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This article discusses the development of a vaccine for Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli O1 (APEC O1), a bacteria that causes economic losses in the poultry industry and can also infect humans. The researchers synthesized pentasaccharide repeating units of the O1A, O1B, and O1C antigens derived from E. coli O1 and tested their immunological properties. They found that the O1A-pentasaccharide structure showed strong binding with antibodies and has potential as a vaccine candidate. Further research is being conducted to develop a glycoconjugate vaccine using the O1A-pentasaccharide structure. [Extracted from the article]

Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) is a common bacterial pathogen infecting chickens, resulting in economic losses to the poultry industry worldwide. In particular, APEC O1, one of the most common serotypes of APEC, is considered problematic due to its zoonotic potential. Therefore, many attempts have been made to develop an effective vaccine against APEC O1. In fact, the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) O‐antigen of APEC O1 has been shown to be a potent antigen for inducing specific protective immune responses. However, the detailed structure of the O‐antigen of APEC O1 is not clear. The present study demonstrates the first synthesis of a pentasaccharide repeating unit of LPS derived from virulent E. coli O1 and its conjugate with BSA. ELISA tests using the semi‐synthetic glycoconjugate and the APEC O1 immune chicken serum revealed that the pentasaccharide is a glycotope candidate of APEC O1, with great potential as an antigen for vaccine development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 2013 Bundestag elections took place at a time when public opinion was strongly focused on a wide range of economic issues. But, given the coalition government and the complex array of policymakers whose hands were on the wheels of the German economy, some economic voting models would predict that the economy would play little role in deciding these elections. In this article, we use a mixture of aggregate and survey data to test what a range of different economic voting models predicted about the 2013 Bundestag elections and the extent to which these predictions were supported. The results from this exercise provide insights not only about the nature of the 2013 elections, but also about the applicability and adaptability of economic voting models to different political and economic circumstances. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Innenrücktitelbild: Synthesis of a Pentasaccharide Repeating Unit of Lipopolysaccharide Derived from Virulent E. coli O1 and Identification of a Glycotope Candidate of Avian Pathogenic E. coli O1 (Angew. Keywords: avian pathogenic Escherichia coli; boron-mediated aglycon delivery; glycoconjugate; glycotope; -rhamnoside EN avian pathogenic Escherichia coli boron-mediated aglycon delivery glycoconjugate glycotope -rhamnoside 2195 2195 1 01/20/21 20210125 NES 210125 B Die Identifizierung des Glykotops b des aviären pathogenen I E. coli i (APEC) O1 ist wichtig für die Entwicklung einer neuen Generation von verbesserten und sicheren Impfstoffen. Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli, boron-mediated aglycon delivery, glycoconjugate, glycotope, -rhamnoside. [Extracted from the article]

Background: Developed as a biological response modifier (BRM), lentinan mitigates patients' symptoms by boosting the immune system. In combination with S-1 (tegafur, gimeracil, oteracil), lentinan is reported to mitigate adverse reactions to therapy for unresectable recurrent gastric cancer and prolong survival. However, there are few reports from actual clinical practice, and precise methods of using lentinan have not yet been established. This study retrospectively examined the usefulness of lentinan in patients., Patients and Methods: The subjects of this study were 39 patients who were diagnosed with unresectable gastric cancer, based on preoperative examinations or findings at laparotomy in our Department. These patients underwent S-1/paclitaxel therapy. Nineteen of the patients received lentinan while 20 did not, and these two groups of patients were compared., Results: There were no significant differences in patients' characteristics such as the male:female ratio, age at the start of chemotherapy, and staging classification of the 19 patients receiving lentinan and the 20 patients not receiving lentinan. Comparison of the two groups revealed no significant differences in overall survival time, but comparison of the duration of therapy revealed that therapy tended to be longer for the group taking lentinan than the group not taking lentinan. Adverse events were noted in 61.5% (24 patients) of the total patients group; such events tended to occur less frequently in the group receiving lentinan., Conclusion: Lentinan inclusion in therapy did not seem to prolong survival. Nevertheless, the duration of therapy tended to be longer for patients taking lentinan. This may be due to the fact that adverse events tended to occur less frequently in these patients during therapy. A decline in the incidence of adverse events increases the duration of therapy and improves the patients' quality of life (QOL); it may also prolong survival. Optimal methods of using lentinan need to be established.