedetomidine, and to preliminarily explore the genetic mechanism of individual differences in the sedative effect of dexmedetomidine. Methods One hundred and five patients with American Society of Anesthesiologists ( ASA) physical status I and II, undergoing lower extremity surgery under epidural anesthesia were selected. Venous blood was drawn before the operation, the genotypes of ADRA2A C1291 G (rs1800544) in the promoter region of the candidate gene were done by PCR-RFLP. We selected the L2/L3 gap for epidural catheterization and controlled the anesthesia plane below T10. Dexmedetomidine infusion was initiated after epidural catheterization, a loading dose of 1 µg/kg dexmedetomidine was pumped intravenously with a constant speed for 10 min, the pumping was stopped after a maintenance rate of 0. 5 µg/(kg·h) for 1 hour. From the beginning of infusion until 1 hour later, EEG bispectral index (BIS), modified Observers Assessment of Alertness/Sedation scale ( OAA/S scale), BP, HR, SpO2 and RR were recorded every 5 minutes, and intraoperative hypotension, bradycardia, respiratory depression and other adverse events were also recorded. Results Among 105 patients, there were 16 cases of type CC for ADRA2A gene rs1800544 allele, 52 cases of CG type and 37 cases of GG type. There was no significant difference in age, BMI or ASA status between the patients with three allele types. The BIS values of all patients began to decrease after 5 minutes of the infusion of dexmedetomidine; after 15-40 minutes, the values of BIS in patients with CG and GG were higher than those in patients with CC (all P < 0. 05). The modified OAA/S score of all patients began to increase after 30 minutes of the infusion of dexmedetomidine, in 35 to 50 minutes, the modified OAA/S scores in patients with CG and GG were lower than those in patients with CC (P < 0. 05) . There was no significant difference in BIS or modified OAA/S between the CG and GG patients at different time points. There was no significant difference in the incidence of BP, HR, and adverse events among patients with different alleles. Conclusion Compared with individuals with ADRA2A gene rsl800544 allele CC genotype, patients with CG and GG genotypes have a slow sedative response to dexmedetomomidine and are not easy to fall asleep. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plants rich in essential oils, such as Pogostemon cablin (P. cablin; 廣藿香 guǎng huò xiāng), have been used for aromas and as herbal medicines since ancient times because of their sedative effects. We investigated the sedative effects of hexane extract from P. cablin using locomotor activity in mice. Inhalation of P. cablin hexane extract exhibited significant sedative activity in a dose-dependent manner. In order to isolate the active constituents, the extract was fractionated and diacetone alcohol was identified as an active compound. Inhalation of diacetone alcohol significantly reduced murine locomotor activity in a dose-dependent manner, and this effect was not observed in olfaction-impaired mice. We examined the structure–activity relationship of diacetone alcohol and similar compounds. The ketone group at the two-position and number of carbons may play important roles in the sedative activity of diacetone alcohol.

The functional properties of whey based products can be improved by introducing herbal ingredients into their composition. This combination regulates the content of vitamins, carbohydrates, minerals and dietary fiber in foods. The use of biologically active compounds obtained from plant materials, including medicinal plants, is a promising direction in manufacturing therapeutic, prophylactic and functional products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To observe the effect of dexmedetomidin and propofol on postoperative sedative effect and delirium in patients undergoing hip fracture surgery. Methods: 108 patients who underwent hip fracture surgery in our hospital from April 2016 to March 2018 were selected as the research object. The patients were divided into the observation group(n=54) and the control group(n=54) according to the random number table, total body intravenous anesthesia was used in the two group, the patients in the observation group were given sedation induced by dexmedetomidine, the patients in the control group were given sedation induced by propofol. 24 h after operation, Ramsay sedation score was used to evaluate the sedative effect of the two groups after operation, the visual analogue scale(VAS) score was used to evaluate the effect of postoperative analgesia. 1 week after operation, the incidence of postoperative delirium, delirium Rating Scale(CAM) score, mini mental state examination scale(MMSE) score were compared between the two groups. The occurrence of adverse reactions was recorded. Results: 24 h after operation, the Ramsay sedation score in the observation group was higher than that in the control group, and the VAS score and the dosage of analgesics were lower than those in the control group, the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05). 1 weeks after the operation, the incidence of delirium in the observation group and the CAM score were lower than those in the control group, and the MMSE score was higher than that of the control group, the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05). The incidence of adverse reactions in the observation group was 9.26%, compared with14.81% of the control group, the difference was not statistically significant(P >0.05). Conclusion: Compared with propofol,dexmedetomidine can achieve better sedative, analgesic effects and reduce the incidence of delirium in patients with hip fracture surgery,there is no serious adverse reaction and high clinical value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the sedative effect of dexmedetomidine in spinal-epidural anesthesia on hysteromyomectomy a total of 100 hysteromyomectomy patients were randomly divided into the control group and the observation group with 50 in each group. Patients in the control group received the general anesthesia, while those in the observation group received spinal-epidural anesthesia, and intravenous injection of dexmedetomidine. For maintenance of anesthesia, ropivacaine was adopted for both groups. Before anesthesia, at 30 min and 60 min after anesthesia, we measured the heart rate (HR), bispectral index (BIS) and sedative effect. Before anesthesia, HR, BIS and Ramsay scores were compared between two groups, and the results showed that differences had no statistical significance (p>0.05); but at 30 min after anesthesia, HR and BIS of patients in the observation group were significantly lower than those in the control group (p<0.05), and Ramsay score was higher than the control group (p<0.05). No statistical significance was found in differences of the incidence rate of adverse reactions between two groups (p>0.05). Application of dexmedetomidine in spinal-epidural anesthesia gains promising sedative effect and safety in hysteromyomectomy, which is worthy of being promoted in clinical treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of new promising peptide (APCH3 and PT1) and nonpeptide analgesics (sevanol) on the behavior of male ICR mice was studied. All studied compounds at doses producing significant analgesic effects did not influence the behavior of mice in open-field tests. However, APCH at doses 10,000 times greater than the pharmacologically active dose produced sedative effects. Also, sevanol at a dose of 35 mg/kg caused statistically significant behavioral changes relative to the pharmacologically active dose (1 mg/kg) but not to the controls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To observe the sedation effect of different doses of dexmedetomidine （DEX） in senile patients undergone herniorrhaphy under local anesthesia．Methods Patients undergone herniorrhaphy under local anesthesia and at ASA Level I-II， aged over 65， without history of hypertension， diabetes or coronary heart disease，with normal hepatorenal function，and with heart rate of over 60 beats per minute were selected. Those patients were randomly divided into 0.2 μg/(kg·oh)DEX group （group D1），0.4 μg/(kg·oh) DEX group （group D）2 and 0.6 μg/(kg·oh) DEX group （group D）3 . Before operation，all the patients were given venous transfusion with 0.5 ug/kg DEX within 10 minutes and given 0.2 ug/kg sufentanil. Afterwards， patients in the three groups were given venous transfusion with respectively 0.2 μg/(kg·oh)，0.4 ug/kg oh and 0.6 μg/(kg·oh) DEX until the operation ended．If the intraoperative VAS score was no less than 3 points，0.1 ug/kg sufentanil would be given to the patients additionally. The heart rate， mean arterial pressure， sedation level （Ramsay score） and adverse reactions of all the patients and the number of cases administrated with sufentanil at T0 （after entry to the operating room），T1 （when skin incision），T2 （30 min after the operation started），T3 （60 min after the operation started） and T4 （when the operation ended） were observed and recorded．Results Compared with T0，the heart rate in all three groups decreased significantly at T4，and the heart rate in group D2 and D3 decreased significantly at T2 and T3 （P＜0.05） . Compared with group D1，the heart rate in group D2 and D3 decreased significantly at T2 and T3 （P＜0.05）. Compared with group D1，MAP in group D3 decreased significantly at T2，T3 and T4 （P＜0.05） . Compared with T0，MAP in group D3 decreased significantly at T2， T3 and T4. Compared with T0 and D1 group，Ramsay in group D2 and D3 decreased significantly at T2，T3 and T4 （P＜0.05） . Compared with group D1，the incidence rate of hypotension and bradycardia in group D2 and D3 increased significantly， and the incidence rate of hypoxia in group D3 increased significantly （P ＜0.05） . Compared with group D3， the usage rate of sufentanil and the incidence rate of hypertension in group D1 significantly increased （P ＜0.05） . Conclusions For elderly patients with local anesthesia undergoing herniorrhaphy，0.5 μg/kg dexmedetomidine at 10 min before at 0.4 μg/(kg·oh) durning operation，has obvious sedative effect， the hemodynamics of patients are stable， and adverse reactions occurr less．It is worthy of clinical application and promotion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the sedative effect of dexmedetomidine combined with midazolam in craniocerebral trauma and its influence on neuroendocrine function. Methods: 82 patients with craniocerebral trauma treated in our hospital from March 2015 to May 2016 were selected. They were randomly divided into control group(n=41) and observation group(n=41). The control group received propofol and dexmedetomidine sedation, the observation group received dexmedetomidine combined with midazolam sedation.The sedation efficiency within twenty-four hours, medical expenses within one day sedation were compared between the two groups. The respiratory and circulatory function changes, serum cortisol, β-endorphin levels, peripheral blood leukocyte count and blood glucose levels before and after treatment were compared between the two groups. Results: The medical expenses within one day sedation in the observation group were lower than that in the control group, the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05). There was no statistical difference in the sedation efficiency between the two groups(P>0.05). After treatment, the average arterial pressure(MAP), heart rate(HR) and respiratory rate(RR) of the observation group were significantly higher than those in the control group, the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05). There was no statistical difference in blood oxygen saturation(SpO2), central venous pressure(CVP) between the two groups(P>0.05). After treatment, the serum cortisol, β-endorphin in the two groups were lower than before treatment. The serum cortisol, β-endorphin in observation group were higher than that in control group, the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05). After treatment, the peripheral blood leukocyte count and blood glucose in observation group were lower than before treatment. The blood glucose in control group was lower than before treatment. The peripheral blood leukocyte count in observation group was lower than that in control group, the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05). Conclusion: Dexmedetomidine combined with midazolam is effective in the treatment of craniocerebral trauma. It can effectively control the excessive stress reaction after craniocerebral trauma, and reduce the neuroendocrine system disorder and medical expenses, which is worthy of clinical application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: INTRODUCTION: Peanut stems and leaves (PSL) have traditionally been used as both a special food and a herbal medicine in Asia. The sedative–hypnotic and anxiolytic effects of PSL have been recorded in classical traditional Chinese literature, and more recently by many other researchers. In a previous study, four sleep‐related ingredients (linalool, 5‐hydroxy‐4′,7‐dimethoxyflavanone, 2′‐O‐methylisoliquiritigenin and ferulic acid), among which 5‐hydroxy‐4′,7‐dimethoxyflavanone and 2′‐O‐methylisoliquiritigenin were newly found in Arachis species, were screened by ultrahigh‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC/QTOF‐MS). In the current study, quantitative examination of the above four ingredients was conducted. Serious fundamental functional studies were done in mice, including locomotor activity, direct sleep tests, pentobarbital‐induced sleeping time tests, subthreshold dose of pentobarbital tests and barbital sodium sleep incubation period tests, to determine the material base for the sedative–hypnotic and anxiolytic effects of aqueous extracts of PSL. Furthermore, neurotransmitter levels in three brain regions (cerebrum, cerebellum and brain stem) were determined using UHPLC coupled with triple‐quadrupole mass spectrometry (UHPLC/QQQ‐MS) in order to elucidate the exact mechanism of action. RESULTS: Aqueous extract of PSL at a dose of 500 mg kg−1 (based on previous experience), along with different concentrations of the above four functional ingredients (189.86 µg kg−1 linalool, 114.75 mg kg−1 5‐hydroxy‐4′,7‐dimethoxyflavanone, 32.4mg kg−1 2′‐O‐methylisoliquiritigenin and 44.44 mg kg−1 ferulic acid), had a sedative−hypnotic effect by affecting neurotransmitter levels in mice. CONCLUSION: The data demonstrate that these four ingredients are the key functional factors for the sedative–hypnotic and anxiolytic effects of PSL aqueous extracts and that these effects occur via changes in neurotransmitter levels and pathways. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sleep deprivation (SD) adversely affects brain function and is accompanied by frequency-dependent changes in electroencephalograms (EEGs). Recent studies have suggested that acupuncture is an emerging alternative therapy for SD. However, the involvement of the frequency of EEG α and β waves in the protective effect of acupuncture against SD remains unknown. The present study investigated the instant effect of acupuncture at GV20 on insomnia by analyzing the frequency of α and β waves using electroencephalography in a model of sleep deprivation. A total of 16 rats (Wistar; male; weight, 340±10 g) were divided randomly into four groups (4 rats per group) to create a rat model of sleep deprivation using the modified multiple platform method in the GV20 group, the sham acupoint group and the model group. After 72 h of sleep deprivation for these three groups and normal feeding for the blank group, the EEG data of all four groups were documented. Following the initial measurement, the GV20 group was treated by acupuncture at GV20 and the sham acupoint group was treated at the sham acupoint, and their EEGs were recorded during the treatment. The frequency of α and β waves of all EEG data were analyzed. Prior to intervention, the GV20 group, the sham acupoint group and the model group exhibited no significant differences in α and β wave frequencies; however, the α wave frequency of these three groups was significantly decreased compared with the blank group (P<0.05), whereas the β wave frequency of these three groups was significantly increased compared with the blank group (P<0.05). This suggested that sleep deprivation affected the frequency of brain waves and enhanced the excitability of the cerebral cortex. During acupuncture treatment with retained needle conditioning, the GV20 group indicated a significant increase in α wave frequency (P<0.05), as well as a significant decrease in β wave frequency compared with prior to treatment (P<0.05), whereas the sham acupoint group exhibited no significant changes. The present findings from a rat model of sleep deprivation suggested that acupuncture treatment at GV20 may reduce the excitability of the brain cortex. Due to its sedative effect, treatment at GV20 may be considered for the treatment of insomnia and related symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research was conducted in 12 female dogs undergoing elective ovariohysterectomy. They were divided into two groups of six animals each to evaluate and compare sedative effect in Group-I atropine- meloxicam - dexmedetomidine - butorphanol - midazolam - ketamine and Group-II atropine- meloxicam - xylazine - butorphanol - midazolam - ketamine anaesthetic combination. Maintenance of anaesthesia was done by ketamine in both the groups. Anaesthetic combinations were evaluated by clinical and physiological observations. Adequate muscle relaxation, sedation and analgesia necessary for surgical intervention were achieved along with smooth and uneventful recovery of the patients. Onset of sedation and induction time were quicker in Group-I. Physiological parameters fluctuated within the normal limits. Both anaesthetic protocols in the present study provided satisfactory surgical plane of anaesthesia in dogs. But dexmedetomidine may be preferred over xylazine in the anaesthetic regimen of atropine-meloxicam-butorphanolmidazolam- ketamine for elective ovariohysterectomy in dogs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lactuca L. species belong to the Asteraceae family and these plants are traditionally used for therapeutic purposes around the world. The dried milky latex of L. serriola is known as “lettuce oil” and is used as a sedative in Turkey. This study aimed to evaluate the sedative effects and analyze the chemical compositions of latexes obtained from some Lactuca species growing in Turkey. The sedative effects were evaluated through various behavioral tests on mice. For this purpose, latexes were obtained from L. glareosa Boiss., L. viminea (L.) J. Presl and C. P, L. mulgedioides (Vis and Panćić) Boiss. and Kotschy ex. Boiss., L. saligna L., and L. serriola L. The latex from L. saligna showed the highest sedative effects, whilst L. serriola and L. viminea latexes also displayed significant sedative effects compared to the control group at a dose of 100 mg/kg. However, the latexes from L. glareosa and L. mulqedioides did not exhibit any sedative effects on mice. Characteristic sesquiterpene lactones (lactucin, lactucopicrin, 11,13β-dihydrolactucin, and 11,13β-dihydrolactucopicrin) were determined qualitatively and quantitatively by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Lactucin was identified as the main component.

Quantitative contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) enables non-invasive and objective evaluation of intestinal perfusion by quantifying the intensity of enhancement on the intestine after microbubble contrast administration. During CEUS scanning, sedation is sometimes necessary to maintain animal cooperation. Nevertheless, the effect of sedative administration on the canine intestinal CEUS is unknown. This study aimed to investigate the effect of sedation with a combination of butorphanol and midazolam on the duodenal CEUSderived perfusion parameters of healthy dogs. For this purpose, duodenum was imaged following contrast administration (Sonazoid®, 0.01 ml/kg) in six healthy beagles before and after intravenous injection of a combination of butorphanol (0.2 mg/kg) and midazolam (0.1 mg/kg). Furthermore, hemodynamic parameters including blood pressure and heart rate were recorded during the procedure. Five CEUS derived perfusion parameters including time-to-peak (TTP), peak intensity (PI), area under the curve (AUC), wash-in and wash-out rates (WiR and WoR, respectively) before and after sedation were statistically compared. The result showed that no significant change was detected in any of perfusion parameters. Systolic and mean arterial pressures significantly reduced after sedative administration, but diastolic arterial pressure and heart rate did not significantly change. Moreover, no significant partial correlation was observed between perfusion parameters and hemodynamic parameters. Thus, we concluded that the combination did not cause significant influence in duodenal CEUS perfusion parameters and could be a good option for sedation prior to duodenal CEUS in debilitated dogs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To explore the sedative effect of hydrochloride dexmedetomidine combine with remifentanil in the orthopedics surgery and its influence on hemodynamics and respiratory function. Methods: A total of 186 patients, who underwent orthopedics surgery in Tangshan People’s Hospital from March 2016 to May 2017, were selected and randomly divided into observation group（93 cases） and control group（93 cases）. The control group received propofol combined with remifentanil for anesthesia; the observation group received hydrochloride dexmedetomidine combined with remifentanil for anesthesia. The sedative effect between the two groups before treatment（T1）, 10 min after combined use of drugs（T2）, 20 min after combined use of drugs（T3）, 30 min after combined use of drugs（T4） and after the patients were conscious（T5） and hemodynamics and respiratory function were compared, and the incidence of adverse reactions was compared between the two groups. Results: The Alertness/sedation（OAA/S） scores of the two groups at T3 and T4 time points were lower than those at other time points in the two group, and the OAA/S score of the observation group was lower than that of the control group（P<0.05）. There were no significant differences in respiratory rate（RR） and oxygen saturation（SpO2） between the two groups at T1 and T5 time points（P>0.05）. At the time of T2, T3 and T4, the RR and SpO2 of the observation group were higher than those of the control group（P<0.05）. The RR levels of the two groups at T3 and T4 time points were lower than those of the other time points（P<0.05）. There were no significant differences in mean arterial pressure（MAP） and heart rate（HR） between the two groups at each time point（P>0.05）. The incidence of respiratory depression, respiratory tract infarction and nausea and vomiting in the observation group was lower than that in the control group（P<0.05）. Conclusion: Hydrochloride dexmedetomidine combined with remifentanil has a good sedative effect in the orthopedics surgery, with less influence on hemodynamics, mild respiratory depression and good safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]