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The Quality of life (QoL) is the degree to which a person's well-being in his economic and social life, which is what other concepts are development, progress, improvement, and satisfying needs. This concept measures the level of satisfaction with the most critical aspects of an individual's life. It may mean access to services, opportunities, job education and health, sustainable environment, social cohesion, safety, and security. This research aims to measure the variation in the quality of urban life and the degree of people's satisfaction with their lives in major cities of Basra Governorate (Basrah, Abu Al-Khaseeb, Al-Faw, Al-Midaina, Al-Qurna, Shatt Al-Arab, and AlZubair ). The research adopted the method of the field study, through a questionnaire form that was distributed to a sample of the families of these cities, and the form included (3) indicators and (15) variables, and the answers quantitative weights in an attempt to construct a quantitative measure for the subject of the research. The results showed that the population's satisfaction about various aspects of their urban life, ranging from very weak to weak.

IntroductionIncreased urbanization has led to urban poverty. In developing countries, rapid urban growth is typically greater than the capacity of local governments in providing services and infrastructure. This leads to an increase in urban poverty and inequality within the city. In recent decades, due to the significant concentration of poverty in the city, discussions and conversations about the causes and consequences of poverty have become prevalent with a renewed importance.The city of Noorabad has witnessed the formation of slum areas in some urban spaces, due to the rapid population growth over the past decades and the inability to provide proper services and facilities to citizens. In order to plan and reintegrate the situation of the poor, initially, the location and spatial distribution of poverty must be exactly identified in the city. Then with careful planning, this challenging urban problem may be solved.Materials and MethodsThe research method is based on descriptive-analytic approaches and detailed data were obtained at the level of statistical blocks of Noorabad city in 2011. Also some relevant information collected from secondary studies were used. First, the 32 indicators of urban poverty are un-scaled with fuzzy method in Excel and then, by combining the indicators, the combined indexes of urban poverty were extracted. For spatial analysis of the integrated urban poverty index, several spatial cluster analysis models such as spatial Moran spatial, local Moran statistics, hot spots, profile graphs and trend analysis in ArcGIS software were used.Results and Discussion The results of multi-distance spatial cluster analysis and Moran spatial autocorrelation show that amounts of the combined index of urban poverty with clustered pattern is distributed in Noorabad city. Based on the results of local Moran and hotspot methods, poverty clusters are concentrated in the northern parts of the city and rich clusters are in the southern parts. Also, based on the combined index of urban poverty, 51 percent of the population of the city are poor and very poor, and 31 percent of its population are rich and very rich, and 18 percent of its population are located in the middle income areas. Based on the profile of the combined index of urban poverty, the west and south of the city are considered to be the prosperous area and the eastern and northern parts of the city are deprived zones. The trend analysis of the combined index of urban poverty also showed that the trend in the data of the combined index of urban poverty in the east-west direction and in the north-south direction has increased significantly.ConclusionPoverty is one of the socially undesirable phenomenon that planners and policymakers are always seeking to reduce. The success of poverty alleviation programs depend on the exact identification of the phenomenon of poverty and its indicators. Urban areas are very diverse and there are significant differences in different regions and in particular urban areas. Hence, measuring urban poverty is also important in urban areas. In this research, by using available tools in Arc GIS, spatial analysis of urban poverty in the city Noorabad was performed. The results of the analyzing patterns show that the combined indexes of urban poverty have been distributed with cluster patterns across the city. According to the results of the mapped clusters, poverty clusters are concentrated in northern parts of city and rich clusters in the southern parts. Also, based on the zoning the combined index of urban poverty, 51 percent of the population of the city are poor and very poor. According to the results, it can be stated that the results of this study are based on the clustering pattern of urban poverty distribution corresponding with the results of most researches presented in the study, including Gio et al (2018), Nikpour et al (2019), Nikpour and Hasanalizadeh (2018), Farhadikhah et al (2017), Rustai et al (2016), and Movahed et al (2016).

Cystic echinococcosis, caused by the larval stage of Echinoccocus granulosus, is a global public health threat. The aim of this study was to determine the demographic and clinical characteristics of cases of primary and secondary hydatid cyst in the west of the Islamic Republic of Iran. A retrospective record review was made in 7 public and private hospitals in Kermanshah from 2004 to 2009. Of 526 files of suspected cases analysed, 291 cases of hydatid cyst had been operated upon and confirmed. Of the patients, 51.5% were females, 57.7% lived in urban and suburban areas and the largest age group (17.5%) was 31-40 years. The major organs involved were liver (64.9%) and lung (26.8%) and 18 cases (6.2%) were confirmed as secondary hydatidosis. Most patients (79.4%) had been treated with albendazole. Kermanshah province should be considered an endemic region for human hydatid cyst disease; greater efforts in prevention are needed.دراسة حول الكيسات العدارية الأولية أو الثانوية )الناكسة( التي أجريت لها عمليات جراحية في مستشفيات كرمان شاه، غربيّ جمهورية إيران الإسلاميةمهدي وجداني، سينا وجداني، سارة لطفي، فريد نجفي، نصر نزاري، يزدان حمزاويإن داء المُشْوِكات الكيسي الذي تسببه المرحلة اليََقية من ديدان المشوكة الحبيبية يمثِّل أحد التهديدات للصحة العمومية العالمية. وتهدف هذه الدراسة إلى التعرُّف إلى السمات الديمغرافية والسريرية لحالات الكيسات العدارية الأولية والثانوية في غربي جمهورية إيران الإسلامية. وقد أجرى الباحثون استعراضاً استعادياً للسجلات في سبعة مستشفيات تابعة للقطاعَيْ العام والخاص في كرمان شاه في الفترة بين عامَيْ 2004و2009؛ وشملت الدراسة تحليل 529 ملفاً لحالات مشتبه بها، ووجدوا أن 291 حالة كيسة عدارية قد أجري لها عمليات جراحية وتم تأكيدها. وقد كان 51.5% من المرضى من الإناث، و 57.7 منهم يعيشون في المدن أو الضواحي، وكانت أكبر المجموعات العمرية تشكيلاً لنسبة 17.5% من الحالات هي 31-40 عاماً. أما أكثر الأعضاء إصابة فكان الكبد 64.9% ثم الرئتين 26.8%، وقد تأكَّد النكس الثانوي لدى 18 حالة (6.2%). وقد تلقى معظم المرضى (79.4%) وليس كلهم المعالجة بالألبندازول. وانتهى الباحثون إلى وجوب اعتبار ولاية كرمان شاه منطقة موطونة بمرض الكيسات العدارية البشري، ووجوب بذل المزيد من الجهود الوقائية.Étude de l'hydatidose primaire et secondaire (récidive) opérée dans des hôpitaux de Kermanshah, dans l'ouest de la République islamique d'Iran.L'échinococcose cystique, causée par le stade larvaire d'Echinoccocus granulosus, représente une menace pour la santé publique mondiale. L'objectif de la présente étude était de déterminer les caractéristiques démographiques et cliniques des cas de kyste hydatique primaire et secondaire dans l'ouest de la République islamique d'Iran. Une revue rétrospective des dossiers a été menée dans sept hôpitaux publics et privés de Kermanshah entre 2004 et 2009. Sur un total de 526 dossiers de cas suspects analysés, 291 cas de kyste hydatique avaient été opérés et confirmés. Les patients étaient 51,5 % à être de sexe féminin, 57,7 % vivaient dans des zones urbaines ou suburbaines et le groupe d'âge le plus nombreux (17,5 %) était celui des 31-40 ans. Les principaux organes touchés étaient le foie (64,9 %) et les poumons (26,8 %) et 18 cas (6,2 %) ont été confirmés comme hydatidose secondaire. La plupart des patients (79,4 %) avaient été traités par albendazole. La province de Kermanshah devrait être considérée comme une région d'endémie pour le kyste hydatique humain ; des actions de prévention renforcées sont nécessaires.

Walking has an important role in improving public health. In the last decade, there has been a growing body of literature in public health, transportation, and urban design, which has analyzed the role of the built environment on physical activity, typically walking. Although these issues have received considerable attention in developed countries, few studies exist in developing countries such as Iran. The present study is the first study in the capital city of Iran: Tehran. This paper aims to analyze the objective measuring of the built environment in relation to walking in some neighborhoods of Tehran city. The results are then compared with the level of self-reported walking among elderly people in the study area. The results revealed that elderly people who live in high-walkable neighborhoods walk more frequently than those who live in low-walkable neighborhoods regardless of their socioeconomic status.

This study examines the proximity to neighborhood public open spaces (NPOS) across different socio-economic areas in metropolitan Tehran. Three proximity variables included access to, number of, and total area of NPOS, which were measured using geographic information systems in a large geographical area. Area-level socio-economic status (SES) was measured by considering income, education, and employment at the scale of census zones and categorized into quintiles. The results show that there are significant differences (without clear pattern) in access to and number of NPOS among SES quintiles in Tehran; however, there was no significant difference in total areas of NPOS across SES quintiles.

Problem statement: The rapid growth of urbanization has led to degradation of quality of life in many developing countries. The qualitative approach towards development concepts provided background for studying the object of quality of life. This concept was declared by Raymond Bauer in 1966 in response to the increase of urban crisis. Today, quality of life refers to the capacity of a place for living life. Approach: The present study aims to analyze quality of life by concentrating on the socio-economic, physical-environmental and mental indexes. The indexes were selected with respect to their importance by conducting a careful examination. The comparative analysis was applied based on hierarchical weighting. Observation and completing questionnaire have been two important tools in this research. Results: The results revealed that there are significant socio-economic gap among the different neighborhoods of the town. The mean of urban quality of life is 8.517 which show a moderate level of quality of life according to the research classification. Conclusion: The research came to conclusion that the different neighborhoods of the town showed different level of quality of life which it leads to socio-economic disparities among the urban zones. So the priority of planning should concentrate on the areas where deprivation decreased the level of quality of life.

Nomadic living is one of the major lifestyles in Iran, due to the country's arid and semi-arid climates. Nomadism has played an important role in the Iranian economy, and is practised by thousands of tribal households. At present, however, although its economic role as a main supplier of dairy and protein products is quite influential, its social and political position has weakened due to the penetration of the modernisation process in all aspects of the Iranian society. A century ago, the nomadic population was prominent in the demographic structure of the country, possibly constituting about 25 per cent of the total population, but this had decreased to 1.7 per cent by 2008. This paper will investigate the transition of the tribal population, by reviewing the available statistics and then analysing these data in a historic context.

The ever increasing urban population growth has created many implications in land use planning in the most of developing countries. Traditional methods of spatial planning are still useful, but they need to be upgraded according to new methodological, technological possibilities and full complexity of spatial planning. The factors which influence the urban structure and its socio-economic life are countless, and so to deal with a huge set of data, Geographic information system (GIS) techniques can help to organize and control the impact of different problems. Urban utilities are the vital elements to provide comfort and amenity for the residents. Clearly in many cases the inappropriate sitting of urban infrastructures has decreased the efficiency and sustainability of the cities. Today GIS as powerful processing means can provide different alternatives for land use planning. One of the most socio-religious urban land uses in Iran is cemetery. Traditionally cemeteries are located in the vicinity of a holy shrine or specified by the local authorities. However, these sites are suitable by the view of people and religious groups but they impose many physical problems such as poor health conditions or accessibility due to the rapid expansion of the city by the population increase. This paper attempts to select a right site for a new cemetery in town Sanandaj, as the old one now has no empty space. The paper applies GIS and Analytic hierarchy process (AHP) techniques to find an appropriate area. The results show that the integrated GIS and AHP model has a high potential to compare different alternatives by investigating multi-criteria models and different factors which are involved in an urban utility site selection.

Access to public spaces could be one of the important factors in their use. Whilst measuring accessibility to public spaces has received considerable attention, there are few studies outside the Anglophone world, especially in developing countries such as Iran. The present research targets two important goals. First it attempts to create a new methodology for measuring objective accessibility to public spaces (such as parks, schools and shops) at the neighborhood scale and second it investigates the distribution of such spaces by examining the socio-economic status of citizens. The goal is achieved by applying a new and straightforward method of GIS and fuzzy logic. This methodology was applied in the study area and the results presented in the form of tables and maps. The results revealed that there are spatial disparities in some parts of the area with lower accessibility to such spaces. The study indicates that the general understanding of people with high level deprivation having less access to public space is incorrect.

Land use change quantified for the last 50 years within and near a fast growing agricultural land in Neka River Basin, using geographic information systems. Land cover and land use change was projected for the next decade using topography, geology, land use maps and remote sensing data of the study area. The study explored the relationships between agricultural land growth and landscape changes. The land use changes assessed among the different land cover classes. It is important to mention that conducting of the present study a very severe land cover changes taken place as the result of agricultural land development. These changes in land cover led to the forest degradation of the study area. Relationship between land-use changes and agricultural growth offered a more robust prediction of soil erosion in Neka watershed. This study aims to find the relationships between land use pattern, erosion and the sediment yield in the study area. The land use coefficient has applied in the model of erosion potential method to forecast the effect of the land type to reduce the erosion. The results of this study indicated that the total sediment yield of the study area has notably decreased to 89.24 % after an appropriate land use/cover alteration. The estimated special erosion for the southern Neka Basin is about 144465.1 m 3 /km 2 where after management policy is predicted 15542.9 m 3 /km 2 /y. Therefore, the total difference for the study area has estimated about 128922.2 m 3 /km 2 /y.

Problem statement: Sustainable has a close relation to the quality of life in the different parts of each city. While the level of sustainability is studied in many urban areas world wide but it has been less considered in the Iranian cities. The city of Babolsar is selected to investigate the level of development by detail study of its 16 neighborhoods. Approach: The quantitative models such as Human Development Index (HDI), standard deviation, variable coefficient, factor analysis and the composed multiple regression (Enter) were used to assessing the level of sustainability, analyzing disparities and then to prioritize development by selecting of 30 socio-economic and physical variables. Results: The results from integrated indicators revealed that the sustainability coefficient was different in 16 neighborhoods of the city. The level of sustainability was classified in five categories, which only three neighborhoods were sustainable while others remained unbalanced. Also the research showed that there was a sharp disparity among the different neighborhoods of the city. The disparity mainly was evident in the environmental and social indicators with 0.98 and had been lower in the infrastructure with 0.32. Conclusion: By analyzing the results it could be concluded that there was a strong need for implementing long and short term planning strategies through taking different action to decrease the social and economic gap among the different neighborhoods of the city.

Problem Statement: Researches of quality of life are concentrated mainly on the urban nature in the recent years and the urban quality of life gained many attentions in empirical studies. The concept of urban quality of life is a multi-dimensional and complex issue. So, needless to say that this concept can be used in planning when there is an appropriate and reliable framework for measuring. Approach: The present study tried to create a framework on the base of Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) for objective measuring of urban quality of life and then it would be applied for a comparative study of two northern cities of Iran. Results: The results showed that using analytic hierarchy process model creates opportunity to involving the different groups’ views of urban users with respect to their duties and functions in the stage of criteria weighting. Conclusion: This process not only provided an appropriate bed for objective measuring of urban quality of life but it facilitated the participation of urban authorities in the process of measuring and analyzing the urban quality. Also one of the advantages of the model was its high level of clarity and simplicity which could be perceived by all urban decision makers.

Problem statement: Land use change has transformed a vast part of the natural landscapes of the developing world for the last 50 years. Land is a fundamental factor of production and though much of the course of human history, it has been tightly coupled with economic growth. Soil erosion by water is one of the most important land degradation processes in the Mediterranean basins. The unplanned land use change within and near a fast growing agricultural land in Neka River Basin, led to an accelerated erosion of soil in the area. Approach: This study aims to find the relationships between land use pattern, erosion and the sediment yield in the study area. The land use coefficient (Xa) has applied in the model of Erosion Potential Method (EPM) to forecast the effect of the land type to reduce the erosion. Land cover and land use change was projected for the next decade using topography, geology, land use maps and remote sensing data of the study area. Results: The results of this study indicated that the total sediment yield of the study area has notably decreased to 89.24% after an appropriate land use/cover alteration. The estimated special erosion for the Southern Neka Basin is about 144465.1 m3 km-2 where after management policy is predicted 15542.9 m3 km-2 year?1, therefore the total difference for the study area has estimated about 128922.2 m3 km-2 year-1. Conclusion: The land use changes assessed among the different land cover classes. It is important to mention that conducting of the present study a very severe land cover changes taken place as the result of agricultural land development. These changes in land cover led to the forest degradation of the study area. Relationship between land-use changes and agricultural growth offered a more robust prediction of soil erosion in Neka watershed.

The subject of urban quality of life and the promotion of its concept in particular, has always been the central focus of urban designers. This term is a multi-conceptual and dimensions. However most of the scholars have agreed that the concept consisted from two main dimensions; objective and subjective which these two approaches are used for its measuring. One of the important goals of urban designers is to create urban environment that all citizens have easy access to urban services, as accessibility reflects the quality of an urban environment. The present research intends to measure the public space accessibility by using objective approach in first and then by using the subjective approach for measuring in the study area to compare the results. The results revealed that there are considerable differences between objective and subjective measuring of urban quality of life in a urban space, therefore urban designers can not rely only on the results of objective measuring to understand such spaces for planning, if so, their attitudes towards urban spaces could not be an appropriate guide for explaining the quality of life for urban residents.

Problem Statement: The unplanned physical expansion of cities has been one of the most important problems of urban management in developing countries. Iran, like other developing world has experienced a high level of urbanization growth which transformed the physical fabric of urban areas. North of Iran is one of most rapid growing region of the country where the moderate climate and a tourism based economy encouraged many developers to investigate in housing sector. So, the primary outcome of such process was the out-growth of the city boundaries in the region. Approach: This research attempted to present an appropriate model for urban physical development. The study used different parameters such as environmental and socio-economic factors to provide a good understanding of the city behavior in its geographical setting. Through applying the Multi-Criteria Decision Model (MCDA) and GIS, the most appropriate area introduced for near future development. Results: The results revealed that the integrated GIS and MCDA model has many potentials which allow the planner or user investigate the final decision for site selection for future urban physical development. Conclusion: Since the city is located in a fertile agricultural area where the general policy of the local government is to save the lands for strategic crops like rice, to select the right site for city development is quiet significant.

In this study, first by using Smirnov-Kolmogorov method, the consistency of data was applied in order to optimize the relationship between water and sediment discharge rates in Amameh indicator watershed of Iran. After the consistency and authenticity of data were confirmed, by means of daily mean discharge and a software called Technical Hydrology (TH), monthly hydrograph was sketched for total period of 1969-2000 in Kamarkhani station in Amameh watershed outlet. Then, different models were tested using the equation of sediment transport and considering hydrological, climatic and biological parameters such as hydrograph situation, classification of discharge rate and the time of flow measurement. In all models, the regression relationships between the rates of water and sediment discharges were established. To choose an optimized model, the sum of the error sum of squares index was used. According to the index, the least sum of squares shows the optimized model. The results showed that the common model in which only one equation is used as a sediment rating equation has the highest error in estimation of suspended sediment. But, a model in which the data are separated based on wet and dry months and classification of the discharge rates, has the lowest error sum of squares and is considered as the optimized model.

The city of Sanandaj with population of 340000 in 2003 produces 714 tons of solid waste per day. Waste dumping is the main method of solid waste disposal during the thirty past years. The conditions show that the present site is quite unsuitable because many principles and criteria for site selection are not considered. So in the near future, the severe environmental impacts will threats the health of Sanandaj's inhabitants. The research attempts to integrate fuzzy logic and GIS with the help of Remote Sensing in selecting the most suitable area for the waste disposal. In this study we georeferenced many data which ranges from physical to socio-economic to monitor the impacts of all different factors. Some of these factors are; distance from the legal limits of the city, distance from main road, airport, main urban utilities, other human settlements, surface water resources, wind direction, population density, gradient, fault line, vegetation cover and geology. The data and information has been integrated and then by using satellite images, three areas in the 20 km of north east of Sanandaj city were identified for the solid waste disposal.