Search

OBJECTIVES To identify the prevalence and risk factors for childhood overweight and obesity (OWO) at 3-year corrected age in children born

The objective of this study is to analyze the effect of adjusting for body measures on the association between small for gestational age (SGA) and overweight at 3 years. Data were obtained from the Preterm Infant Multicenter Growth Study (n = 1089). Logistic regression was used, to adjust for confounders with additional adjustments separately for weight and height at 21 months. Marginal structural models (MSMs) estimated the direct effect of SGA on overweight. The crude and adjusted for confounders models yielded null associations between SGA and overweight. Adjusting for height yielded a positive association (odds ratio (OR): 2.31, 95% CI: 0.52–10.26) and adjusting for weight provided a significantly positive association (OR: 6.60, 95% CI: 1.10–37.14). The MSMs, with height and weight held constant, provided no evidence for a direct effect of SGA on overweight (OR: 0.83, 95% CI: 0.14–5.01, OR: 0.71, 95% CI: 0.18–2.81, respectively). Adjusting for body measures can change the association between SGA and overweight, providing spurious estimates.

Background Numerous studies indicated that infants born small-for-gestational-age (SGA) are at higher risk of overweight. However, the association between SGA and overweight may be due to overcontrolling for body size. This study aimed to analyze the effect of controlling for child’s weight and height in the association between SGA and overweight in children born preterm. Methods Data were obtained from the Preterm Infant Multicenter Growth Study (n = 1089). The association between SGA and overweight at 36 months corrected age (CA) was analyzed using logistic regression models: 1) crude, 2) adjusted for baseline covariates, 3) adjusted for baselines covariates with additional adjustments separately for child’s weight and height at 21 months CA. Marginal structural models (MSM) with stabilized inverse probability weights were used to estimate the direct effect of SGA on overweight. Results The crude and adjusted models yielded a null association (OR, 95% CI: 0.88, 0.26-2.96; 0.95, 0.28-3.29). Adjusting for later height reversed the effect (OR, 95% CI: 2.31, 0.52-10.26), and adjusting for later weight reversed the effect and provided a significant association (OR, 95% CI: 6.60, 1.10-37.14). The MSMs with height and weight considered as mediators indicated no direct effect of SGA on overweight (OR, 95% CI: 0.83, 0.14-5.01; 0.71, 0.18-2.81). Conclusions Overcontrolling for body size can falsely induce an association between SGA and overweight. Key messages Mediators should not be treated as confounders.

Excess body fat is a major risk factor for endometrial cancer incidence, but its impact on recurrence and survival remains unclear. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to assess the association between excess body fat with recurrence, cancer-specific, and all-cause mortality among endometrial cancer survivors. We searched MEDLINE and EMBASE databases up to July 2021. Risk of bias was assessed with the Ottawa Newcastle Scale. Random effects models estimated pooled hazard ratios for the main associations between body mass index (BMI) and survival outcomes and stratified by endometrial cancer type. Potential heterogeneity and publication bias were evaluated with sensitivity analyses, funnel plots, and Egger's test. Forty-six studies were included, of which 45 estimated body fat with BMI and six used direct waist circumference measures or CT/MRI scans. Higher BMI (≥30 kg/m2 ) was associated with increased all-cause mortality (HR = 1.34, 95%CI = 1.12-1.59) and recurrence (HR = 1.28, 95%CI = 1.06-1.56). In sub-group analysis, associations between higher BMI and all-cause mortality were observed for both Types I and II survivors, while recurrence associations were only significant among Type I cases. Obesity at endometrial cancer diagnosis was associated with increased cancer recurrence and all-cause mortality among endometrial cancer survivors but not endometrial cancer-specific mortality.

The objective of this study is to analyze the effect of adjusting for body measures on the association between small for gestational age (SGA) and overweight at 3 years.Data were obtained from the Preterm Infant Multicenter Growth Study (n = 1089). Logistic regression was used, to adjust for confounders with additional adjustments separately for weight and height at 21 months. Marginal structural models (MSMs) estimated the direct effect of SGA on overweight.The crude and adjusted for confounders models yielded null associations between SGA and overweight. Adjusting for height yielded a positive association (odds ratio (OR): 2.31, 95% CI: 0.52-10.26) and adjusting for weight provided a significantly positive association (OR: 6.60, 95% CI: 1.10-37.14). The MSMs, with height and weight held constant, provided no evidence for a direct effect of SGA on overweight (OR: 0.83, 95% CI: 0.14-5.01, OR: 0.71, 95% CI: 0.18-2.81, respectively).Adjusting for body measures can change the association between SGA and overweight, providing spurious estimates.

Preterm infants are increasingly diagnosed as having "extrauterine growth restriction" (EUGR) or "postnatal growth failure" (PGF). Usually EUGR/PGF is diagnosed when weight is