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Objective: To compare the levels of serum zinc, serum calcium and serum magnesium between preeclamptic patients and normal pregnant women. Study Design: Retrospective/ Comparative study. Setting: Department of Obs & Gynae, Social Security Landhi Hospital Karachi. Period: March 2019 to October 2019. Material & Methods: 90 pregnant women were included for this research. Patients were divided into two groups randomly, Group-A (Pre-eclampsia) and Group-B (Normal pregnancies). 45 patients were included in each group. At the time of antenatal booking, in Group-A patients we advised CBC, LFT`s, Urine for Albumin, HbS. Ag, Anti HCV Antibody, Fasting blood sugar, serum zinc, serum calcium, serum magnesium level and ultra sound for fetal wellbeing while in Group-B patients only CBC, Fasting blood Sugar, Urine D/R, HbS Ag, Anti HCV antibody, serum calcium, serum zinc and serum magnesium level and ultra sound for fetal wellbeing. Compared mean age and B.M.I. of patients, mean gestational age, mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure, mean of serum zinc level, serum calcium level and serum magnesium level in both groups. Results: Serum Zinc, Serum Calcium and Serum Magnesium levels were significantly low in pre-eclamptic patients as compared with normal pregnant women. Conclusion: Mean serum zinc, calcium and magnesium level were low in pre-eclamptic patients.

ABO blood group antigens have been identified as pathological agent in different disease conditions. For some time, the association of blood group with pregnancy associated conditions like pre-eclampsia is extensively under debate. Preeclampsia is a distressing condition of pregnancy which commonly causes maternal and fetal mortality around the globe. Multiple risk factors are found to be associated with preeclamptic occurrence. In this study our aim was to delineate a specific blood group which could be implicated as a risk factor for pre-eclampsia. Methods: This retrospective study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital of Karachi and retrieved obstetric data including blood group was from medical record files of 368 patients. Obtained data was analyzed by IBM SPSS version 21. Results: The prevalence of B group was recorded to be 41.3% as compared to O (26.1%), A (22.8%) and AB (9.8%). So, it can be concluded that women having blood group B are more prone to develop pre-eclampsia. Conclusion: Blood grouping of pregnant women in early weeks of pregnancy could assist in prediction or better management of pre-eclampsia.

This chapter explores a number of examples of contracting out in Afghanistan. The lessons elaborated in this report stem from a number of sectors, including finance, aid effectiveness and justice. Several important recommendations are drawn, which can support other post-conflict and fragile states to strengthen the delivery of government services to their citizens.

Afghanistan presents complex and, in some respects, unique development challenges, such as building a strong civil society