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2. Genome-Wide Analysis of Copy Number Variants in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: The Role of Rare Variants and Duplications at 15q13.3

Author

Williams, Nigel M, Franke, Barbara, Mick, Eric, Anney, Richard JL, Freitag, Christine M, Gill, Michael, Thapar, Anita, O'Donovan, Michael C, Owen, Michael J, Holmans, Peter, Kent, Lindsey, Middleton, Frank, Zhang-James, Yanli, Liu, Lu, Meyer, Jobst, Nguyen, Thuy Trang, Romanos, Jasmin, Romanos, Marcel, Seitz, Christiane, Renner, Tobias J, Walitza, Susanne, Warnke, Andreas, Palmason, Haukur, Buitelaar, Jan, Rommelse, Nanda, Vasquez, Alejandro Arias, Hawi, Ziarih, Langley, Kate, Sergeant, Joseph, Steinhausen, Hans-Christoph, Roeyers, Herbert, Biederman, Joseph, Zaharieva, Irina, Hakonarson, Hakon, Elia, Josephine, Lionel, Anath C, Crosbie, Jennifer, Marshall, Christian R, Schachar, Russell, Scherer, Stephen W, Todorov, Alexandre, Smalley, Susan L, Loo, Sandra, Nelson, Stanley, Shtir, Corina, Asherson, Philip, Reif, Andreas, Lesch, Klaus-Peter, and Faraone, Stephen V

Subjects
Human Genome, Clinical Research, Mental Health, Genetics, Pediatric, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Brain Disorders, Serious Mental Illness, 2.1 Biological and endogenous factors, Aetiology, Adolescent, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Canada, Causality, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Gene Dosage, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Genome-Wide Association Study, Humans, In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence, Inheritance Patterns, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Receptors, Nicotinic, Segmental Duplications, Genomic, United Kingdom, United States, alpha7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor, Medical and Health Sciences, Psychology and Cognitive Sciences, Psychiatry
Abstract

ObjectiveAttention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common, highly heritable psychiatric disorder. Because of its multifactorial etiology, however, identifying the genes involved has been difficult. The authors followed up on recent findings suggesting that rare copy number variants (CNVs) may be important for ADHD etiology.MethodThe authors performed a genome-wide analysis of large, rare CNVs (100 kb in size, which segregated into 912 independent loci. Overall, the rate of rare CNVs >100 kb was 1.15 times higher in ADHD case subjects relative to comparison subjects, with duplications spanning known genes showing a 1.2-fold enrichment. In accordance with a previous study, rare CNVs >500 kb showed the greatest enrichment (1.28-fold). CNVs identified in ADHD case subjects were significantly enriched for loci implicated in autism and in schizophrenia. Duplications spanning the CHRNA7 gene at chromosome 15q13.3 were associated with ADHD in single-locus analysis. This finding was consistently replicated in an additional 2,242 ADHD case subjects and 8,552 comparison subjects from four independent cohorts from the United Kingdom, the United States, and Canada. Presence of the duplication at 15q13.3 appeared to be associated with comorbid conduct disorder.ConclusionsThese findings support the enrichment of large, rare CNVs in ADHD and implicate duplications at 15q13.3 as a novel risk factor for ADHD. With a frequency of 0.6% in the populations investigated and a relatively large effect size (odds ratio=2.22, 95% confidence interval=1.5–3.6), this locus could be an important contributor to ADHD etiology.

Published
2012

5. Konditionierte Entwicklung? Politische Flexibilitat japanischer Entwicklungshilfe

Author

Seitz, Christiane

Abstract

Japans regionale Rolle in Asien ist entscheidend durch seine Entwicklungshilfe mit seinen asiatischen Partnerlandem geprägt. Die wirtschaftliche Bedeutung Japans in der Region wird zwar schon allein dadurch deutlich, dass 70% des Bruttosozialproduktes (BSP) der Region von Japan erwirtschaftet werden. Zudem ist Japan aber fur die Lander Asiens der größte Entwicklungshilfegeber. 1996, also noch vor Ausbruch der asiatischen Wahrungs- und Finanzkrise, flossen 49,6% der japanischen Entwicklungshilfe in asiatische Länder. Nach dem Beginn der Asienkrise wurden bis September 1998 Zahlungen in Höhe von 42 Milliarden US-Dollar geleistet, die nicht als Entwicklungshilfe, sondem als einmalige Zahlungen bezeichnet wurden. Die finanziellen Zuschüsse, die Japan an die Region leistet, unterstreichen seine Rolle bei deren wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung., ASIEN: The German Journal on Contemporary Asia, Nr. 79 (2001): ASIEN (April)

Published
2020
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10. Identification of regulatory variants associated with genetic susceptibility to meningococcal disease

Author

Borghini, Lisa, Png, Eileen, Binder, Alexander, Wright, Victoria J, Pinnock, Ellie, de Groot, Ronald, Hazelzet, Jan, Emonts, Marieke, Van der Flier, Michiel, Schlapbach, Luregn J, Anderson, Suzanne, Secka, Fatou, Salas, Antonio, Fink, Colin, Carrol, Enitan D, Pollard, Andrew J, Coin, Lachlan J, Kuijpers, Taco W, Martinon-Torres, Federico, Zenz, Werner, Levin, Michael, Hibberd, Martin L, Davila, Sonia, Gormley, Stuart, Hamilton, Shea, Herberg, Jethro, Hourmat, Bernardo, Hoggart, Clive, Kaforou, Myrsini, Sancho-Shimizu, Vanessa, Abdulla, Amina, Agapow, Paul, Bartlett, Maeve, Bellos, Evangelos, Eleftherohorinou, Hariklia, Galassini, Rachel, Inwald, David, Mashbat, Meg, Menikou, Stefanie, Mustafa, Sobia, Nadel, Simon, Rahman, Rahmeen, Thakker, Clare, Bokhandi, S, Power, Sue, Barham, Heather, Pathan, N, Ridout, Jenna, White, Deborah, Thurston, Sarah, Faust, S, Patel, S, McCorkell, Jenni, Davies, P, Cratev, Lindsey, Navarra, Helen, Carter, Stephanie, Ramaiah, R, Patel, Rekha, Tuffrey, Catherine, Gribbin, Andrew, McCready, Sharon, Peters, Mark, Hardy, Katie, Standing, Fran, O'Neill, Lauren, Abelake, Eugenia, Deep, Akash, Nsirim, Eniola, Willis, Louise, Young, Zoe, Royad, C, White, Sonia, Fortune, PM, Hudnott, Phil, Alvez Gonzalez, Fernando, Barral-Arca, Ruth, Cebey-Lopez, Miriam, Jose Curras-Tuala, Maria, Garcia, Natalia, Garcia Vicente, Luisa, Gomez-Carballa, Alberto, Gomez Rial, Jose, Grela Beiroa, Andrea, Justicia Grande, Antonio, Leborans Iglesias, Pilar, Martinez Santos, Alba Elena, Martinon-Torres, Nazareth, Martinon Sanchez, Jose Maria, Mosquera Perez, Belen, Obando Pacheco, Pablo, Pardo-Seco, Jacobo, Pischedda, Sara, Rivero Calle, Irene, Rodriguez-Tenreiro, Carmen, Redondo-Collazo, Lorenzo, Seren Fernandez, Sonia, Porto Silva, Maria del Sol, Vega, Ana, Beatriz Reyes, Susana, Leon Leon, Maria Cruz, Navarro Mingorance, Alvaro, Gabaldo Barrios, Xavier, Onate Vergara, Eider, Concha Torre, Andres, Vivanco, Ana, Fernandez, Reyes, Gimenez Sanchez, Francisco, Sanchez Forte, Miguel, Rojo, Pablo, Ruiz Contreras, J, Palacios, Alba, Navarro, Marisa, Alvarez Alvarez, Cristina, Jose Lozano, Maria, Carreras, Eduardo, Brio Sanagustin, Sonia, Neth, Olaf, Martinez Padilla, Ma del Carmen, Prieto Tato, Luis Manuel, Guillen, Sara, Fernandez Silveira, Laura, Moreno, David, van Furth, AM Tutu, van der Flier, M, Boeddha, NP, Driessen, GJA, Pajkrt, D, Sanders, EAM, van de Beek, D, van der Ende, A, Philipsen, HLA, Adeel, AOA, Breukels, MA, Brinkman, DMC, de Korte, CCMM, de Vries, E, de Waal, WJ, Dekkers, R, Dings-Lammertink, A, Doedens, RA, Donker, AE, Dousma, M, Faber, TE, Gerrits, GPJM, Gerver, JAM, Heidema, J, Homan-van der Veen, J, Jacobs, MAM, Jansen, NJG, Kawczynski, P, Klucovska, K, Kneyber, MCJ, Koopman-Keemink, Y, Langenhorst, VJ, Leusink, J, Loza, BF, Merth, IT, Miedema, CJ, Neeleman, C, Noordzij, JG, Obihara, CC, van Overbeek-van Gils, ALT, Poortman, GH, Potgieter, ST, Potjewijd, J, Rosias, PPR, Sprong, T, ten Tussher, GW, Thio, BJ, Tramper-Stranders, GA, van Deuren, M, van der Meer, H, van Kuppevelt, AJM, van Wermeskerken, AM, Verwijs, WA, Wolfs, TFW, Agyeman, Philipp, Aebi, Christoph, Berger, Christoph, Giannoni, Eric, Stocker, Martin, Posfay-Barbe, Klara M, Heininger, Ulrich, Bernhard-Stirnemann, Sara, Niederer-Loher, Anita, Kahlert, Christian, Hasters, Paul, Relly, Christa, Baer, Walter, Paulus, Stephane, Frederick, Hannah, Jennings, Rebecca, Johnston, Joanne, Kenwright, Rhian, Agbeko, Rachel, Bojang, Kalifa, Sarr, Isatou, Kebbeh, Ngane, Sey, Gibbi, Saidykhan, Momodou, Cole, Fatoumatta, Thomas, Gilleh, Antonio, Martin, Walcher, Wolfgang, Geishofer, Gotho, Klobassa, Daniela, Martin, Mueller, Pfurtscheller, Klaus, Reiter, Karl, Roedl, Siegfried, Zobel, Gerfried, Zoehrer, Bettina, Toepke, Baerbel, Fucik, Peter, Gabriel, Markwart, Penzien, Johann M, Diab, Gedeon, Miething, Robert, Deeg, KH, Hammer, Jurg, Varnholt, Verena, Schmidt, Andreas, Bindl, Lutz, Sillaber, Ursula, Huemer, Christian, Meier, Primrose, Simic-Schleicher, G, Markart, Markus, Pfau, Eberhard, Broede, Hans, Ausserer, Bernd, Kalhoff, Hermann, Arpe, Volker, Schweitzer-Krantz, Susanne, Kasper, Johannes-Martin, Loranth, Kathrin, Bittrich, Hans J, Simma, Burkhard, Klinge, Jens, Fedlmaier, Michael, Weigand, Nicola, Herting, Egbert, Grube, Regina, Fusch, Christoph, Gruber, Alois, Schimmel, Ulf, Knaufer-Schiefer, Suzanne, Laessig, Wolfgang, Hennenberger, Axel, von der Wense, Axel, Tillmann, Roland, Schwarick, Juergen, Sitzmann, Friedrich C, Streif, Werner, Mueller, Herbert, Kurnik, Peter, Groneck, Peter, Weiss, Ute, Groeblacher-Roth, Helene, Bensch, Juergen, Moser, Reinhard, Schwarz, Rudolf, Lenz, Kurt, Hofmann, Thomas, Goepel, Wolfgang, Schulz, Dietrich, Berger, Thomas, Hauser, Erwin, Foerster, Kai Martin, Peters, Jochen, Nicolai, T Homas, Kumlien, Bjoern, Beckmann, Regina, Seitz, Christiane, Hueseman, D, Schuermann, Roland, Ta, Van Hop, Weikmann, Eckart, Evert, W, Hautz, Juergen, Seidenberg, Juergen, Wocko, Lucia, Luigs, Petra, Reiter, Hans-Ludwig, Quietzach, J, Koenig, Michael, Herrmann, Johanna, Mitter, Horst, Seidler, Ekkehard, Maak, Bernhard, Sperl, Wolfgang, Zwiauer, Karl, Meissl, Manfred, Koch, Reinhard, Cremer, Manfred, Breuer, HA, Goerke, W, Nossal, Robert, Pernice, Walter, Brangenberg, Ralf, Salzer, Hans R, Koch, Hartmut, Schaller, Gerhard, Paky, Franz, Strasser, Friedrich, Eitelberger, Franz, Sontheimer, D, Lischka, Andreas, Kronberger, Martina, Dilch, Alfred, Scheibenpflug, Christian, Bruckner, Robert, Mahler, Klaus, Runge, Klaus, Kunze, Wolfgang, Schermann, Peter, Consortium, EUCLIDS, European Commission, Meningitis Research Foundation, National Institute for Health Research (UK), Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Xunta de Galicia, Wyeth Farma, Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela, Novartis, Swiss National Science Foundation, Swiss Society of Intensive Care Medicine, Gottfried und Julia Bangerter-Rhyner-Stiftung, Vinetum and Borer Foundation, Foundation for the Health of Children and Adolescents, Austrian National Bank, University of Zurich, Borghini, Lisa, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Departamento de Ciencias Forenses, Anatomía Patolóxica, Xinecoloxía e Obstetricia, e Pediatría, Png, Eileen [0000-0001-5586-6395], Wright, Victoria J [0000-0001-7826-1516], Schlapbach, Luregn J [0000-0003-2281-2598], Salas, Antonio [0000-0002-2336-702X], Martinon-Torres, Federico [0000-0002-9023-581X], Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository, ARD - Amsterdam Reproduction and Development, AII - Infectious diseases, Paediatric Infectious Diseases / Rheumatology / Immunology, Neurology, ANS - Neuroinfection & -inflammation, Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Pediatrics, Public Health, Posfay Barbe, Klara, Critical care, Anesthesiology, Peri-operative and Emergency medicine (CAPE), APH - Aging & Later Life, Amsterdam Reproduction & Development (AR&D), and Pediatric surgery

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Candidate gene, Hypopharyngeal Neoplasms / microbiology, Meningococcal Infections / microbiology, Vascular damage Radboud Institute for Health Sciences [Radboudumc 16], MathematicsofComputing_GENERAL, lnfectious Diseases and Global Health Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences [Radboudumc 4], lcsh:Medicine, Neisseria meningitidis, Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid, Cohort Studies, 0302 clinical medicine, ComputingMethodologies_SYMBOLICANDALGEBRAICMANIPULATION, Hypopharyngeal Neoplasms / pathology, BINDING, Tumor Cells, Cultured, lcsh:Science, Genetics, Multidisciplinary, ddc:618, Cultured, TheoryofComputation_GENERAL, High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing, Genomics, Phenotype, 3. Good health, ddc, Tumor Cells, Multidisciplinary Sciences, GENOME, Science & Technology - Other Topics, Neisseria meningitidis / isolation & purification, Single-nucleotide polymorphism, 610 Medicine & health, KAPPA-B, Biology, Hypopharyngeal Neoplasms / genetics, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Article, Meningococcal Infections / epidemiology, 03 medical and health sciences, SEQUENCE VARIATION, Genetic predisposition, Journal Article, Humans, Meningitis, Meningococcal Infections / genetics, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Nucleic Acid, Polymorphism, General, Gene, Genotyping, Neisseria meningitidis / genetics, Genetic Association Studies, Genetic association, Genetic association study, 1000 Multidisciplinary, Science & Technology, Hypopharyngeal Neoplasms, genetic variants, meningococcal disease, lcsh:R, Single Nucleotide, EUCLIDS consortium, Gene regulation, Meningococcal Infections, 030104 developmental biology, 10036 Medical Clinic, Case-Control Studies, lcsh:Q, Software_PROGRAMMINGLANGUAGES, Regulatory Sequences, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract

EUCLIDS consortium., Non-coding genetic variants play an important role in driving susceptibility to complex diseases but their characterization remains challenging. Here, we employed a novel approach to interrogate the genetic risk of such polymorphisms in a more systematic way by targeting specific regulatory regions relevant for the phenotype studied. We applied this method to meningococcal disease susceptibility, using the DNA binding pattern of RELA – a NF-kB subunit, master regulator of the response to infection – under bacterial stimuli in nasopharyngeal epithelial cells. We designed a custom panel to cover these RELA binding sites and used it for targeted sequencing in cases and controls. Variant calling and association analysis were performed followed by validation of candidate polymorphisms by genotyping in three independent cohorts. We identified two new polymorphisms, rs4823231 and rs11913168, showing signs of association with meningococcal disease susceptibility. In addition, using our genomic data as well as publicly available resources, we found evidences for these SNPs to have potential regulatory effects on ATXN10 and LIF genes respectively. The variants and related candidate genes are relevant for infectious diseases and may have important contribution for meningococcal disease pathology. Finally, we described a novel genetic association approach that could be applied to other phenotypes., This work has been partially funded by the European Seventh Framework Programme for Research and Technological Development (FP7) under EUCLIDS Grant Agreement No. 279185. The UK meningococcal cohort was established with support from Meningitis Research Foundation through grants to Imperial College London. The Research from Newcastle partners was supported by the National Institute for Health Research Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre based at Newcastle Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and Newcastle University. The views expressed are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the NHS, the NIHR or the Department of Health. The ESIGEM Research group activities were supported by grants from Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Proyecto de Investigación en Salud, Acción Estratégica en Salud: proyecto GePEM PI16/01478) (A.S.); Consellería de Sanidade, Xunta de Galicia (RHI07/2-intensificación actividad investigadora, PS09749 and 10PXIB918184PR), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Intensificación de la actividad investigadora 2007–2016), Convenio de colaboración de investigación (Wyeth España-Fundación IDICHUS 2007–2011), Convenio de colaboración de investigación (Novartis España-Fundación IDICHUS 2010–2011), Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria (FIS; PI070069/PI1000540) del plan nacional de I + D + I and ‘fondos FEDER’ (F.M.T.). The Swiss Pediatric Sepsis study was funded by grants from the Swiss National Science Foundation (342730_153158/1), the Swiss Society of Intensive Care, the Bangerter Foundation, the Vinetum and Borer Foundation, and the Foundation for the Health of Children and Adolescents. The Western Europe Meningococcal Study was supported by grants no 8842, 10112 and 12710 of the Oesterreichische Nationalbank (Austria), grants A3-16.K-8/2008-11 and A3-16.K-8/2006–9 of the Department for Science and Research of the Styrian federal government (Austria) and the non for profit association ‘In Vita’, Graz (Austria).

Published
2019

14. Genome-wide copy number variation study associates metabotropic glutamate receptor gene networks with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Author

Elia, Josephine, primary, Glessner, Joseph T, additional, Wang, Kai, additional, Takahashi, Nagahide, additional, Shtir, Corina J, additional, Hadley, Dexter, additional, Sleiman, Patrick M A, additional, Zhang, Haitao, additional, Kim, Cecilia E, additional, Robison, Reid, additional, Lyon, Gholson J, additional, Flory, James H, additional, Bradfield, Jonathan P, additional, Imielinski, Marcin, additional, Hou, Cuiping, additional, Frackelton, Edward C, additional, Chiavacci, Rosetta M, additional, Sakurai, Takeshi, additional, Rabin, Cara, additional, Middleton, Frank A, additional, Thomas, Kelly A, additional, Garris, Maria, additional, Mentch, Frank, additional, Freitag, Christine M, additional, Steinhausen, Hans-Christoph, additional, Todorov, Alexandre A, additional, Reif, Andreas, additional, Rothenberger, Aribert, additional, Franke, Barbara, additional, Mick, Eric O, additional, Roeyers, Herbert, additional, Buitelaar, Jan, additional, Lesch, Klaus-Peter, additional, Banaschewski, Tobias, additional, Ebstein, Richard P, additional, Mulas, Fernando, additional, Oades, Robert D, additional, Sergeant, Joseph, additional, Sonuga-Barke, Edmund, additional, Renner, Tobias J, additional, Romanos, Marcel, additional, Romanos, Jasmin, additional, Warnke, Andreas, additional, Walitza, Susanne, additional, Meyer, Jobst, additional, Pálmason, Haukur, additional, Seitz, Christiane, additional, Loo, Sandra K, additional, Smalley, Susan L, additional, Biederman, Joseph, additional, Kent, Lindsey, additional, Asherson, Philip, additional, Anney, Richard J L, additional, Gaynor, J William, additional, Shaw, Philip, additional, Devoto, Marcella, additional, White, Peter S, additional, Grant, Struan F A, additional, Buxbaum, Joseph D, additional, Rapoport, Judith L, additional, Williams, Nigel M, additional, Nelson, Stanley F, additional, Faraone, Stephen V, additional, and Hakonarson, Hakon, additional

Published
2011
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21. Genome-Wide Analysis of Copy Number Variants in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: The Role of Rare Variants and Duplications at 15q13.3

Author

Williams, Nigel M., Franke, Barbara, Mick, Eric, Anney, Richard J.L., Freitag, Christine M., Gill, Michael, Thapar, Anita, O'Donovan, Michael C., Owen, Michael J., Holmans, Peter, Kent, Lindsey, Middleton, Frank, Zhang-James, Yanli, Liu, Lu, Meyer, Jobst, Nguyen, Thuy Trang, Romanos, Jasmin, Romanos, Marcel, Seitz, Christiane, Renner, Tobias J., Walitza, Susanne, Warnke, Andreas, Palmason, Haukur, Buitelaar, Jan, Rommelse, Nanda, Vasquez, Alejandro Arias, Hawi, Ziarih, Langley, Kate, Sergeant, Joseph, Steinhausen, Hans-Christoph, Roeyers, Herbert, Biederman, Joseph, Zaharieva, Irina, Hakonarson, Hakon, Elia, Josephine, Lionel, Anath C., Crosbie, Jennifer, Marshall, Christian R., Schachar, Russell, Scherer, Stephen W., Todorov, Alexandre, Smalley, Susan L., Loo, Sandra, Nelson, Stanley, Shtir, Corina, Asherson, Philip, Reif, Andreas, Lesch, Klaus-Peter, and Faraone, Stephen V.

Abstract

Objective: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common, highly heritable psychiatric disorder. Because of its multifactorial etiology, however, identifying the genes involved has been difficult. The authors followed up on recent findings suggesting that rare copy number variants (CNVs) may be important for ADHD etiology. Method: The authors performed a genome-wide analysis of large, rare CNVs (<1% population frequency) in children with ADHD (N=896) and comparison subjects (N=2,455) from the IMAGE II Consortium. Results: The authors observed 1,562 individually rare CNVs >100 kb in size, which segregated into 912 independent loci. Overall, the rate of rare CNVs >100 kb was 1.15 times higher in ADHD case subjects relative to comparison subjects, with duplications spanning known genes showing a 1.2-fold enrichment. In accordance with a previous study, rare CNVs >500 kb showed the greatest enrichment (1.28-fold). CNVs identified in ADHD case subjects were significantly enriched for loci implicated in autism and in schizophrenia. Duplications spanning the CHRNA7 gene at chromosome 15q13.3 were associated with ADHD in single-locus analysis. This finding was consistently replicated in an additional 2,242 ADHD case subjects and 8,552 comparison subjects from four independent cohorts from the United Kingdom, the United States, and Canada. Presence of the duplication at 15q13.3 appeared to be associated with comorbid conduct disorder. Conclusions: These findings support the enrichment of large, rare CNVs in ADHD and implicate duplications at 15q13.3 as a novel risk factor for ADHD. With a frequency of 0.6% in the populations investigated and a relatively large effect size (odds ratio=2.22, 95% confidence interval=1.5–3.6), this locus could be an important contributor to ADHD etiology.

Published
2013
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