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We initiated a project to study the ecology of P. apollo and the more common congener P. nomion, which is sympatric in Mongolia. One of our primary goals was to gather data on P. apollo and P. nomion butterfly habitat associations, including especially larval host plant species. We conducted our work in the boreal taiga forests of the Khentey Mountain Range in the southern Siberian ecological region of Mongolia. We systematically searched for suitable habitat for larvae and once we located caterpillars, we identified the host plants and gathered data on habitat associations. We found both P. apollo and P. nomion caterpillars on host plants at several sites and evidence of eclosed pupae at a couple of sites, enabling us to identify the host plants, a crucial piece of information needed to develop conservation programming and habitat modeling. The host plant species were the stonecrops Sedum aizoon, Sedum telephium (syn. Sedum purpureum), and Rhodiola rosea (syn. Sedum rosea). We further describe the habitat associations in which we found the caterpillars. For these butterfly species, the exact host plants in Mongolia remained unknown until we conducted this work.

The crude alkaloid mixtures from the aerial parts S.telephium was analyzed by GC-MS method. As a result 14 compounds, including 6 alkaloids were characterized. 3-methyl-2-carbethoxyindole (4.730%), 2-(2-hydroxyphenyl) benzothiazole (1.576%) and N,4, 5-trimethyl phenyl-1,2-diamine, (1.217%) were in higher contents. One sulfur-containing alkaloid 2-(2-hydroxyphenyl) benzothiazole has been identified. These six alkaloids are described for the first time from this plant.Mongolian Journal of Chemistry 16 (42), 2015, 44-47

Chequered blue butterfly, Scolitantides orion (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) has severely declined in many parts of Europe and is currently red-listed in many countries. We studied the population structure and turnover of the species in a lake-island system in a National Park in eastern Finland over a three-year period. The incidence of the chequered blue on the suitable islands (n = 41) and habitat patches (n = 123) was high: an average of 82% of the islands and patches were occupied over the three year period. At the island scale, the annual population turnover rate was 17%, with an extinction and colonization rate of 7% and 10%, respectively. At the patch scale, the annual population turnover was 16%, with 7% extinction and 9% colonization rate. Islands that were occupied over the three year period had a larger area of suitable habitat than islands in which turnover events were observed. At the patch scale, turnover events were observed in small and poorly connected patches. Patchy occurrence of the host plant and observed extinction-colonization dynamics suggest that the chequered blue population confirms a metapopulation structure. Although the local populations are small, the observed high patch occupancy and balanced population turnover indicates that the metapopulation is not in immediate risk of extinction. peerReviewed

Sedum telephium ssp. maximum is a medicinal plant that possesses anti-inflammatory, analgesic and keratolytic properties. We investigated the anti-inflammatory activity of its methanolic extract (STME) in rat peritoneal macrophages (MΦs) stimulated with lipopolysaccharide from Salmonella enteritidis. After stimulation with 10 µg/ml of LPS, MΦs were coincubated with different doses of STME (8, 16 and 32 µg/ml) or RPMI medium alone using different times of incubation. STME reduced levels of tumor necrosis factor-α, both mRNA and its protein, and significantly decreased IL-1β and IL-6 production. Moreover, STME inhibited inducible nitric oxide synthase expression and blunted nitrite release and inhibited both extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase activation in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated MΦs. Data show that STME might be useful as a potential anti-inflammatory agent.

Parnassius apollo (Lepidoptera, Papilionidae) is considered to be typical stenophagous species. Its European forms fall generally into ‘telephiophagous’ or ‘albophagous’ trophic groups. According to some authors, ‘telephiophagous’ P. apollo ssp. frankenbergeri Slaby , inhabiting the Pieniny Mts, has a rather broad spectrum of food-plants. We aimed at defining its feeding preferences for successful breeding in a semi-natural colony on more than one commercially-available Sedum species. Larval development (L5) and performance were assessed in three experimental groups fed on different plant species selected in a preliminary test. Apollo larvae appeared to be quite specific in the plant choice and developed poorly in the absence of Sedum telephium . Possible reasons of this are discussed. To cite this article: M. Nakonieczny, A. Kedziorski, C. R. Biologies 328 (2005).

In this study the influence of air humidity, light, concentration and position on the leaf blade on the uptake of the anionic fluorescent dye uranine (sodium fluoresceinate) was investigated, using isolated epidermal strips (ES) of Allium porrum and of the ornamental plant Sedum telephium. The dye was applied in aqueous solution as single droplets at a defined relative humidity (rh). The proportion that penetrated the ES was immobilised on the inner side by ion exchange membranes (IEM). Uptake patterns were examined microscopically and uptake rates were quantified fluorimetrically. The distribution of the dye on the IEM indicated that uptake was restricted to stomatal areas. Uptake of the dye increased with increasing rh and was particularly high when rh was above the deliquescence point of uranine. Pre-illumination of S. telephium leaf sections increased uptake rates by a factor of 1.5 to 36 compared with leaves kept in darkness prior to the experiments. Increasing the concentration of uranine at a constant droplet volume increased overall penetration rates but decreased uptake relative to the applied dose. This decrease was most distinctive at high rh (93%). This is attributed to the extremely slow evaporation of the droplets at high solute concentrations and high rh. With both plant species variability was considerably high, even if ES were obtained from proximate regions of the same leaf. It is concluded that stomata can be an important pathway for the uptake of foliar applied substances.

The aim of this study was to conduct in vitro rumen fermentation assays on a large number of grassland plants to discriminate them on the basis of their potential to combine high nutritive value for ruminants and a reduced impact on the environment. In total, 156 plant species collected from diversified grasslands in the French Massif Central were screened by measuring several parameters, including in vitro true organic matter digestibility (IVTOMD), methane (CH4) production and ammonia nitrogen (N-NH3) in the incubation medium as an indicator of dietary protein degradation in the rumen. The results were expressed relative to perennial ryegrass (PRG) values used as a reference. We observed that the fermentation of 13 plants produced 50% less CH4 per unit of OM truly digested than did fermentation of PRG. Among these plants, two (Bidens tripartita subsp. Tripartite and Scrophularia nodosa) reduced CH4 by more than 80%. In terms of protein degradation, the fermentation of 37 plants halved the ratio between N-NH3 and plant N content compared with PRG, of which six had values below the detection level of the assay. Interestingly, 16 plants showed simultaneously a reduction of more than 80% in N-NH3 production and 30% in CH4 production, including three plants (Sedum telephium subsp. maximum, Oenothera biennis and Geranium sylvaticum) with an IVTOMD higher than 80%. This study has provided more knowledge about the use of lesser-known plants as whole plant forage by ruminants, and has identified candidate plants for potential use as additives in the form of plant extracts.

Evidence for stomatal uptake of solutes by leaves without the application of surfactants or pressure has recently been provided (Eichert et al., 1998). In the present study, experimental conditions were refined in that the water potential was held at

The population sizes and range of Parnassius apollo started to decline in Finland in the 1930s and resulted in complete extinction in many parts of its former range 30 years later. It has been suggested that metal pollution is one potentially very important reason for the decline. Recently, a recovery of P. apollo and widening of its range has started in the southwestern Finland, simultaneously with a decline in metal fallout from air. Metal analyses were performed with larval and host plant samples collected from an area where P. apollo is recolonising its former range (the archipelago between the island of Kemio and the Hankoniemi peninsula). In the host plants (Sedum telephium), the level of Fe was significantly lower and the levels of Cd and Zn suggestively lower in the current range (nD 35) of P. apollo than in the former range (nD 12). Analyses on larvae of P. apollo (nD 29) showed lower levels of Cd, Fe and Mn than in the host plant leaves. The excretion of these metals, as well as Zn, via the faeces was effective. The level of the Cd-antagonist Cu was considerably higher in caterpillars than in the food. When caterpillars were fed with metal-polluted food from Helsinki city (4.35 ppm Cd/dwt;nD 5) they died, whereas control individuals fed with food from the archipelago (2.49 ppm Cd/dwt;nD 5) survived. These results indicate that metals may play an important role in the large-scale decline and partial recovery of P. apollo in the western Europe.

SUMMARY Sedum telephium is a succulent plant in which CAM-cycling is rapidly induced or enhanced in response to drought stress. Diel measurements of leaf malate content and gas exchange demonstrate that as drought stress increased, daytime uptake of CO2 declined and less respiratory CO2 was lost at night as a result of re-fixation by phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) with subsequent accumulation of malate. The enhancement of CAMcycling in response to drought stress under high and low photon flux density (PFD) results in up to fourfold increases in daily water use efficiency. Moreover, potential conservation of water resulting from CAM-cycling varied from 4 to 77 % of total daytime transpiration, depending on PFD and severity of drought. Measurements of instantaneous C-isotope discrimination demonstrated the activation of PEPC activity in vivo with a minimal direct contribution from C4 carboxylation to net CO2 uptake during the day. The 813C composition of carbohydrates and organic acids indicated that products of malate breakdown are preferentially directed towards starch during the day, which subsequently supplies phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) for the dark reactions of CAM. The data are summarized using a model which quantitatively describes the source of carbon in the leaf during the day (C3 or C4) and the partitioning of this carbon between the generation of substrate for CAM, production of respiratory CO2 or export. The resulting carbon budgets illustrate that the breakdown of starch at night increases up to twofold with severe drought stress, whilst the flux of carbon into starch during the day is maintained or even increased, largely at the expense of the soluble sugar pool. Overall, under high PFD the enhancement of CAMcycling permits continued growth under conditions of severe drought, albeit at a reduced rate. However, under

Negative-ion fast-atom bombardment mass spectrometry together with precursor and product-ion spectroscopies has been validly employed in the identification of six flavonol glycosides present in the juice of Sedum telephium leaves. The proposed technique proved to be a valuable alternative to the combination of high performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry in the analysis of the complex polyphenol mixtures present in some medicinal plants.

The Apollo butterfly, Parnassius apollo, is categorized as Near Threatened (NT) in IUCN Red List. Today in Sweden it is found only in strongly fragmentized populations. In the county of Stockholm, P. apollo exists exclusively in some islands of the archipelago and with one mainland population in Stora Vika. This study has the purpose of expanding the knowledge of the local conditions for the butterfly in the south parts of the county of Stockholm and thereby contributes to a sustainable land management that can preserve the Apollo butterfly. A comparative study was done between areas where the butterfly today have: a stable population (Stora Vika, Utö and Ålö), has disappeared (Muskö and Yxlö) or is strongly declining (north part of Ornö). The investigation was based on factors that was considered be contributing to the species decline. Factors that was investigated was the general distribution of host-plant S. telephium, overgrowth in rocky outcrops, presence of nectar plants close to host-plants and if a large proportion of forest in the surroundings of the investigation sites could have a isolating impact on sites. The study was based on 10 sites where the butterfly exist, 7 sites where it has disappeared and 3 sites where it has declined. No significant differences could be found for any factor. On the contrary, the general presence of host-plants at rocky outcrops seems to be the same in areas where the butterfly has disappeared as in areas where it exist today. However caterpillars were only found at sites with a wide distribution of host-plants and also at sites with a large proportion of forest in the surroundings. This was speaking against the hypothesis that a large proportion of forest could have an isolating effect on sites and therefore a negative impact on the adult butterfly preferences. The result creates new questions and the conclusion is that more knowledge of the local conditions is needed to ensure good practice in land management. Sites which are today hosted by the caterpillar should be identified, investigated and protected. Furthermore should the dispersal of nectar plants be investigated and it would be interesting to study the effects of limestone by analyzing and compare Cd concentrations in S. telephium from Muskö with plants from Stora Vika, Utö and Ålö.

Two major polysaccharides, rhamnogalacturonans with mean M(r)s of 13,500 and 13,000, were isolated from dried leaves of Sedum telephium by column chromatography on DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B and gel filtration on Fractogel TSK HW-50 (S) and Sephacryl 200 HR. The structures were determined mainly by NMR spectroscopy, methylation analysis and GC-MS of the partially methylated alditol acetates, carboxyl reduction and by analysis of acidic and enzymatic degradation products. Both polysaccharides exert an anticomplementary effect in vitro, induce TNF-alpha-production, enhance phagocytosis in vitro and in vivo, and exhibit anti-inflammatory activity.

A comparison of the day/night activity and properties of PEPC was made for plants of S.telephium grown under two contrasting light regimes and subjected to varying degrees of water stress in order to provide a range of CAM activities. Measurements of the concentrations of soluble sugars and starch in plants subjected to the various light and watering treatments were also made at the beginning and end of the photoperiod in order to determine if the magnitude of CAM in S.telephium was limited by the activity of PEPC or by carbohydrate supply

Sedum telephium ssp. maximum is a medicinal plant that possesses anti-inflammatory, analgesic and keratolytic properties. We investigated the anti-inflammatory activity of its methanolic extract (STME) in rat peritoneal macrophages (MPhis) stimulated with lipopolysaccharide from Salmonella enteritidis. After stimulation with 10 microg/ml of LPS, MPhis were coincubated with different doses of STME (8, 16 and 32 microg/ml) or RPMI medium alone using different times of incubation. STME reduced levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, both mRNA and its protein, and significantly decreased IL-1beta and IL-6 production. Moreover, STME inhibited inducible nitric oxide synthase expression and blunted nitrite release and inhibited both extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase activation in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated MPhis. Data show that STME might be useful as a potential anti-inflammatory agent.

When detached leaves of Sedum telephium are incubated in the absence of water, a rapid switch from C3 photosynthesis to CAM (as indicated by the onset of day-to-night fluctuations in titratable acidity. ΔH+) occurs within the first dark period. The C3-CAM switch in intact plants occurs within 3 5d. Extractable activity of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) increases five-fold in intact plants during CAM induction; however, during rapid CAM induction in detached leaves, there is only a very small increase in PEPC activity. Fractionation by anion exchange chromatography of crude extracts from leaves of intact plants subjected to water deficit shows that CAM induction is associated with the appearance of a molecular species of PEPC termed PEPC I. PEPC I is barely detectable in well-watered plants which are not performing CAM. The major form in these plants is termed PEPC II. In leaves from intact plants, there is a significant positive correlation between PEPC I activity and ΔH+ during a period of increasing water deficit. PEPC I exhibits day to night fluctuations in malate sensitivity, being less sensitive during the dark period. In contrast, PEPC II is more sensitive to inhibition by malate and has no day to night fluctuation in sensitivity. In detached leaves deprived of water, a small increase in PEPC I capacity is detected at the end of the first dark period (20 h after the start of treatment). The results suggest that PEPC I is required for attainment of maximum nocturnal malic acid synthesis. There is a significant correlation between leaf water status (relative water content), ΔH+, total PEPC and PEPC I activity suggesting that the internal water status of the plant may be a trigger for CAM induction. Abscisic acid applied to detached leaves does not cause nocturnal acidification.

An established callus tissue derived from mesophyll cells ofSedum telephium L. was used to assess the influence of 8-hydroxyquinoline sulphate (Quinosol) on the differentiation of tracheary cells.

Two new flavonol glycosides, kaempferol 3- O - β -neohesperidoside-7- O - α -rhamnoside and quercetin 3- O - β -neohesperidoside-7- O - α -rhamnoside were identified in the fresh leaves of Sedum telephium ssp. maximum . The known compounds, quercetin, kaempferol and their 3-glucosides, 7-rhamnosides and 3,7-dirhamnosides were also identified. All compounds were characterized by means of chemical and spectroscopic methods. NOE experiments were performed to detect the glycosidic bond at the 7-hydroxyl of the aglycone molecules.

The environmental control of dormancy and flowering of the herbaceous perennial Sedum telephium was studied in controlled environments. Short photoperiods induced growth cessation and the formation of resting buds in both seedlings and mature plants, whereas long photoperiods resulted in immediate growth activation of dormant buds. No chilling was required for dormancy release, even in plants induced to dormancy and maintained at high temperature (21 degrees C) for more than 3 months. The critical photoperiod for dormancy release was about 15 h, a minimum of four long-day (LD) cycles (24 h) being required. The true photoperiodic nature of this response was ascertained by night interruption experiments. Flowering of S. telephium was found to have an obligatory LD requirement, with no requirement for vernalization. The critical photoperiod and minimum number of inductive cycles for floral induction were the same as for dormancy release. Dormancy release by long days was also obtained in preliminary experiments with three other herbaceous perennials. The eco-physiological significance of photoperiodic control of dormancy is discussed, and it is concluded that the mechanism ensures stability of winter dormancy, even under conditions of climatic warming.

The population sizes and range of Parnassius apollo started to decline in Finland in the 1930s and resulted in complete extinction in many parts of its former range 30 years later. It has been suggested that metal pollution is one potentially very important reason for the decline. Recently, a recovery of P. apollo and widening of its range has started in the southwestern Finland, simultaneously with a decline in metal fallout from air. Metal analyses were performed with larval and host plant samples collected from an area where P. apollo is recolonising its former range (the archipelago between the island of Kemiö and the Hankoniemi peninsula). In the host plants (Sedum telephium), the level of Fe was significantly lower and the levels of Cd and Zn suggestively lower in the current range (n D 35) of P. apollo than in the former range (n D 12). Analyses on larvae of P. apollo (n D 29) showed lower levels of Cd, Fe and Mn than in the host plant leaves. The excretion of these metals, as well as Zn, via the faeces was effective. The level of the Cd-antagonist Cu was considerably higher in caterpillars than in the food. When caterpillars were fed with metal-polluted food from Helsinki city (4.35 ppm Cd/dwt; n D 5) they died, whereas control individuals fed with food from the archipelago (2.49 ppm Cd/dwt; n D 5) survived. These results indicate that metals may play an important role in the large-scale decline and partial recovery of P. apollo in the western Europe.

Sedum telephium L. is a medicinal plant used in antiquity to cure many types of inflammatory skin diseases. The leaves (without the external cuticle), are used to promote healing and reduce skin inflammation and pain, and contain various components. We found two major components: flavonol glycosides and polysaccharides, with molecular weight between 13 000 and 13 500 Da. We evaluated the in-vitro antioxidant and in-vivo skin photoprotective effects of three lyophilized extracts obtained from the juice of S. telephium L. leaves: a total lyophilized juice, a lyophilized flavonolic fraction, and a lyophilized polysaccharidic fraction. Two in-vitro models were used: the bleaching of the stable 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH*) radical, and the protective effect against UV-induced peroxidation on phosphatidylcholine multilamellar vesicles, as model membranes. The antioxidant/radical scavenging activity of each lyophilized extract was also assessed in-vivo by determining their ability to reduce UVB-induced skin erythema (monitored by reflectance spectrophotometry) in healthy human volunteers. The findings of the in-vitro experiments clearly demonstrated that, unlike the lyophilized polysaccharidic fraction, the lyophilized flavonolic fraction and total lyophilized juice possess strong antioxidant/free radical scavenging properties, which are likely due to phenolic compounds. Consistent with these findings, gel formulations of both the total lyophilized juice and, to a greater degree, the lyophilized flavonolic fraction appeared to possess a strong protective effect against UV-induced skin erythema in-vivo, whereas the lyophilized polysaccharidic fraction was completely ineffective. The in-vitro and in-vivo results suggest that, both the total lyophilized juice and, in particular, the lyophilized flavonolic fraction, but not the lyophilized polysaccharidic fraction of S. telephium L. leaves, have photoprotective effects against UVB-induced skin damage.

A novel pair of lactone dimers, telephinone a and b, were isolated from roots of Sedum telephium . The structure of telephinone a and b was assigned as 3′,4′,-dihydro-4,4′-dimethyl-[2,3′-bifuran]-5,5′(2H,2′H)-dione. A minor lactone was identified as isosiphonodin, 3-hydroxymethyl-2(5H)-furanone.

Sedum telephium L. (Crassulaceae) is a member of a genus whose species show great variability in the expression of CAM. Some species carry out full CAM, others always have C3 photosynthesis, while yet others show intermediate carbonisotope composition along with fluctuations in malic acid, with or without some degree of nocturnal stomatal opening (Bender et al. 1973; Knopf and Kluge 1979; Teeri 1982; Pilon-Smits et al. 1991; see also Chap. 23). The last group is of interest ecologically and physiologically because there is a large degree of environmental control over the patterns of gas exchange and the extent of malate fluctuation which results, as in the case of S. telephium, in plants which exhibit CAM, CAM-cycling and CAM-idling and C3 photosynthesis (Lee and Griffiths 1987). These plants can be termed C3/CAM intermediates. Soil and plant water deficits are particularly important in causing a switch between C3 and CAM in this group of species of which S. telephium has been most widely studied. As well as their great interest in terms of evolution and plant adaptation to the environment, C3/CAM intermediates offer a model system that can be used to investigate metabolic regulation and gene expression in relation to environmental factors.

Provedena su kvalitativna i kvantitativna istraživanja metanolnih ekstrakata nadzemnih dijelova oštrog ( Sedum acre ) i velikog žednjaka ( Sedum telephium ). Metodom tankoslojne kromatografije u ekstraktima oba žednjaka dokazana je nazočnost flavonoida i fenolnih kiselina. Kvantitativna analiza flavonoida pokazala je da Sedum acre sadrži veću količinu flavonoidnih spojeva.

Sedum telephium is a C3/CAM intermediate plant in which expression of CAM is caused by water deficit. The timing of the C3-CAM switch and its relationship with water status and phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) carboxylase activity have been investigated. Water deficit was provided by application of polyethylene glycol (PEG) solutions so that roots were exposed to water potentials from 0 to − 2.0 MPa below that of the nutrient solution. The response of the plants was measured during the first dark period after PEG addition and 7 d later. Malic acid accumulation was triggered during the first dark period at root water potentials of −0.3 MPa or less. This corresponded with very small decreases in leaf water potential and relative water content. The capacity of PEP carboxylase was not altered at any water potential during the first dark period. After 7 d the capacity of PEP carboxylase progressively increased as water potential declined to −0.4 MPa. At this, and more negative, water potentials it was 5-fold higher than in well-watered leaves. Malic acid fluctuations increased with decreasing PEG water potential below a threshold of −0.1 MPa. Malic acid levels at the end of the light period were progressively lower as water potential decreased. NAD- and NADP-malic enzyme activity were not affected by low water potential. Leaves detached from well-watered plants in the middle of the light period and kept hydrated did not accumulate malic acid during the following dark period. Allowing the leaves to lose 10% of their water content induced malic acid accumulation during the same time. Conversely, leaves detached from long-term droughted plants (which had malate fluctuations and a PEP carboxylase capacity 5-fold higher than well-watered plants) accumulated malate during the night if maintained at the same low hydration state (82%RWC), whereas malic acid accumulation was promptly reduced if they were rehydrated. Malic acid accumulation could therefore be rapidly altered by changing the hydration state of the leaves. The short-term rehydration treatments did not alter PEP carboxylase capacity. However, alteration of leaf hydration affected the apparent Km (PEP) of PEP carboxylase extracted 1 h before the end of the dark period. The Km was increased by rehydration and decreased by dehydration. Sensitivity to feedback inhibition by malate was not affected by hydration state and was high for PEP carboxylase from well-watered leaves and lower for PEP carboxylase from long-term droughted leaves. Taken together, the responses of intact plants and detached leaves show that malic acid accumulation can be triggered very rapidly by small water deficits in the leaves. The extent of night-time malic acid accumulation is independent of PEP carboxylase capacity. However, a change in the hydration state of the leaves can rapidly alter the affinity of PEP carboxylase for PEP. The regulation of malic acid accumulation in relation to the drought-induced triggering of CAM is discussed.

European seed lists of the 19 century occasionally contained appendices or footnotes in which new species were validly described. Extant copies of these lists tend to be very rare and overlooked, because they were usually discarded after someone ordered from them. In Leiden there is a project initiated by the late L Vogelenzang and his successor C Lut to rediscover these seed lists (http://www.nationaalherbarium.nl/seedlists/home.htm). Sometimes, names appearing in such lists were republished in journals and books without clear reference to their origin. Databases like the International Plant Name Index (IPNI) cite these as the original place of publication. An instance of such an overlooked name is Sedum multiflorum by Von Boenninghausen (1829/1830). In a footnote, the diagnosis is given as “Habitu squarroso, ramoso, capsulisque exiguis potissimum a Sedo Telephio distinctum. Hab. in agris argillosis Guestphalicae” (“Above all distinct from Sedum telephium by the habit of patent and branched stems and by the insignificant capsules. Growing in the clayey fields of Westphalia”). This combination was validly published, but according to IPNI appeared as Sedum multiflorum Boenn. ex Salm-Dyck (end 1834/early 1835). As so often with apparently accepted names in IPNI, this is a reference to a nomen nudum. Salm-Dyck mentioned the name in a list of plants growing in his garden under the heading “Sedum L. §1. (Anacampseros Haw.) Planifolia * Floribus albis aut rubicundis”. After each name there are symbols for duration and these are the same for ten names on this page. According to Art. 32.2 and its Example 3 (McNeil and others, 2006) these symbols are not to be regarded as descriptions validating names. Its taxonomic position is obviously with Sedum telephium L., presently also known as Hylotelephium telephium (L.) H. Ohba. Unaware of this, another S. multiflorum was described by RT Clausen (1978) for a Mexican species of the Cockerelliae Clausen & Uhl. This seems to be rare in the wild, but according to searches on the Internet it is now occasionally cultivated (see also Stephenson 1994). Unfortunately, this is now to be regarded as a later homonym and needs to be renamed. Some correspondents have suggested that it should be proposed for conservation, but because of the species’ minor importance, this seemed an ill-fated idea.

The C3-CAM intermediate plant Sedum telephium is very rich in mucilages (gelling polysaccharides) which present a major obstacle to the isolation of DNA. We have developed an extraction procedure that involves a step-wise increase in the concentration of CTAB (cetyl-trimethylammonium bromide) finally yielding a nucleic acid precipitate that is free from polysaccharides. DNA may be further purified by differential precipitation with LiCl and/or RNase digestion. The DNA has excellent spectral qualities, is readily accessible to restriction endonucleases and is usable as a PCR template.

The expression of C 3 and CAM in the temperate succulent Sedum telephium L. was investigated in response to varying photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and watering regimes

Lee, H. S. J. and Griffiths, H. 1987. Induction and repression of CAM in Sedum telephium L. in response to photoperiod and water stress.—J. exp. Bot. 38: 834-841. The introduction and repression of CAM in Sedum telephium L., a temperate succulent, was investigated in watered, progressively draughted and rewatered plants in growth chambers. Measurements were made of water vapour and C02 exchange, titratable acidity (TA) and xylem sap tension. Effects of photoperiod were also studied. CAM was induced by drought under long or short days, although when watered no CAM activity was expressed. C3-CAM intermediate plants were used for the investigation of water supply. Those which had received water and those drought-stressed both displayed a similar nocturnal increase in TA, with a day-night maximum (AH+) of 69 ??mol g"1 fr. wt. The watered plants took up C02 at a maximum rate of 2-2 /tmol m 2 s-1 only in the light period, while the draughted plants showed a maximum nocturnal C02 uptake rate of 0-69 /rmol m~2 s Subsequently, as CAM was repressed, the watered S. telephium displayed little variation in TA, with constant levels at 42 /jmol g"1 fr. wt. (day 10). After 10 d of drought stress, the CAM characteristics of S. telephium were also affected, with reduced net C02 uptake and AH+. The transition between C3 and CAM in S. telephium can be described as a progression in terms of the proportion of respiratory C02 which is recycled and refixed at night as malic acid, in comparison with net C02 uptake. Recycling increased from 20% (day 1) to 44% (day 10) as a result of the drought stress and was high in both the CAM-C3 stage (no net C02 uptake at night) and also in the drought-stressed CAM stage (reduced net C02 uptake at night). The complete C3-CAM transition occurred in less than 8 d, and the stages could be characterized by xylem sap tension measurements: CAM = 0-50 MPa; C3-CAM = 0-36 MPa; C3 = 0-29 MPa. Key words—CAM, Sedum telephium L., recycling. Correspondence to: Department of Plant Biology, The University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 7RU, U.K.

Summary Explants from leaves of Sedum telephium L. produced compact callus on medium with NAA + BA. Callus subcultured on shooting medium containing BA + NAA in the ratio 100 : 1 produced leaved shoots. The rooting of the developed shoots was achieved transplanting them to a medium having NAA + Ba in the ratio 100 : 4, thus originating plantlets. Illumination of the cultures on 12 hrs light/12 hrs dark basis was found favourable to the growth of the cultures. Callus production was also achieved with 2,4-D but whenever this growth regulator was present the tissue formed was friable due to impairment of middle lamellae synthesis.

The tubular protein inclusion of the chloroplasts of some CAM plants was found to maintain its normal pattern of accumulating by day and dissolving at night when the hydration state of the chloroplasts was reversed by promoting influx of water during the day and efflux of water during the night. Morphometric study of the chloroplast inclusion of Sedum telephium supports our suggestion that the behaviour of the aggregate of tubules is independent of the water content of the chloroplasts.

Sedum telephium L. is a plant species with a Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM). The suitability of S. telephium as food plant for larvae of Yponomeuta vigintipunctatus Retz. was studied. It was found that within the plant the food quality varies. There are indications that the suitability of S. telephium as food plant for larvae of Y. vigintipunctatus is influenced by the CAM of the plant.

SUMMARY In central Europe the diploid, triploid and tetraploid cytotypes of the morphologically extremely variable S. telephium L. (X = 12) are sympatric. The triploid plants are semisterile and most probably of hybrid origin. In mixed populations the triploid plants may give rise to an offspring consisting of aneuploid as well as diploid and/or tetraploid plants. Because the diploid and tetraploid cytotype each show almost the complete spectrum of morphological variation present within the S. telephium complex it is concluded that all taxa within this complex should be regarded as different expressions of a single though variable species.

Summary The variation of the amount of tubules found in the stroma of chloroplasts of the CAM plant S. telephium was studied by stereological analysis of electron-micrographs, from material collected at 3 hourly intervals during a 24 h period. The tubular inclusion was found to build up during the day, attaining a maximum at 6 p.m., followed by a rapid disaggregation during the night. This behaviour seems linked to CO2 fixation since the tubular inclusion remained almost unchanged when plants were kept in a CO2-free atmosphere. Also, plastid volume was found to change, with day values shrinking to 60% of the dark values. These organelles always contained some remnants of starch. The possibility is discussed that the protein accumulating in a tubular form is an enzyme of the PEP-cycle.

A technique is described for mechanically isolating metabolically active individual spongy mesophyll cells from the Crassulacean acid metabolism plant, Sedum telephium. Mature leaves are selected at about 2 PM when acidity is low, and three different media are used to reduce the problem of leaf acidity and to maintain isotonic conditions. The upper and lower epidermis is peeled from chilled leaves and the leaves are suspended in a buffered "soaking medium," then gently ground with a mortar and pestle. Cells and debris are separated using a "washing medium," with cells being filtered through a 136 micron net and collected on an 80 micron net. Cells then are suspended in a "cell suspension medium" and concentrated by centrifugation. Approximately 2 hours are required for the isolation procedure, and activity in CO(2) fixation is constant for up to 4 hours after isolation. Microscopic examination shows about 65% of the isolated cells appear intact and unplasmolyzed and are similar to leaf msophyll cells. The yield of cells on a leaf chlorophyll basis is about 1%. A light micrograph of the isolated cells is given.The isolated cells upon addition of phosphoenolpyruvate, 2-phosphoglycerate, and ribulose-1, 5-diphosphate fix CO(2) as rapidly as intact leaves; however, without exogenous substrate the cells only fix CO(2) between 10 and 20% of intact leaves. The temperature and pH optima for cellular CO(2) fixation in the presence of phosphoenolpyruvate is 35 to 45 C and 7.5 to 9.0, respectively. The light and dark portions of CO(2) fixation with the isolated cells are considered in relation to a scheme for net CO(2) fixation by Crassulacean acid metabolism plants.

The accumulation of malic acid at night in green cells followed by malic acid depletion the next day is characteristic of Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) plants. The diurnal changes in malic acid content are accompanied by reciprocal changes in starch content with starch providing the carbon skeleton for phosphoenolpyruvate, the CO* acceptor at night. Malic acid is decarboxylated during the day to provide COZ for photosynthesis [ 11. In contrast, other organic acids such as isocitric do not exhibit a daily fluctuation in levels [2]. With the realization that massive amounts of malic acid accumulate at night [ 1,2], it was widely postulated that malic acid is stored in the large vacuoles of green CAM cells. Indeed, calculations based on Bryophyllum leaf cell volumes and the amount of acid accumulated at night showed that ‘if malic acid were confined to the cytoplasm, its concentration would be 7-8 M, but if it were in the vacuole also, its average concentration would be 0.25 M’ [3]. Thus, to prevent a variety of deleterious effects of acidic conditions on cytoplasmic components, a green CAM cell would in theory temporarily sequester malic acid in its vacuole at night. However, data to test this hypothesis are not available. Recently, techniques have been developed for isolating large quantities of vacuoles from plant tissues [4-71. Isolated Bvophyllum leaf vacuoles [6] contained 0.002-0.02 nmol malic acid/vacuole which comprised the bulk of the malic acid present. However

A technique has been developed for the enzymatic isolation of leaf cells from the Crassulacean acid-metabolism plant Sedum telephium. The cells exhibited high activity in both (14)CO2 incorporation (30-70 μmol CO2 mg(-1) chlorophyll h(-1)) and O2 evolution in the presence of bicarbonate (60-110 μmol O2 mg(-1) chlorophyll h(-1)). Half-maximum saturation of (14)CO2 incorporation occurred at a bicarbonate concentration of ca. 2 mM (20 μM CO2) at pH 8.4 and 30°C. Two types of light-dependent O2 evolution are reported: O2 evolution in the absence of exogenously supplied bicarbonate (endogenous O2 evolution), and bicarbonate-stimulated O2 evolution. Oxygen evolution in the presence of approximately ambient concentrations of CO2 appeared to be a combination of the endogenous O2 evolution and O2 evolution from fixation of the exogenously supplied CO2.

A technique is presented for the isolation of vacuoles from Sedum telephium L. leaves. Leaf material is digested enzymically to produce protoplasts rapidly which are partially lysed by gentle osmotic shock and the inclusion of 5 millimolar ethyleneglycol-bis (beta-aminoethyl ether)N,N'-tetraacetic acid in the wash medium. Vacuoles are isolated from the partially lysed protoplasts by brief centrifugation on a three-step Ficoll-400 gradient consisting of 5, 10, and 15% (w/v) Ficoll-400. A majority of the vacuoles accumulate at the 5 to 10% Ficoll interface, whereas a smaller proportion sediments at the 10 to 15% Ficoll-400 interface. The total time required for vacuole isolation is 2 to 2.5 hours, beginning from leaf harvest.The yield of vacuoles is approximately 44%. The major vacuole layer is7% contaminated by marker enzymes from the cytoplasm and other organelles but shows no contamination by chloroplasts. Isolated vacuoles were stable for15 hours when left in Ficoll; however, dispersion into media of various osmotic concentrations resulted in decreased stability. Addition of mercaptobenzothiazole, CaCl(2), MgCl(2), bovine serum albumin, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, polyethylene glycol 600, and KH(2)PO(4) to the vacuole isolation media did not increase the stability of the isolated vacuoles.THIS TECHNIQUE WITH ONLY SLIGHT MODIFICATIONS HAS BEEN USED TO ISOLATE LEAF CELL VACUOLES FROM THE FOLLOWING CRASSULACEAN ACID METABOLISM PLANTS: pineapple, Kalanchoë fedtschenkoi, and Echeveria elegans. Spinach leaves also were used successfully.

The reciprocal relationship between diurnal changes in organic acid and storage carbohydrate was examined in the leaves of three Crassulacean acid metabolism plants. It was found that depletion of leaf hexoses at night was sufficient to account quantitatively for increase in malate in Ananas comosus but not in Sedum telephium or Kalanchoe daigremontiana. Fructose and to a lesser extent glucose underwent the largest changes. Glucose levels in S. telephium leaves oscillated diurnally but were not reciprocally related to malate fluctuations.Analysis of isolated protoplasts and vacuoles from leaves of A. comosus and S. telephium revealed that vacuoles contain a large percentage (>50%) of the protoplast glucose, fructose and malate, citrate, isocitrate, ascorbate and succinate. Sucrose, a major constituent of intact leaves, was not detectable or was at extremely low levels in protoplasts and vacuoles from both plants.In isolated vacuoles from both A. comosus and S. telephium, hexose levels decreased at night at the same time malate increased. Only in A. comosus, however, could hexose metabolism account for a significant amount of the nocturnal increase in malate. We conclude that, in A. comosus, soluble sugars are part of the daily maintenance carbon cycle and that the vacuole plays a dynamic role in the diurnal carbon assimilation cycle of this Crassulacean acid metabolism plant.

The induction kinetics of the 680 nm chlorophyll fluorescence were measured on attached leaves of Kalanchoe daigremontiana R. Hamet et Perr. (CAM plant), Sedum telephium L. and Sedum spectabile Bor. (C3 plant in spring, CAM plant in summer) and Raphanus sativus L. (C3 plant) at three different times during a 12/12 h day/night cycle. During the fluorescence transient the fluorescence intensity at the O, P and T-level (fO, fmax, fst,) was different for the plant species tested; this may be due to their different leaf structure, pigment composition and organization of their photosystems. The kinetics of the fluorescence induction depended on the time of preillumination or dark adaptation during the light/dark cycle but not on the type of primary CO2 fixation mechanism (C3 and CAM). For dark adapted leaves measured either at the end of the dark phase or after dark adaptation of plants taken from the light phase a higher P-level fluorescence, a higher variable fluorescence (P-O) and a larger complementary area were found than for leaves of plants taken directly from the light phase. This indicates the presence of largely oxidized photosystem 2 acceptor pools during darkness. During the light phase the fluorescence decline after the P-level was faster than during the dark phase; from this we conclude that the light adaptation of the photosynthetic apparatus (state 1→state 2 transition, Δ pH) during the induction period proceeded faster in plants taken from the light phase than in plants taken from the dark phase.