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Focal cemento osseous dysplasia (FCOD) is a subgroup of benign fibro osseous lesions, which occur in a single site of tooth-bearing areas of jaws. It is usually asymptomatic and noticed accidentally through routine radiological exams. There is often no need for treatment of such lesions. This case was a 28-year-old male patient with a mixed radiolucentradiopaque lesion in posterior part of his mandible. Based on radiographic examination, cemento ossifying fibroma (COF) was the first differential diagnosis. After the surgical removal of the lesion, histopathologic evaluation was made and the case was diagnosed as FCOD. Fortunately, after a few months of operation, there was no complication and complete bone formation was occurred. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives Cementoblastoma is a rare benign odontogenic tumor which is linked to the root of a vital tooth. This tumor is usually accompanied by pain and swelling, and its most common site is the left mandibular first molar. General dentists' inattention to oral lesions, especially tooth-related radiopacities, is problematic in some cases and results in delayed or missed diagnosis. Case Our patient was a 31-year-old woman who presented to our clinic complaining of dull pain in the left mandibular first molar. Root canal therapy was performed for the patient but the pain continued for the next 2 years. The patient was referred to a surgeon. Panoramic radiography revealed a radiopaque mass of approximately 2 x 1 cm in diameter attached to the root of the mandibular left first molar. The lesion together with the involved tooth was removed by excisional biopsy. Histopathological diagnosis was cementoblastoma. Conclusion Dentists' knowledge of pulpal, periapical and periodontal lesions is usually satisfactory, but their inattention to oral lesions, especially tooth-related radiopaque lesions, is problematic in some cases. Pain from cementoblastoma may be mistaken for endodontic pain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Natural killer (NK) cells, of which CD56 is a specific marker, play an important role in host defense against tumors. Cancer stem cells, of which aldehyde dehydrogenase isoform 1 (ALDH1) is an immunohistochemical marker, are a group of tumorigenic cells which are involved in migration and tumor recurrences. We aimed to evaluate the expression of ALDH1 and CD56 in common salivary gland tumors, as well as their relationship with each other and with a number of clinicopathologic factors. Materials and Methods: Forty-five paraffin blocks of salivary gland tumors (pleomorphic adenoma, mucoepidermoid carcinoma and adenoid cystic carcinoma, 15 samples each) were selected. Malignant tumors were classified into two groups: low-grade (including mucoepidermoid carcinoma grade I) and high-grade (including mucoepidermoid carcinoma grade III and adenoid cystic carcinoma). Immunohistochemical staining for ALDH1 and CD56 markers was performed. Data were analyzed using SPSS (20) and the Chi-square test. Results: CD56 expression was significantly higher in benign and high-grade malignant tumors (P=0.01). ALDH1 overexpressed in all three salivary tumors, but not to statistically significant degree (P=0.54). There was no statistically significant correlation between ALDH1 and CD56 expression with demographic factors (age, gender, or location of tumor; P>0.05). Conclusion: It appears that the number of NK cells and their function change in different types of salivary gland tumors (benign/malignant) and stroma. NK cells are important components of the anti-tumor system; therefore immune dysfunction is associated with tumor progression in tumors of the salivary gland. ALDH1 overexpression suggests its role in tumorogenesis, but ALDH1 is not involved in the morphogenesis of salivary gland tumors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The ectopic ciliated cyst is a rare non-odontogenic cyst which occurs as a delayed complication after maxillary sinus radical surgery; this lesion emerges due to the destruction of the sinus mucosa during the surgery and entrapment of the respiratory epithelium in the region. This lesion has been observed in very rare cases following genioplasty and bimaxillary orthognathic surgery. Case Report: We reported a case of the ectopic ciliated cyst in in the mandible of a 37-year-old Iranian woman following genioplasty and Lefort 1 surgery after 2 years. Its treatment was enucleation. Conclusion: Long-term follow-up after cosmetic surgery of both jaws is recommended due to the probability of this cyst. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Today, electronic mass media such as television (TV), influence behavioral patterns of their audiences. This study aimed to evaluate what messages on food advertisements related to oral health were transmitted (appeals) and how they were transferred (performance methods & artistic techniques) in Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting (IRIB). Methods: In this cross sectional study, broadcasted advertisements on 4 important channels of Iran TV were recorded for a week from 8 am to 12 pm in 2012. The content and volume of food advertisements were investigated using a researcher-made check list. Advertisement group (food, non-food), food group (non-cariogenic, cariogenic), advertisement appeals (rational, emotional, and humor content), advertisement performance methods (hard-sell, soft-sell, presenting confirmation of Ministry of Health and Medical Education), and artistic technique were assessed. For variable comparison in groups a chi squared test and t-tests were used via SPSS software. Results: Frequency of food advertisements (14.9%) were less than non-food advertising. Noncariogenic food advertisements had higher frequency (12.09% (compared to cariogenic food (2.8%). Rational appeal in advertising of non-cariogenic food had the most frequency (64.9%). In contrast emotional appeal for cariogenic food was used more frequently (85.5%). For cariogenic foods, a soft-sell approach was used more frequently (95.5%). The most common artistic technique used in food advertising was music. Chemical and mechanical dental plaque control materials had a very low frequency (0.2%). Conclusions: Advertising of cariogenic foods in Iran TV has low frequency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and purpose: Since there is a few studies about the reasons of endodontic treatment in Iran, it is necessary to evaluate factors and patients informational rate in all geographic regions for prevention and suitable treatment. So we decide to evaluate the reasons of endodontic treatment in patients who referred to endodontic group. Materials and methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out on 1,150 cases of Department of Endodontic in Babol dental school for each case, information was collected in a questionnaire including clinical and radiographic and systemic status of patients. Data were analyzed by statistical methods. Results: Out of 1150, 858 cases were perfect which were analyzed. Of the 858 treated teeth, 328 (36.8%) were males and 530 (59.6%) were females. The reasons for endodontic treatment were carries (82.2%), retreatment (7.2%), endo for prostheses (5.6%), restorative reasons (2.1%), trauma (2.8%) and periodontal disease (0.1%). Endodontic treatment was done in first and second and third molars in 42.9%, 16.2%, and 2%. There are in radiographic view 60.6% normal appearance, 18.4% periapical radiolucency, 15.4% widening of PDL and 0% root fracture. Systemic disease was 14.4% in patients with root canal therapy (RCT). Pain with cold, warm and endo for crown was 51.5%, 28.7%, and 1.4%, respectively. Conclusion: The most common reason for attending to dental school was pain. The most common and uncommon reasons for RCT were dental carries and periodontal disease. The most common and uncommon teeth were first and third molar. Pain with cold and endo for crown were the most common and uncommon findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Oral mucosal epithelia of smokers and waterpipe users are more susceptible to malignant alterations. The aim of this study was morphometric evaluation of the effects of using waterpipe on normal oral mucosa. Materials and Methods: In a cross sectional study, cytologic smear samples from the following three different areas: buccal mucosa, lateral surface of the tongue, and floor of the mouth (right) were taken from 40 smokers, 40 waterpipe users, and 40 normal individuals. They were then stained using Papanicolaou staining technique. Quantitative cytologic alterations such as nuclear and cytoplasmic size, nuclear-cytoplasmic (N/C) ratio, Feret ratio (FR), percent of karriorhexis, vacuolization of cytoplasm, two or multilobed nuclei, inflammation, and candida were evaluated. Quantitative evaluation was performed using MoticPlus 2 software, and 50 cells in each slide were studied. Practitioners were matched with age and sex in three groups. Results: An increase in nuclear size, the N/C ratio, and F.R, while a decrease in cytoplasm size were observed in lateral surface of the tongue, buccal mucosa and floor of the mouth of smokers, waterpipe users and normal individuals, respectively (p⩽0.001). No statistically significant differences were observed in percent of karriorhexis, vacuolization of cytoplasm, and two or multilobed nuclei in oral mucosa of smokers, waterpipe users (p=0.8), and normal individuals (p=0.9) in buccal mucosa, tongue, and mouth floor areas. However, the percentage of inflammation and candida in smokers (p<0.001) and waterpipe users (p=0.002) were higher than normal .individuals Conclusion: Smoking and using waterpipe are effective in creating some quantitative cytometric alterations in oral mucosa; however, smoking shows greater effect in the cytometric alterations than using waterpipe. Role of cytology in screening and detection of oral mucosa malignancies in smokers and waterpipe users needs further studies [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Ameloblastoma is a benign epithelial odontogenic tumor that exhibits a more aggressive behavior than odontogenic keratocyst and follicular cyst. The purpose of this study was to determine and evaluate histomorphometric characteristics and blood vessels pattern adjacent to and far from odontogenic epithelium on the clinical behavior of the above odontogenic lesions with immunohistochemistry and morphometry method. Materials & Methods: In this descriptive-cross-sectional study, 45 paraffin blocks of mentioned lesions were selected and marked immunohistochemically with CD34. From three HPFs (High Power Fields) in each slide which had more density of blood vessels in adjacent to and far from odontogenic epithelium, photography was done by a camera joined to a microscope with 40 times magnification. Through the software Motic plus 2, the internal and external diameters, section surface and thickness were determined. Also the blood vessel pattern was determined in the mentioned lesions and was compared through ANOVA, t-test and Multiple Comparison Test. Results: The external and internal diameters and sectional surface in the regions far from the odontogenic ephithelium in ameloblastoma was greater than keratocyst (P<0.001) and dentigerous cysts (P=0.001) but there was no significant statistical differences seen in the thickness of blood vessels in the regions far from the odontogenic ephithelium in three lesions (P=0.05). Significant statistical difference was not seen in external (P=0.8) and internal (P=0.8) diameters, sectional (P=0.6) surface and blood vessels thickness in the adjacent regions of odontogeni ephithelium in these three lesions. The pattern of blood vessels in ameloblastoma was circumferential and in the keratocyst and follicular cyst, it was directional. Conclusion: It seems that morphometric characteristics of blood vessels (internal and external diameters, sectional surface) in areas far from odontogenic ephithelium and the type of blood vessels pattern affects clinical aggressive behavior of ameloblastoma more than keratocyst and follicular cyst. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Radicular cystsand periapical granulomas are the most common periapical inflammatory lesions. However, the role of cellular immunity and microvessels in their pathogenesis remains unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate the mast cell density (MCD), mircovessel density (MVD) and investigating the correlation between their densities with each other in the above mentioned lesions. Materials & Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 40 paraffin blocks of mentioned lesions were selected from achieves of School of Dentistry, Babol University of Medical Sciences. Three sections were prepared from each block and stained by hematoxylin-eosin, toluidine blue, and immunohistochemically for CD34 to determine the score of inflammation, presence of mast cells and degranulatedmast cells (DMCs), and MVD, respectively. The correlation between MCD and either inflammatory infiltrate or MVD was evaluated. Data analyzed by t student, Mann-Whitney and Spearman test. Results: Mast cells were present in all periapical inflammatory lesions; 15.4±14.8 for MCD, 7.2±6.1 for DMCs, and the ratio of DMCs to total number of MCs was 0.354±0.166 and 14.8+4.44 for blood vessel density in radicular cyst and 8.52±6.75, 2.91±2.1, 0.196±0.194 and 13±8.02 in periapical granulomas, respectively. There was a positive correlation between MCD and MVD in radicular cyst (P=0.03, r=0.341), but not in periapical granulomas (P=0.6, r=0.124). MCD and MVD increased with the score of inflammation in radicular cyst (P=0.001, r=0.7) and periapical granuloma (P=0.012, r=0.54). Conclusion: Mast cells and microvessels play a role in pathogenesis of periapical inflammatory lesions. In this study, the density of mast cells and DMCs in radicular cyst was higher than periapical granulomas, but no difference was observed regarding MVD in periapical inflammatory lesions. It seems that the relationship between MCD and MVD is different based on the clinical stage of periapical inflammatory lesions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Natural killer (NK) cells, of which CD 56 is a specific marker, play an important role in host defense against tumors. Cancer stem cells, of which aldehyde dehydrogenase isoform 1 (ALDH 1 ) is an immunohistochemical marker, are a group of tumorigenic cells which are involved in migration and tumor recurrences. We aimed to evaluate the expression of ALDH 1 and CD 56 in common salivary gland tumors, as well as their relationship with each other and with a number of clinicopathologic factors., Materials and Methods: Forty-five paraffin blocks of salivary gland tumors (pleomorphic adenoma, mucoepidermoid carcinoma and adenoid cystic carcinoma, 15 samples each) were selected. Malignant tumors were classified into two groups: low-grade (including mucoepidermoid carcinoma grade I) and high-grade (including mucoepidermoid carcinoma grade III and adenoid cystic carcinoma). Immunohistochemical staining for ALDH 1 and CD 56 markers was performed. Data were analyzed using SPSS (20) and the Chi-square test., Results: CD 56 expression was significantly higher in benign and high-grade malignant tumors (P=0.01). ALDH 1 overexpressed in all three salivary tumors, but not to statistically significant degree (P=0.54). There was no statistically significant correlation between ALDH 1 and CD 56 expression with demographic factors (age, gender, or location of tumor; P>0.05)., Conclusion: It appears that the number of NK cells and their function change in different types of salivary gland tumors (benign/malignant) and stroma. NK cells are important components of the anti-tumor system; therefore immune dysfunction is associated with tumor progression in tumors of the salivary gland. ALDH 1 overexpression suggests its role in tumorogenesis, but ALDH 1 is not involved in the morphogenesis of salivary gland tumors.

Objective: Oral mucosal epithelia of smokers and waterpipe users are more susceptible to malignant alterations. The aim of this study was morphometric evaluation of the effects of using waterpipe on normal oral mucosa., Materials and Methods: IN A CROSS SECTIONAL STUDY, CYTOLOGIC SMEAR SAMPLES FROM THE FOLLOWING THREE DIFFERENT AREAS: buccal mucosa, lateral surface of the tongue, and floor of the mouth (right) were taken from 40 smokers, 40 waterpipe users, and 40 normal individuals. They were then stained using Papanicolaou staining technique. Quantitative cytologic alterations such as nuclear and cytoplasmic size, nuclear-cytoplasmic (N/C) ratio, Feret ratio (FR), percent of karriorhexis, vacuolization of cytoplasm, two or multilobed nuclei, inflammation, and candida were evaluated. Quantitative evaluation was performed using MoticPlus 2 software, and 50 cells in each slide were studied. Practitioners were matched with age and sex in three groups., Results: An increase in nuclear size, the N/C ratio, and F.R, while a decrease in cytoplasm size were observed in lateral surface of the tongue, buccal mucosa and floor of the mouth of smokers, waterpipe users and normal individuals, respectively (p≤0.001). No statistically significant differences were observed in percent of karriorhexis, vacuolization of cytoplasm, and two or multilobed nuclei in oral mucosa of smokers, waterpipe users (p=0.8), and normal individuals (p=0.9) in buccal mucosa, tongue, and mouth floor areas. However, the percentage of inflammation and candida in smokers (p<0.001) and waterpipe users (p=0.002) were higher than normal individuals., Conclusion: Smoking and using waterpipe are effective in creating some quantitative cytometric alterations in oral mucosa; however, smoking shows greater effect in the cytometric alterations than using waterpipe. Role of cytology in screening and detection of oral mucosa malignancies in smokers and waterpipe users needs further studies.

Purpose: The role of the HER family in oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs) is not well-defined. This study was aimed to assess the frequency of HER2/neu overexpression in oral carcinogenesis., Materials and Methods: Expression of HER2/neu oncoprotein in OSCCs (N= 18), oral epithelial dysplasia (N= 18) and normal oral mucosa (N= 18) was assessed by immunohistochemistry using a cerbB2 antibody kit., Results: HER2/neu was almost undetectable in normal oral mucosa and only 1/18 (0/05) of cases was positive. In oral epithelial dysplasia, 2/18 (11.1%) demonstrated staining, as did 3/18 OSCCs. Membrane staining was observed in all cases and there was no significant variation in frequency/intensity between normal oral mucosa / oral epithelial dysplasia and OSCCs (p>0.05)., Conclusions: Aberrant expression of HER2/neu apparently does not contribute to carcinogenesis in the oral epithelium. The lack of overexpression in OSCCs indicates that molecular targeting is not feasible for adjuvant treatment.