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BackgroundHIV testing rates among South African men lag behind rates for women and national targets. Community-based HIV self-screening (HIVSS) distribution and follow-up by community health workers (CHWs) is a scalable option to increase testing coverage, diagnosis, and treatment initiation. We provided HIVSS and assisted linkage to care to men not recently tested (within the past 12 months) residing in high-HIV-burden areas of Johannesburg.MethodsCHWs distributed HIVSS in 6 clinic catchment areas. Follow-up to encourage confirmatory testing and antiretroviral therapy initiation was conducted through personal support (PS) or an automated short message service (SMS) follow-up and linkage system in 3 clinic areas each. Using a quasi-experimental pre-post design, we compared differences in the proportion of men testing in the clinic catchment areas during the HIVSS campaign (June-August 2019) to the 3 months prior (March-May 2019) and compared treatment initiations by assisted linkage strategy.ResultsAmong 4793 participants accepting HIVSS, 62% had never tested. Among 3993 participants with follow-up data, 90.6% reported using their HIVSS kit. Testing coverage among men increased by 156%, from under 4% when only clinic-based HIV testing services were available to 9.5% when HIVSS and HIV testing services were available (z = -11.6; P < 0.01). Reported test use was higher for men followed through PS (99% vs. 68% in SMS); however, significantly more men reported reactive self-test results in the SMS group compared with PS (6.4% vs. 2.0%), resulting in more antiretroviral therapy initiations in the SMS group compared with PS (23 vs. 9; P < 0.01).ConclusionsCHW HIVSS distribution significantly increases testing among men. While PS enabled personalized follow-up, reporting differences indicate SMS is more acceptable and better aligned with expectations of privacy associated with HIVSS.

BACKGROUND: Cost-effectiveness analysis of HIV self-testing using patient-level data from a randomized clinical trial can inform HIV prevention funding decisions. Cost-effectiveness analysis using net-benefit regression addresses the sampling uncertainty in the trial data and the variability of policymakers willingness to pay (WTP). METHODS: We used published data from a 12-month longitudinal randomized clinical trial that enrolled 2665 men who had sex with men randomly assigned to the self-testing arm (participants receiving self-test kits) and control arm (participants receiving standard-of-care), and the self-testing arm identified 48 additional new HIV cases. We used net-benefit regression to investigate the cost-effectiveness of an HIV self-testing intervention, which compared the incremental cost per new HIV diagnosis with policymakers WTP thresholds. We addressed the uncertainties in estimating the incremental cost and the policymakers WTP per new diagnosis through the incremental net-benefit (INB) regression and cost-effectiveness acceptability curve (CEAC) analyses. RESULTS: From the health care providers perspective, the INB analysis showed a positive net benefit of HIV self-testing compared with standard-of-care when policymakers WTP per new HIV diagnosis was $9365 (95% confidence interval: $5700 to $25,500) or higher. The CEAC showed that the probability of HIV self-testing being cost-effective compared with standard-of-care was 58% and >99% at a WTP of $10 000 and $50 000 per new HIV diagnosis, respectively. CONCLUSION: The INB and CEAC analyses suggest that HIV self-testing has the potential to be cost-effective for relatively low values of policymakers WTP.

BackgroundFacility HIV self-testing (HIVST) in outpatient departments can dramatically increase testing among adult outpatients. However, it is still unclear why populations opt out of facility HIVST and reasons for opt outing. Using data from a parent facility HIVST trial, we sought to understand individual characteristics associated with opting out of facility HIVST and reported reasons for not testing.MethodsExit surveys were conducted with outpatients aged ≥15 years at 5 facilities in Central and Southern Malawi randomized to the facility HIVST arm of the parent trial. Outpatients were eligible for our substudy if they were offered HIVST and eligible for HIV testing (ie, never previously tested HIV positive and tested ≥12 months ago or never tested). Summary statistics and multivariate regression models were used.ResultsSeven hundred seventy-one outpatients were included in the substudy. Two hundred sixty-three (34%) opted out of HIVST. Urban residency (adjusted risk ratios [aRR] 3.48; 95% CI: 1.56 to 7.76) and self-reported poor health (aRR 1.86; 95% CI: 1.27 to 2.72) were associated with an increased risk of opting out. Male participants had a 69% higher risk of opting out (aRR 1.69; 95% CI: 1.14 to 2.51), with risk being 38% lower among working male participants. Primary reasons for not testing were feeling unprepared to test (49·4%) and perceived low risk of HIV infection (30·4%)-only 2.6% believed that HIVST instructions were unclear, and 1.7% were concerned about privacy.ConclusionWorking, risky sexual behavior, rural residence, and good self-rated health were positively associated with opting out of HIVST among outpatients. Strategies to address internalized barriers, such as preparedness to test and perceived need to test, should be incorporated into facility HIVST interventions.

BackgroundPeople who use drugs (PWUD) experience elevated HIV risk and numerous barriers to facility-based HIV testing. HIV self-testing (HIVST) could circumvent many of those barriers and is acceptable among PWUD, yet HIVST implementation for PWUD is limited. Service providers' perspectives on specific HIVST delivery strategies could help increase availability for PWUD.MethodsFrom April-November 2021, we interviewed 16 health, harm reduction, and social service providers working with PWUD in San Diego, CA. Interviews and rapid thematic analysis explored perspectives on HIVST's utility and appropriateness, as well as the feasibility of and anticipated challenges with specific HIVST delivery strategies, including peer or secondary distribution.ResultsParticipants viewed HIV as a significant threat to PWUD health and confirmed the presence of numerous barriers to local facility-based HIV testing. Participants viewed HIVST as a promising and potentially empowering solution. Based on community familiarity with secondary distribution of harm reduction supplies (i.e., naloxone) and information, participants viewed secondary distribution of HIVST kits as an appropriate and feasible strategy for increasing the reach of HIVST, but also described potential barriers (e.g., engaging socially disconnected individuals, ensuring linkages to services following HIVST) and provided suggestions for alternative HIVST kit delivery models (e.g., harm reduction vending machines).ConclusionsService providers viewed secondary distribution of HIVST kits among PWUD as promising, appropriate, and feasible, yet specialized efforts may be needed to reach the most marginalized individuals and ensure consistent provision of educational information and referral supports that maximize the impact of this approach.

BackgroundAdolescent girls and young woman (AGYW) comprise a significant proportion of new HIV infections and unintended pregnancies in sub-Saharan Africa yet face many barriers to accessing family planning and reproductive health (FPRH) information and services. Developed via human-centered design, the Malkia Klabu ("Queen Club") program aimed to facilitate access to HIV self-testing (HIVST) and FPRH information and products at privately-owned drug shops. We sought to understand barriers and facilitators to program implementation in a 4-month pilot in Tanzania.MethodsForty semi-structured interviews were conducted with participants in a cluster randomized trial of the Malkia Klabu program from November 2019 through March 2020, including 11 with AGYW, 26 with drug shopkeepers, and three with counselors at health facilities to whom AGYW were referred. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, coded, and analyzed to identify key themes. The Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) was used to assess barriers and facilitators to program implementation at multiple levels. CFIR considers the outer setting (e.g., culture and systemic conditions), the inner setting where the intervention is implemented (e.g., incentives, relationships, and available resources), the individuals involved, the innovation as it relates to stakeholder needs, and the implementation process.ResultsThe Malkia Klabu program reshaped and directed the role of drug shopkeepers as providers of information and resources rather than FPRH gatekeepers. Key implementation facilitators included the program's adaptability to a wide range of needs and stages of readiness among AGYW, ability to capitalize on AGYW social networks for driving membership, responsiveness to AGYW's need for privacy, and positive contributions to the income and community standing of drug shopkeepers. Components such as HIVST were highly acceptable to both AGYW and shopkeepers, and the introduction of the loyalty program and HIVST kits in shops opened doors to the provision of FPRH products and information, which was further facilitated by program tools such as videos, product displays, and symbol cards. Although some shopkeepers maintained beliefs that certain contraceptive methods were inappropriate for AGYW, most appeared to provide the products as part of the program.ConclusionsThe Malkia Klabu intervention's success was due in part to its ability to address key motivations of both AGYW and drug shopkeepers, such as maintaining privacy and increasing access to FPRH products for AGYW and increasing business for shops. Better understanding these implementation barriers and facilitators can inform the program's future adaptation and scale-up.Trial registrationclinicaltrials.gov #NCT04045912.

BackgroundHIV self-testing (HIVST) could increase HIV testing access among people who inject drugs (PWID), and secondary distribution (i.e., peer-delivery) of HIVST kits in PWID social networks could further expand coverage. We assessed willingness to use and distribute HIVST kits among PWID in the San Diego-Tijuana border region.MethodsFrom 2020 to 2021, HIV-negative PWID in San Diego, USA, and Tijuana, Mexico, completed surveys and provided data on individual (N = 539) and social network (N = 366) characteristics. We used modified Poisson regression to examine the effects of individual and social network characteristics on willingness to use and distribute HIVST kits.ResultsMost participants were willing to use (81%) and distribute (81%) HIVST kits. At the individual level, prior HIV testing was positively associated with willingness to use (adjusted prevalence ratio [aPR] = 1.24, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.10-1.40) and distribute (aPR = 1.27, 95% CI 1.12-1.43) HIVST kits, while perceiving oneself to be at higher HIV risk than others was negatively associated with willingness to use HIVST kits (aPR = 0.83, 95% CI 0.74-0.93). At the network level, willingness to distribute HIVST kits was positively associated with network size (aPR = 1.04 per member, 95% CI 1.01-1.08) and greater proportions of one's network encouraging them to use drugs (aPR = 1.29, 95% CI 1.16-1.44) and having a history of homelessness (aPR = 1.51, 95% CI 1.31-1.74) or detention/arrest (aPR = 1.57, 95% CI 1.36-1.82), and negatively associated with a greater proportion of one's network including "very close" persons (aPR = 0.80, 95% CI 0.69-0.94).ConclusionsWe found high potential for HIVST kits and their secondary distribution to increase HIV testing among PWID who face the greatest barriers to facility-based testing.

In the development of quantum technologies, a reliable means for characterizing quantum devices, be it a measurement device, a state-preparation device, or a transformation device, is crucial. However, the conventional approach based on, for example, quantum state tomography or process tomography relies on assumptions that are often not necessarily justifiable in a realistic experimental setting. Although the device-independent (DI) approach to this problem bypasses the shortcomings above by making only minimal, justifiable assumptions, most of the theoretical proposals to date only work in the idealized setting where independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) trials are assumed. Here, we provide a versatile solution for rigorous device-independent certification that does not rely on the i.i.d. assumption. Specifically, we describe how the prediction-based ratio (PBR) protocol and martingale-based protocol developed for hypothesis testing can be applied in the present context to achieve a device-independent certification of desirable properties with confidence interval (CI). To illustrate the versatility of these methods, we demonstrate how we can use them to certify—with finite data—the underlying negativity, Hilbert space dimension, entanglement depth, and fidelity to some target pure state. In particular, we provide examples showing how the amount of certifiable negativity and fidelity scales with the number of trials and how many experimental trials one needs to certify a qutrit state space or the presence of genuine tripartite entanglement. Overall, we have found that the PBR protocol and the martingale-based protocol often offer similar performance, even though the latter does have to presuppose any witness (Bell-like inequality). In contrast, our findings also show that the performance of the martingale-based protocol may be severely affected by one's choice of Bell-like inequality. Intriguingly, a Bell function useful for self-testing does not necessarily give the optimal confidence-gain rate for certifying the fidelity to the corresponding target state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Study skills are important for success in college. However, students may not be aware of or willing to use effective strategies such as spaced practice and self-testing. This replication-extension study of Susser and McCabe (Susser and McCabe in Instr Sci 41:345–363, 2013) supports their original findings regarding spaced practice and extends the investigation to self-testing. Using the same survey method as the previous researchers, we found that college students showed awareness of the efficacy of spaced practice over massed practice and reported using it in ideal situations. Students reported greater use of spaced studying when a test was difficult, more heavily weighted, or over material of future use. Greater metacognitive self-regulation and elaboration was related to greater reported use of spaced practice. Extending beyond the original study to look self-testing, students were aware of the usefulness of self-testing. Similar to spaced practice, students reported being more likely to use self-testing for more difficult tests and heavily weighted tests. Those with greater metacognitive self-regulation were also more likely to report greater use of self-testing, although greater elaboration was not correlated with reported use of self-testing. Students with a higher GPA were also more likely to report spaced studying and self-testing. Findings suggest that students do know about some effective study strategies. Use of effective strategies may be helpful but students do not report using them in all settings. Educators may be interested in creating circumstances that encourage students to use effective strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Young people (YP) are disproportionately affected by the HIV pandemic in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), but testing rates remain low despite global targets of testing 95% of people with HIV infection by 2030. HIV self-testing (HIVST) has been recently introduced to reach high-risk population groups such as these. Thus, synthesis of emerging evidence on the acceptability and use of HIVST among YP in SSA is needed so that comprehensive information can be generated to inform policy and practice. Methods: We employed a mixed methods systematic review of quantitative and qualitative literature reporting on HIVST among YP involving any design and published in English by 31st of October 2023. The review synthesized quantitative evidence on acceptability and use of HIVST, and qualitative evidence on perspectives of YP about HIVST. We searched databases of published articles (e.g. MEDLINE, CINAHL) and Gray literature sources (e.g. Google, Google Scholar). The concepts for the search included self-testing, HIV/AIDS, and countries in SSA. Two authors independently screened, retrieved full-text, and assessed quality of the studies. Results: A total of 4150 studies were retrieved and 32 studies were finally included in the review. Acceptability of HIVST computed from a single item asking YP on their preference or willingness or demand for HIVST was moderate (34–67%) to high (≥ 67%) among YP in SSA. Nine of the fourteen studies that reported on acceptability found high acceptability of HIVST. Use of HIVST ranged from 0.8 to 100% while in most studies the use rate was below 50%. Key barriers to HIVST use were coping with a positive test in the absence of counselling and support, physical discomfort, and cost of kits. Perceived enablers included perceptions of HIVST as promoting personal empowerment and autonomy; privacy and confidentiality; and convenience in location, time, and skill. Conclusions: HIVST was highly accepted but not well utilized among YP in SSA. YP showed diversified needs with mixed preferences for location, and modalities of service provision. Overall, the review identified heterogeneous evidence in terms of methods, population, outcome measures, and results. The review was registered in the International Prospective Registry of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO: ID = CRD42021278919). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Background Aim Methods Results Conclusion Relevance to Clinical Practice Reporting Method Diabetes is a global problem. Diabetes nurses, in particular, take great responsibility in reducing and controlling the fears of individuals using insulin and increasing their capacity to tolerate discomfort.This study was conducted to examine the effects of the capacity to tolerate discomfort on the fear of self‐injection and the status of testing blood glucose levels in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes using insulin.This cross‐sectional study was conducted between December 2022 and February 2023 with 320 adult patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes using insulin who were followed up in the Endocrinology and Internal Medicine Clinics of a university hospital in Turkey. The data analysis process included analyses of the frequency, independent‐samples t‐tests, one‐way ANOVA, the Kruskal–Wallis H test, and Pearson's correlation analysis. Data were analysed using the IBM SPSS v27.0 software, considering alpha as 0.05.The mean total Discomfort Intolerance Scale score of the patients was 22.78 ± 6.74, and the mean Fear of Self‐Injecting and self‐testing was 21.1 ± 6.7. A negative significant correlation was found between the discomfort intolerance levels of the patients and their levels of fear of self‐injection and self‐testing (p < 0.05).Individuals with a higher capacity to tolerate discomfort have lower levels of fear of self‐testing and self‐injection. Therefore, the fear of self‐testing and self‐injection in patients using insulin injections may affect diabetes self‐management.Individuals with low tolerance for discomfort should be identified, interventions to increase tolerance in individuals at risk should be planned, and diabetes self‐management should be better supported.The reporting of the results of the study adhered to the STROBE guidelines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The number of late diagnoses of HIV remains very high in Poland, leading to a high proportion of patients developing and dying of HIV-related diseases. The main reason for this is the very low utilization of HIV testing. Our analyses aimed to investigate knowledge about the indications for HIV testing among medical university students, as well as identify their own HIV testing experiences. Material and methods: A cross-sectional survey study was designed to collect information on the students' demographics and their experiences of HIV testing, as well as their knowledge of virus transmission and the indications for testing. Data were collected as part of the HIV_week@WUM project conducted at the Medical University of Warsaw in parallel with the 18th European AIDS Conference, which took place in Warsaw between 18 and 21 October 2023. Results: In total, 545 questionnaires were collected. The median age of the study participants was 20 (interquartile range (IQR): 19–22 years). The majority of respondents were as follows: women (67.5%), born in Poland (97.8%), and were attending the medical faculty (56.7%). Only 114 (21.43%) participants had ever been tested for HIV. For all modes of HIV transmission, most of the respondents overestimated the risk of acquiring HIV, but, at the same time, they had never been tested for HIV. Conclusions: Only one in five health sciences students has ever had a test for HIV, which is less than estimates for the general population of Warsaw. There is an ongoing need to popularize testing among future health care providers in order to address both the indications for testing for individuals and the better use of HIV testing in clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

University students often learn statistics in large classes, and in such learning environments, students face an exceptionally high risk of failure. One reason for this is students' frequent statistics anxiety. This study shows how students can be supported using e-learning exercises with automated knowledge of correct response feedback, supplementing a face-to-face lecture. To this end, we surveyed 67 undergraduate social science students at a German university and observed their weekly e-learning exercises. We aggregated students' exercise behavior throughout the semester to explain their exam performance. To control for participation bias, we included essential predictors of educational success, such as prior achievement, motivation, personality traits, time preferences, and goals. We applied a double selection procedure based on the machine learning method Elastic Net to include an optimal but sparse set of control variables. The e-learning exercises indirectly promoted the self-regulated learning techniques of retrieval practice and spacing and provided corrective feedback. Working on the e-learning exercises increased students' performance on the final exam, even after controlling for the rich set of control variables. Two-thirds of students used our designed e-learning exercises; however, only a fraction of students spaced out the exercises, although students who completed the exercises during the semester and were not cramming at the end benefited additionally. Finally, we discuss how the results of our study inform the literature on retrieval practice, spacing, feedback, and e-learning in higher education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IntroductionOptimizing HIV prevention may require structured approaches for providing client-centred choices as well as community-based entry points and delivery. We evaluated the effect of a dynamic choice model for HIV prevention, delivered by community health workers (CHWs) with clinician support, on the use of biomedical prevention among persons at risk of HIV in rural East Africa.MethodsWe conducted a cluster randomized trial among persons (≥15 years) with current or anticipated HIV risk in 16 villages in Uganda and Kenya (SEARCH; NCT04810650). The intervention was a client-centred HIV prevention model, including (1) structured client choice of product (pre-exposure prophylaxis [PrEP] or post-exposure prophylaxis [PEP]), service location (clinic or out-of-clinic) and HIV testing modality (self-test or rapid test), with the ability to switch over time; (2) a structured assessment of patient barriers and development of a personalized support plan; and (3) phone access to a clinician 24/7. The intervention was delivered by CHWs and supported by clinicians who oversaw PrEP and PEP initiation and monitoring. Participants in control villages were referred to local health facilities for HIV prevention services, delivered by Ministry of Health staff. The primary outcome was biomedical prevention coverage: a proportion of 48-week follow-up with self-reported PrEP or PEP use.ResultsFrom May to July 2021, we enrolled 429 people (212 intervention; 217 control): 57% women and 35% aged 15-24 years. Among intervention participants, 58% chose PrEP and 58% chose PEP at least once over follow-up; self-testing increased from 52% (baseline) to 71% (week 48); ≥98% chose out-of-facility service delivery. Among 413 (96%) participants with the primary outcome ascertained, average biomedical prevention coverage was 28.0% in the intervention versus 0.5% in the control: a difference of 27.5% (95% CI: 23.0-31.9%, p

Abstract Study skills are important for success in college. However, students may not be aware of or willing to use effective strategies such as spaced practice and self-testing. This replication-extension study of Susser and McCabe (Susser and McCabe in Instr Sci 41:345–363, 2013) supports their original findings regarding spaced practice and extends the investigation to self-testing. Using the same survey method as the previous researchers, we found that college students showed awareness of the efficacy of spaced practice over massed practice and reported using it in ideal situations. Students reported greater use of spaced studying when a test was difficult, more heavily weighted, or over material of future use. Greater metacognitive self-regulation and elaboration was related to greater reported use of spaced practice. Extending beyond the original study to look self-testing, students were aware of the usefulness of self-testing. Similar to spaced practice, students reported being more likely to use self-testing for more difficult tests and heavily weighted tests. Those with greater metacognitive self-regulation were also more likely to report greater use of self-testing, although greater elaboration was not correlated with reported use of self-testing. Students with a higher GPA were also more likely to report spaced studying and self-testing. Findings suggest that students do know about some effective study strategies. Use of effective strategies may be helpful but students do not report using them in all settings. Educators may be interested in creating circumstances that encourage students to use effective strategies.

Abstract Background Young people (YP) are disproportionately affected by the HIV pandemic in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), but testing rates remain low despite global targets of testing 95% of people with HIV infection by 2030. HIV self-testing (HIVST) has been recently introduced to reach high-risk population groups such as these. Thus, synthesis of emerging evidence on the acceptability and use of HIVST among YP in SSA is needed so that comprehensive information can be generated to inform policy and practice. Methods We employed a mixed methods systematic review of quantitative and qualitative literature reporting on HIVST among YP involving any design and published in English by 31st of October 2023. The review synthesized quantitative evidence on acceptability and use of HIVST, and qualitative evidence on perspectives of YP about HIVST. We searched databases of published articles (e.g. MEDLINE, CINAHL) and Gray literature sources (e.g. Google, Google Scholar). The concepts for the search included self-testing, HIV/AIDS, and countries in SSA. Two authors independently screened, retrieved full-text, and assessed quality of the studies. Results A total of 4150 studies were retrieved and 32 studies were finally included in the review. Acceptability of HIVST computed from a single item asking YP on their preference or willingness or demand for HIVST was moderate (34–67%) to high (≥ 67%) among YP in SSA. Nine of the fourteen studies that reported on acceptability found high acceptability of HIVST. Use of HIVST ranged from 0.8 to 100% while in most studies the use rate was below 50%. Key barriers to HIVST use were coping with a positive test in the absence of counselling and support, physical discomfort, and cost of kits. Perceived enablers included perceptions of HIVST as promoting personal empowerment and autonomy; privacy and confidentiality; and convenience in location, time, and skill. Conclusions HIVST was highly accepted but not well utilized among YP in SSA. YP showed diversified needs with mixed preferences for location, and modalities of service provision. Overall, the review identified heterogeneous evidence in terms of methods, population, outcome measures, and results. The review was registered in the International Prospective Registry of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO: ID = CRD42021278919).

Abstract Introduction HIV self-testing represents a convenient and confidential option for HIV testing—the present study aimed to assess the acceptability of blood versus saliva self-tests among key populations in Kisangani. Methods This study was an analytical cross-sectional study. Our sample size was 363 subjects. After obtaining their consent, we administered a questionnaire to participants. We asked participants to choose between blood and saliva self-testing. We defined the acceptability of the self-test (saliva or blood) as the intention to use the self-test using a 5-point Likert scale. Descriptive statistics were described by estimating proportions for categorical variables and means with standard deviations for symmetrically distributed quantitative variables. The variable of interest was the acceptability of self-testing, which was dichotomized (Very Likely/Unlikely). The corresponding endpoint was the proportion of participants accepting the self-test in HIV screening. A bivariate analysis was performed to determine factors related to the acceptability of the self-test, using Pearson’s Chi-square (χ2) and ANOVA followed by 2-to-2 multiple comparisons (Bonferroni) for comparison of means and proportions. A progressive stepwise logistic regression model at the 5% threshold included variables with a bi-variate association. Results The acceptability of the blood self-test was 71.6% compared to 28.4% for the saliva self-test. Factors associated with acceptability of the self-test were higher level of education aOR CI95%: 1.5(0.4–5.5) p = 0.006; non-use of condoms with casual partners aOR CI95%: 2.8(1.4-5) p = 0.003; knowledge of the type of self-test aOR CI95%:2.4(1.02–5.65) p = 0.043 and the obstacle to acceptability of the self-test was non-availability of the self-test aOR CI 95%: 18.9(6.5–54.9) p

BACKGROUND: Most people who inject drugs (PWID) in Iran have not undergone recent HIV testing. While PWID face barriers when seeking HIV testing at health facilities, HIV self-testing (HIVST) could be a promising approach to improve HIV testing uptake. We examined the awareness and willingness to use HIVST among PWID in Iran. We also identified participants characteristics associated with a higher willingness to use HIVST. METHODS: PWID were recruited in 11 cities using a respondent-driven sampling method. Willingness to use HIVST was defined as a binary variable (very low/low willingness vs. high/very high willingness). We performed multivariable modified Poisson regression to examine associated factors and report adjusted prevalence ratios (aPR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS: Of 2,252 PWID, 362 (16.2%; 95% CI 14.7, 17.8) had ever heard of HIVST; however, 1,658 (73.6%; 95% CI 71.7, 75.4) reported high/very high willingness to use HIVST. Willingness to use HIVST was higher among PWID who reported having a high/moderate HIV risk perception (aPR 1.22; 95% CI 1.09, 1.37), ever experiencing homelessness (aPR 1.15; 95% CI 1.03, 1.28), > 10 years of injecting history (aPR 1.16; 95% CI 1.00, 1.34), and high injection frequency in the last three months (aPR 1.18; 95% CI 1.05, 1.32). CONCLUSION: Most PWID in Iran, particularly those experiencing homelessness, have a longer injecting history, engage in more frequent injection practices, and possess a heightened perception of HIV risk would be willing to adopt HIVST. Enhancing HIVST awareness through increased access to HIVST and health education programs are needed. Additionally, conducting implementation science studies to effectively design and run HIVST programs in Iran can also increase PWIDs access to HIV testing.

Abstract Background Late presentation with advanced HIV disease (LP-AHD) remains a significant challenge to Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) care, contributing to increased morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. Despite global efforts to enhance early diagnosis, a considerable proportion of individuals with HIV infection are unaware of being infected and therefore present late for HIV care. For the first time in Ghana, this study assessed the prevalence of LP-AHD and associated factors among people diagnosed with HIV (PDWH). Method This bi-center retrospective cross-sectional study included 315 PDWH at the Aniniwah Medical Centre and Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, both in Kumasi, Ghana. A well-structured questionnaire was used to collect data on sociodemographic, clinical, lifestyle and psychosocial factors from the study participants. Statistical analyses were done in SPSS version 26.0 and GraphPad Prism version 8.0 at significant p-value of

Purpose: In April 2020, the UK Government implemented NHS Test and Trace to provide SARS-CoV-2 quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) testing for the public, with nose-and-throat swabbing for samples performed by trained staff. Self-swabbing (SS) would allow rapid scale-up of testing capacity and access. Six studies were undertaken to determine whether SS was as effective for detecting SARS-CoV-2 as swabbing performed by trained staff. Methods: Six prospective studies were conducted between April–October 2020, using six swab/media combinations. Differences between assisted swabbing (AS) and SS were evaluated for concordance, positivity, sensitivity, cycle threshold (Ct) values and void rates. Statistical analysis was performed using 95% confidence intervals (CIs), paired t-tests and model-based methods. Results: Overall, 3,253 individuals were recruited (median age 37 years, 49% female), with 2,933 having valid paired qRT-PCR results. Pooled concordance rate was 98% (95% CI: 96%, 99%). Positivity rate differences for SS (8.1%) and AS (8.4%) and differences in pooled sensitivities between SS (86%; 95% CI: 78%, 92%) and AS (91%; 95% CI: 78%, 96%) were nonsignificant. Both types of swabbing led to pooled void rates below 2% and strongly correlated Ct values. Age, sex and previous swabbing experience did not have a significant impact on concordance or sensitivity. Conclusion: The UK adopted a policy to promote self-testing for SARS-CoV-2 based on data demonstrating equivalence of SS versus AS. Positive outcomes with SS are likely generalisable to testing for other respiratory pathogens, and we consider self-sampling and self-testing essential for future pandemic preparedness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To maximise the benefits of HIV self-testing (HIVST), it is critical to support self-testers in the testing process and ensure that they access appropriate prevention and care. To summarise systems and tools supporting HIVST (hereafter, 'support systems') and categorise them for future analysis, we synthesised the global data on HIVST support systems and proposed a typology. We searched five databases for articles reporting on one or more HIVST support systems and included 314 publications from 224 studies. Across 189 studies, there were 539 reports of systems supporting HIVST use; while across 115 studies, there were 171 reports of systems supporting result interpretation. Most commonly, these were pictorial instructions, followed by in-person demonstrations and in-person assistance while self-testing or reading self-test results. Less commonly, virtual interventions were also identified, including online video conferencing and smartphone apps. Smartphone-based automated result readers have been used in the USA, China, and South Africa. Across 173 studies, there were 987 reports of systems supporting post-test linkage to care; most commonly, these were in-person referrals/counselling, written referrals, and phone helplines. In the USA, Bluetooth beacons have been trialled to monitor self-test use and facilitate follow-up. We found that, globally, HIVST support systems use a range of methods, including static media, virtual tools, and in-person engagement. In-person and printed approaches were more common than virtual tools. Other considerations, such as linguistic and cultural appropriateness, may also be important in the development of effective HIVST programs. The success of HIV self-testing requires the user to accurately use the self-test, interpret the result, and be linked to relevant follow-up services. We summarised the systems and tools that have been used to support users through the self-testing process ('support systems'), and found a diverse range of support systems, including pictorial instructions, in-person support, and virtual tools. We have developed a typology to categorise these support systems, which can be used as a framework for further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Late presentation with advanced HIV disease (LP-AHD) remains a significant challenge to Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) care, contributing to increased morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. Despite global efforts to enhance early diagnosis, a considerable proportion of individuals with HIV infection are unaware of being infected and therefore present late for HIV care. For the first time in Ghana, this study assessed the prevalence of LP-AHD and associated factors among people diagnosed with HIV (PDWH). Method: This bi-center retrospective cross-sectional study included 315 PDWH at the Aniniwah Medical Centre and Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, both in Kumasi, Ghana. A well-structured questionnaire was used to collect data on sociodemographic, clinical, lifestyle and psychosocial factors from the study participants. Statistical analyses were done in SPSS version 26.0 and GraphPad Prism version 8.0 at significant p-value of < 0.05 and 95% confidence interval. Predictors of LP-AHD were assessed using binary logistic regression models. Results: This study observed that, 90 out of the 315 study PDWH (28.6%) reported late with advanced HIV disease (AHD). Participants within the age group of 36–45 years (adjusted Odds Ratio [aOR]: 0.32, 95% CI: 0.14–0.69; p = 0.004) showed a significantly decreased likelihood of LP-AHD. However, participants who perceived cost of HIV care to be high (aOR: 7.04, 95% CI: 1.31–37.91; p = 0.023), who were diagnosed based on clinical suspicion (aOR: 13.86, 95 CI: 1.83–104.80; p = 0.011), and missed opportunities for early diagnosis by clinicians (aOR: 2.47, 95% CI: 1.30–4.74; p = 0.006) were significantly associated with increased likelihood of LP-AHD. Conclusion: The prevalence of LP-AHD among PDWH in Ghana is high. Efforts to improve early initiation of HIV/AIDS care should focus on factors such as the high perceived costs of HIV care, diagnosis based on clinical suspicion, and missed opportunities for early diagnosis by physicians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Assisted partner services (APS) is an effective strategy for increasing HIV testing, new diagnosis, and linkage to care among sexual partners of people living with HIV (PLWH). APS can be resource intensive as it requires community tracing to locate each partner named and offer them testing. There is limited evidence for the effectiveness of offering HIV self‐testing (HIVST) as an option for partner testing within APS. Methods: We conducted a cluster randomized controlled trial comparing provider‐delivered HIV testing (Standard APS) versus offering partners the option of provider‐delivered testing or HIVST (APS+HIVST) at 24 health facilities in Western Kenya. Facilities were randomized 1:1 and we conducted intent‐to‐treat analyses using Poisson generalized linear mixed models to estimate intervention impact on HIV testing, new HIV diagnoses, and linkage to care. All models accounted for clustering at the clinic level and new diagnoses and linkage models were adjusted for individual‐level age, sex, and income a priori. Results: From March to December 2021, 755 index clients received APS and named 5054 unique partners. Among these, 1408 partners reporting a prior HIV diagnosis were not eligible for HIV testing and were excluded from analyses. Of the remaining 3646 partners, 96.9% were successfully contacted for APS and tested for HIV: 2111 (97.9%) of 2157 in the APS+HIVST arm and 1422 (95.5%) of 1489 in the Standard APS arm. In the APS+HIVST arm, 84.6% (1785/2111) tested via HIVST and 15.4% (326/2111) received provider‐delivered testing. Overall, 16.7% of the 3533 who tested were newly diagnosed with HIV (APS+HIVST = 357/2111 [16.9%]; Standard APS = 232/1422 [16.3%]). Of the 589 partners who were newly diagnosed, 90.7% were linked to care (APS+HIVST = 309/357 [86.6%]; Standard APS = 225/232 [97.0%]). There were no significant differences between the two arms in HIV testing (relative risk [RR]: 1.02, 95% CI: 0.96–1.10), new HIV diagnoses (adjusted RR [aRR]: 1.03, 95% CI: 0.76–1.39) or linkage to care (aRR: 0.88, 95% CI: 0.74–1.06). Conclusions: There were no differences between APS+HIVST and Standard APS, demonstrating that integrating HIVST into APS continues to be an effective strategy for identifying PLWH by successfully reaching and HIV testing >95% of elicited partners, newly diagnosing with HIV one in six of those tested, >90% of whom were linked to care. Clinical Trial Number: NCT04774835 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: In Viet Nam, key populations (KPs) face barriers accessing HIV services. Virtual platforms can be leveraged to increase access for KPs, including for HIV self‐testing (HIVST). This study compares reach and effectiveness of a web‐based HIVST intervention from pilot to scale‐up in Viet Nam. Methods: A mixed‐methods explanatory sequential design used cross‐sectional and thematic analysis. The pilot launched in Can Tho in November 2020, followed by Hanoi and Nghe An in April 2021. Scale‐up included Can Tho and Nghe An, with 21 novel provinces from April to December 2022. After risk assessment, participants registered on the website, receiving HIVST (OraQuick®) by courier, peer educator or self‐pick‐up. Test result reporting and completing satisfaction surveys were encouraged. Intervention reach was measured through numbers accessing the testing, disaggregated by demographics, and proportion of individuals reporting self‐testing post‐registration. Effectiveness was measured through numbers reporting self‐test results, testing positive and linking to care, and testing negative and using HIVST to manage pre‐exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) use. Thematic content analysis of free‐text responses from the satisfaction survey synthesized quantitative outcomes. Results: In total, 17,589 participants registered on the HIVST website; 11,332 individuals ordered 13,334 tests. Participants were generally young, aged <25 years (4309/11,332, 38.0%), male (9418/11,332, 83.1%) and men who have sex with men (6437/11,332, 56.8%). Nearly half were first‐time testers (5069/11,332, 44.9%). Scale‐up participants were two times more likely to be assigned female at birth (scale‐up; 1595/8436, 18.9% compared to pilot; 392/3727, 10.5%, p < 0.001). Fewer test results were reported in scale‐up compared with pilot (pilot: 3129/4140, 75.6%, scale‐up: 5811/9194, 63.2%, p < 0.001). 6.3% of all tests were reactive (pilot: 176/3129, 5.6% reactive compared to scale‐up: 385/5811, 6.6% reactive, p = 0.063); of which most linked to care (509/522, 97.5%). One‐fifth of participants with a negative test initiated or continued PrEP (pilot; 19.8%, scale‐up; 18.5%, p = 0.124). Thematic analysis suggested that community delivery models increased programmatic reach. Live chat may also be a suitable proxy for staff support to increase result reporting. Conclusions: Web‐based self‐testing in Viet Nam reached people at elevated risk of HIV, facilitating uptake of anti‐retroviral treatment and direct linkage to PrEP initiations. Further innovations such as the use of social‐network testing services and incorporating features powered by artificial intelligence could increase the effectiveness and efficiency of the approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: To achieve epidemic control of infectious diseases, engaging higher‐burden populations with accessible diagnostic services is critical. HIV self‐testing (HIVST) is a promising option. Methods: We implemented an online HIVST programme for key populations across India. Eligible clients were 18 years or older, self‐reported a negative or unknown HIV status and reported not taking antiretroviral therapy. Clients who reported a prior HIV diagnosis were not eligible to receive an HIVST kit. HIVST clients received kits via courier or in person at pre‐determined pick‐up points supported by trained counselling staff. Virtual counsellors engaged clients online and by phone and offered support to register, access, and complete HIVST free of cost. Virtual counsellors supported clients to report results and engage with follow‐up services. Follow‐up included linking clients with a positive result to confirmatory testing and HIV care services. We assessed programmatic data across HIV continuum outcomes and conducted a qualitative evaluation through interviews with purposively sampled clients. Results: Between 30 June 2021 and 30 September 2022, 5324 clients ordered an HIVST kit (76% men, 13% women, 7% transgender people, 4% unknown gender). Of the 4282 clients reporting results (94% of those who received a kit), 6% screened positive, among whom 72% (n = 184) completed confirmatory testing. Themes from 41 client interviews included satisfaction about the convenience and privacy of services and the discreet nature of kit delivery. Respondents were drawn to the convenience of HIVST and appreciated gaining courage and comfort throughout the process from virtual counsellor support. For respondents who screened positive, challenges to care linkage included fearing judgemental questions from public providers and wanting more time before starting treatment. Clients shared concerns about kit accuracy and suggested that instructional materials be provided with more diverse language options. Conclusions: Web‐based HIVST services with tailored support appeared to facilitate HIV service access and engagement of harder‐to‐reach populations across India. Assistance from a community‐oriented counsellor proved important to overcome literacy barriers and mistrust in order to support the HIVST process and service linkage. Learnings can inform global efforts to improve the critical step of diagnosis in achieving epidemic control for HIV and other infectious diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Practice testing (i.e., practice retrieval) has been established as an effective learning strategy. Uncovering potential factors influencing self-testing usage is a prerequisite to promote its practical use. The present study reports five experiments exploring whether test anxiety (TA) and test stake (1) affect self-testing usage (Experiments 1–5) and (2) influence learning performance through their negative effects on self-testing usage (Experiments 1, 4, and 5). Experiment 1 analyzed data from 459 high school students collected via a survey and found both that TA negatively predicted students’ daily use of self-testing and that self-testing usage mediated the negative association between TA and academic performance. The negative association between TA and self-testing usage was further replicated in a laboratory experiment (Experiment 2). Another quasi-experiment (Experiment 3) showed that students were less likely to test themselves when preparing for a high-stake than a low-stake exam. Experiment 4 replicated this finding and additionally demonstrated that a high-stake test led to poorer learning via its negative influence on self-testing usage. Experiment 5 demonstrated that a high-stake test provoked high state anxiety, which then induced avoidance of self-testing and ultimately impaired learning. Overall, these findings demonstrate a negative effect of TA on self-testing usage, in turn leading to poor learning. Practical implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current international HIV testing guidelines recommend that HIV negative persons from HIV priority groups complete repeat screening every 3–6 months; local guidelines in our jurisdiction recommend that such retesting should occur every 3 months. Such an approach allows for timely HIV diagnosis and linkage to care – and aligns with the UNAIDS 95-95-95 targets to have 95% of undiagnosed persons be aware of their HIV status. To meet these aims, new approaches to HIV testing have been developed, including our HIV self-testing initiative, GetaKit.ca, which uses an online screening algorithm to determine eligibility and has built in pathways for re-test reminders, linkage HIV prevention care, and rapid follow-up for positive test results. To understand self-testing frequency in relation to our local recommendations for resting every 3 months, we evaluated data from participants who ordered repeat HIV self-tests through GetaKit.ca. Descriptive analyses were performed on participant characteristics and chi-square tests were performed on aggregated participant risk data. During the study period, 5235 HIV self-tests were distributed to 3627 participants, of whom, 26% ordered more than once and 27% belonged to an HIV priority population. Participants who retested were more likely to have been white, male, and part of an HIV priority population; they were also more likely to have completed prior STI or HIV testing or had a prior STI diagnosis, compared to those who did not. We identified 16 new HIV diagnoses, 2 of which were among repeat testers. Our results suggest that HIV self-testing can be useful to help meet UNAIDS targets to identify undiagnosed infections; however, such efforts are less likely to be successful without adequate linkage to follow-up services, including HIV treatment and prevention care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the development of quantum technologies, a reliable means for characterizing quantum devices, be it a measurement device, a state-preparation device, or a transformation device, is crucial. However, the conventional approach based on, for example, quantum state tomography or process tomography relies on assumptions that are often not necessarily justifiable in a realistic experimental setting. Although the device-independent (DI) approach to this problem bypasses the shortcomings above by making only minimal, justifiable assumptions, most of the theoretical proposals to date only work in the idealized setting where independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) trials are assumed. Here, we provide a versatile solution for rigorous device-independent certification that does not rely on the i.i.d. assumption. Specifically, we describe how the prediction-based ratio (PBR) protocol and martingale-based protocol developed for hypothesis testing can be applied in the present context to achieve a device-independent certification of desirable properties with confidence interval (CI). To illustrate the versatility of these methods, we demonstrate how we can use them to certify—with finite data—the underlying negativity, Hilbert space dimension, entanglement depth, and fidelity to some target pure state. In particular, we provide examples showing how the amount of certifiable negativity and fidelity scales with the number of trials and how many experimental trials one needs to certify a qutrit state space or the presence of genuine tripartite entanglement. Overall, we have found that the PBR protocol and the martingale-based protocol often offer similar performance, even though the latter does have to presuppose any witness (Bell-like inequality). In contrast, our findings also show that the performance of the martingale-based protocol may be severely affected by one’s choice of Bell-like inequality. Intriguingly, a Bell function useful for self-testing does not necessarily give the optimal confidence-gain rate for certifying the fidelity to the corresponding target state.

Objective: to analyze the distribution and spatial autocorrelation of HIV self-testing rates. Methods: this is an ecological study of distributed HIV self-tests. The records were obtained from secondary data from the Medicines Logistics Control System. Moran's autocorrelation coefficient was used for statistical analysis of spatial dependence. Results: 622,822 HIV self-test records made available in Brazil were analyzed, showing positive spatial autocorrelation with a Global Moran's Index of 0.199 (p=0.046) over the period. There has been an increase in HIV self-testing rates over the years, with the highest rates concentrated in the South and North of Brazil, with a higher concentration of distribution in the 25-29 age group. Conclusion: despite the increase in HIV self-testing rates, there are still significant disparities between states, indicating that strategies for HIV self-test distribution and use are needed in the country. Contributions to practice: this work contributes to the improvement of strategies and the (re)formulation of new health policies aimed at expanding the diagnosis of individuals who have HIV and don't know it.

Abstract Background Adolescent girls and young women (AGYW) in sub-Saharan Africa face a disproportionately higher HIV/AIDS burden despite the global decline in incidence. Existing interventions often fail to adequately address their unique social, economic, and cultural challenges, limiting access to essential HIV/AIDS services, including HIV testing. Emerging evidence indicates that HIV self-testing, a user-friendly and confidential method, enhances HIV diagnosis and linkage to care by targeting these barriers. This study aims to assess the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary impact of a peer-delivered, community-health worker (CHW)-facilitated HIV self-testing intervention for AGYW in Northern Uganda. Methods This mixed-methods quasi-experimental implementation science study will employ a three-fold approach. Firstly, we will conduct baseline formative qualitative research with 50 AGYW, 50 parents/partners to AGYW, 30 CHWs, 15 community leaders, and the district health office to inform the design of a peer-delivered CHW-facilitated HIV self-testing intervention tailored to AGYW’s needs in Northern Uganda. Secondly, we will implement a mixed-methods pilot study to assess the intervention’s feasibility and acceptability, involving 415 AGYW, 30 AGYW peer leaders, and 10 CHWs in selected parishes and villages in Omoro district, Northern Uganda. Lastly, we will evaluate the implementation outcomes and preliminary impact of the intervention on HIV self-testing rates and linkage to care by collecting and analyzing quantitative data pre- and post-intervention, laying the groundwork for a future robust randomized controlled trial. Discussion Our intervention combines CHWs and peer-led strategies to address the unique challenges of AGYW in Northern Uganda, leveraging community resilience and peer influence. Successful completion of this project will provide a scalable model to be evaluated in a randomized trial and replicated in similar contexts. Trial registration number PACTR202404851907736. Registered with the Pan-African Clinical Trials Registry on April 22, 2024.

Marcin Masalski1,2 1Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw, Poland; 2Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, PolandCorrespondence: Marcin Masalski, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, 27 wybrze&zdot;e Stanis&lstrok;awa Wyspia&nacute;skiego street, Wroclaw, 50-370, Poland, Tel +48 515 086 252, Fax +48 71 328 36 96, Email marcin.masalski@pwr.edu.plAbstract: The popularity of mobile devices, combined with advances in electronic design and internet technology, has enabled home-based hearing tests in recent years. The purpose of this article is to highlight the distinctive aspects of pure-tone audiometry performed on a mobile device by means of the Hearing Test app for Android devices. The first version of this app was released a decade ago, and since then the app has been systematically improved, which required addressing many issues common to the majority of mobile apps for hearing testing. The article discusses techniques for mobile device calibration, outlines the testing procedure and how it differs from traditional pure-tone audiometry, explores the potential for bone conduction testing, and provides considerations for interpreting mobile audiometry including test duration and background noise. The article concludes by detailing clinically relevant aspects requiring special attention during testing and interpretation of results which are of substantial value to the hundreds of thousands of active users of the Hearing Test app worldwide, as well as to users of other hearing test apps.Keywords: mobile audiometry, self-testing, hearing threshold, hearing test app

Abstract Background HIV self-testing (HIVST) can use either oral-fluid or blood-based tests. Studies have shown strong preferences for self-testing compared to facility-based services. Despite availability of low-cost blood-based HIVST options, to date, HIVST implementation in sub-Saharan Africa has largely been oral-fluid-based. We investigated whether users preferred blood-based (i.e. using blood sample derived from a finger prick) or oral fluid-based HIVST in rural and urban Malawi. Methods At clinics providing HIV testing services (n = 2 urban; n = 2 rural), participants completed a semi-structured questionnaire capturing sociodemographic data before choosing to test using oral-fluid-based HVST, blood-based HIVST or provider-delivered testing. They also completed a self-administered questionnaire afterwards, followed by a confirmatory test using the national algorithm then appropriate referral. We used simple and multivariable logistic regression to identify factors associated with preference for oral-fluid or blood-based HIVST. Results July to October 2018, N = 691 participants enrolled in this study. Given the choice, 98.4% (680/691) selected HIVST over provider-delivered testing. Of 680 opting for HIVST, 416 (61.2%) chose oral-fluid-based HIVST, 264 (38.8%) chose blood-based HIVST and 99.1% (674/680) reported their results appropriately. Self-testers who opted for blood-based HIVST were more likely to be male (50.3% men vs. 29.6% women, p

Background: The OraQuick In-Home HIV self-test represents a fast, inexpensive, and convenient method for users to assess their HIV status. If integrated thoughtfully into existing testing practices, accompanied by efficient pathways to formal diagnosis, self-testing could enhance both HIV awareness and reduce HIV incidence. However, currently available self-tests are less sensitive, particularly for recent infection, when compared to gold-standard laboratory tests. It is important to understand the impact if some portion of standard testing is replaced by self-tests. We used a compartmental model to evaluate the effects of self-testing in diverse scenarios among gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men (MSM) in the United States for the period 2020–2030, and to understand which scenarios maximize the advantages of self-testing. Methods: We introduced a novel 4-compartment model for HIV self-testing. We employed the model under different screening rates, self-test proportions, and delays to diagnosis for those identified through self-tests to determine the potential effects of self-testing on HIV incidence and awareness of status when applied to the US MSM population. We studied scenarios in which self-tests supplement laboratory-based tests, with no replacement, and scenarios in which some replacement occurs. We also examined how future improvements in self-test sensitivity may affect our results. Results: When HIV self-tests are supplemental rather than substitutes for laboratory-based testing, self-testing can decrease HIV incidence among MSM in the US by up to 10 % and increase awareness of status among MSM from 85 % to 91 % over a 10-year period, provided linkage to care and formal diagnosis occur promptly following a positive self-test (90 days or less). As self-tests replace a higher percentage laboratory-based testing algorithms, increases in overall testing rates were necessary to ensure reductions in HIV incidence. However, such needed increases were relatively small (under 10 % for prompt engagement in care and moderate levels of replacement). Improvements in self-test sensitivity and/or decreases in the detection period may further reduce any necessary increases in overall testing by up to 40 %. Conclusions: If properly utilized, self-testing can provide significant long-term reductions to HIV incidence and improve awareness of HIV status. Ensuring that self-testing increases overall testing and that formal diagnosis and engagement in care occur promptly following a positive self-test are necessary to maximize the benefits of self-testing. Future improvements in self-test sensitivity and reductions in the detection period would further reduce HIV incidence and the potential risks associated with replacing laboratory tests with self-tests.

BackgroundHIV testing among the sexual partners of HIV-positive clients is critical for case identification and reduced transmission in southern and eastern Africa. HIV self-testing (HIVST) may improve uptake of HIV services among sexual partners of antiretroviral therapy (ART) clients, but the impact of HIVST on partner testing and subsequent ART initiation remains unclear.Methods and findingsWe conducted an individually randomized, unblinded trial to assess if an index HIVST intervention targeting the partners of ART clients improves uptake of testing and treatment services in Malawi. The trial was conducted at 3 high-burden facilities in central and southern Malawi. ART clients attending HIV treatment clinics were randomized using simple randomization 1:2·5 to: (1) standard partner referral slip (PRS) whereby ART clients were given facility referral slips to distribute to their primary sexual partners; or (2) index HIVST whereby ART clients were given HIVST kits + HIVST instructions and facility referral slips to distribute to their primary sexual partners. Inclusion criteria for ART clients were: ≥15 years of age, primary partner with unknown HIV status, no history of interpersonal violence (IPV) with partner, and partner lives in facility catchment area. The primary outcome was partner testing 4-weeks after enrollment, reported by ART clients using endline surveys. Medical chart reviews and tracing activities with partners with a reactive HIV test measured ART initiation at 12 months. Analyses were conducted based on modified intention-to-treat principles, whereby we excluded individuals who did not have complete endline data (i.e., were loss to follow up from the study). Adjusted models controlled for the effects of age and marital status. A total of 4,237 ART clients were screened and 484 were eligible and enrolled (77% female) between March 28, 2018 and January 5, 2020. A total of 365 participants completed an endline survey (257/34 index HIVST arm; 107/13 PRS arm) and were included in the final analysis (78% female). Testing coverage among sexual partners was 71% (183/257) in the index HIVST arm and 25% (27/107) in the PRS arm (aRR: 2·77, 95% CI [2·56 to 3·00], p ≤ 0.001). Reported HIV positivity rates did not significantly differ by arm (16% (30/183) in HIVST versus 15% (4/27) in PRS; p = 0.99). ART initiation at 12 months was 47% (14/30) in HIVST versus 75% (3/4) in PRS arms; however, index HIVST still resulted in a 94% increase in the proportion of all partners initiating ART due to higher HIV testing rates in the HIVST arm (5% partners initiated ART in HVIST versus 3% in PRS). Adverse events including IPV and termination of the relationship did not vary by arm (IPV: 3/257 index HIVST versus 4/10 PRS; p = 0.57). Limitations include reliance on secondary report by ART clients, potential social desirability bias, and not powered for sex disaggregated analyses.ConclusionsIndex HIVST significantly increased HIV testing and the absolute number of partners initiating ART in Malawi, without increased risk of adverse events. Additional research is needed to improve linkage to HIV treatment services after HIVST use.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03271307, and Pan African Clinical Trials, PACTR201711002697316.

PurposeWe hypothesized that an intervention designed to create girl-friendly drug shops would increase access to sexual and reproductive health products and services among adolescent girls and young women (AGYW) (ages 15-24 years) in Tanzania.MethodsWe conducted a four-month randomized trial at 20 drug shops in Shinyanga, Tanzania from August-December 2019 to determine if the Malkia Klabu ("Queen Club") intervention increased AGYW patronage and the provision of HIV self-testing (HIVST), contraception, and health facility referrals to AGYW (primary outcomes). Drug shops were randomized 1:1 to the intervention or comparison arm. All shops were provided with OraQuick HIVST kits to give to AGYW for free. Intervention shops implemented Malkia Klabu, a loyalty program for AGYW created using human-centered design through which AGYW could also access free contraception. We compared outcomes in intention-to-treat analyses using shop observations and shopkeeper records.ResultsBy endline, shops implementing Malkia Klabu had higher AGYW patronage than comparison shops (rate ratio: 4.4; 95% confidence interval: 2.0, 9.8). Intervention shops distributed more HIVST kits (median per shop: 130.5 vs. 58.5, P = .02) and contraceptives (325.5 vs. 7.0, P < .01) to AGYW and provided more referrals for HIV, family planning, or pregnancy services combined (3.5 vs. 0.5, P = .02) than comparison shops.DiscussionThe Malkia Klabu intervention increased AGYW patronage and the provision of HIVST kits, contraception, and referrals to AGYW at drug shops, despite HIVST kits being freely available at all participating shops. Enhancing drug shops with girl-friendly services may be an effective strategy to reach AGYW with sexual and reproductive health services.

BackgroundNearly 50% of men living with HIV in many countries are unaware of their HIV status; men also have lower uptake of HIV treatment and pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). In SSA, highly mobile men such as those working in fishing communities alongside Lake Victoria have low uptake of HIV testing and low rates of linkage to HIV treatment and PrEP, despite increasing availability of these services. HIV self-testing (HIVST) kits hold promise for overcoming barriers to HIV testing and linkage to services for HIV-positive and HIV-negative men. We describe here a protocol for an HIV status-neutral, social network-based approach to promote HIV testing, linkage to care and prevention, and better health outcomes, including adherence, in fishermen around Lake Victoria.MethodsUtilizing beach management unit (BMU) registries of fishermen operating in three Lake Victoria fishing communities in Siaya County, Kenya, we completed a census and social network mapping to identify close social networks of men. Network clusters identified by a socially-central lead ("promotor") and selected to ensure maximal separation between treatment and control will be randomized. Promotors in both arms will receive basic HIV training; intervention promotors are further trained in HIVST to distribute kits to their cluster, while control promotors will distribute to their cluster vouchers for free HIVST at nearby clinics. We will test whether these promoters can enhance linkage to ART and PrEP after self-testing, thereby addressing a key limitation of HIVST. We will also measure 6- and 12-month viral load in those living with HIV and PrEP adherence among those without HIV via urine tenofovir levels as objective markers of adherence.DiscussionThis study has the potential to improve HIV health and promote HIV prevention among a hard to reach, at-risk, and highly mobile population of men in Western Kenya-a critical population in Kenya's HIV prevention and treatment program. Further, if successful, this innovative social networks-based model could be scaled at the regional level to address HIV prevention and care among similarly at-risk populations of men in eastern Africa and inland fisheries settings across the continent.Trial registrationSelf-Test Strategies and Linkage Incentives to Improve ART and PrEP Uptake in Men, registered on February 26, 2021, registration # NCT04772469 .

Background: Adolescent girls and young women (AGYW) in sub-Saharan Africa face a disproportionately higher HIV/AIDS burden despite the global decline in incidence. Existing interventions often fail to adequately address their unique social, economic, and cultural challenges, limiting access to essential HIV/AIDS services, including HIV testing. Emerging evidence indicates that HIV self-testing, a user-friendly and confidential method, enhances HIV diagnosis and linkage to care by targeting these barriers. This study aims to assess the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary impact of a peer-delivered, community-health worker (CHW)-facilitated HIV self-testing intervention for AGYW in Northern Uganda. Methods: This mixed-methods quasi-experimental implementation science study will employ a three-fold approach. Firstly, we will conduct baseline formative qualitative research with 50 AGYW, 50 parents/partners to AGYW, 30 CHWs, 15 community leaders, and the district health office to inform the design of a peer-delivered CHW-facilitated HIV self-testing intervention tailored to AGYW's needs in Northern Uganda. Secondly, we will implement a mixed-methods pilot study to assess the intervention's feasibility and acceptability, involving 415 AGYW, 30 AGYW peer leaders, and 10 CHWs in selected parishes and villages in Omoro district, Northern Uganda. Lastly, we will evaluate the implementation outcomes and preliminary impact of the intervention on HIV self-testing rates and linkage to care by collecting and analyzing quantitative data pre- and post-intervention, laying the groundwork for a future robust randomized controlled trial. Discussion: Our intervention combines CHWs and peer-led strategies to address the unique challenges of AGYW in Northern Uganda, leveraging community resilience and peer influence. Successful completion of this project will provide a scalable model to be evaluated in a randomized trial and replicated in similar contexts. Trial registration number: PACTR202404851907736. Registered with the Pan-African Clinical Trials Registry on April 22, 2024. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

HIV/AIDS emerged in the 1980s and created an urgent need for detection tests. Laboratory tests to detect HIV antibodies in blood samples were developed, followed by rapid tests in the 1990s. In the 2000s, HIV self-testing kits were introduced, improving accuracy and ease of use. Self-testing has become crucial in the fight against HIV. By 2030, the United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) sets goals for detection and treatment. Despite progress, challenges such as stigma and education persist. In Latin America, national self-testing programs are being implemented, such as in Chile, Brazil, and Colombia. In Mexico, the approval of self-tests in 2024 represents a significant advancement. Self-tests are expected to be widely used to detect the disease early, ensuring privacy and reducing stigma and discrimination. They will also be used for research in vulnerable groups and to refer patients to pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) services. With these actions, the aim is to achieve the goals set by UNAIDS and improve public health in the fight against HIV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: HIV self-testing (HIVST) can use either oral-fluid or blood-based tests. Studies have shown strong preferences for self-testing compared to facility-based services. Despite availability of low-cost blood-based HIVST options, to date, HIVST implementation in sub-Saharan Africa has largely been oral-fluid-based. We investigated whether users preferred blood-based (i.e. using blood sample derived from a finger prick) or oral fluid-based HIVST in rural and urban Malawi. Methods: At clinics providing HIV testing services (n = 2 urban; n = 2 rural), participants completed a semi-structured questionnaire capturing sociodemographic data before choosing to test using oral-fluid-based HVST, blood-based HIVST or provider-delivered testing. They also completed a self-administered questionnaire afterwards, followed by a confirmatory test using the national algorithm then appropriate referral. We used simple and multivariable logistic regression to identify factors associated with preference for oral-fluid or blood-based HIVST. Results: July to October 2018, N = 691 participants enrolled in this study. Given the choice, 98.4% (680/691) selected HIVST over provider-delivered testing. Of 680 opting for HIVST, 416 (61.2%) chose oral-fluid-based HIVST, 264 (38.8%) chose blood-based HIVST and 99.1% (674/680) reported their results appropriately. Self-testers who opted for blood-based HIVST were more likely to be male (50.3% men vs. 29.6% women, p < 0.001), attending an urban facility (43% urban vs. 34.6% rural, p = 0.025) and regular salary-earners (49.5% regular vs. 36.8% non-regular, p = 0.012). After adjustment, only sex was found to be associated with choice of self-test (adjusted OR 0.43 (95%CI: 0.3–0.61); p-value < 0.001). Among 264 reporting blood-based HIVST results, 11 (4.2%) were HIV-positive. Blood-based HIVST had sensitivity of 100% (95% CI: 71.5–100%) and specificity of 99.6% (95% CI: 97.6–100%), with 20 (7.6%) invalid results. Among 416 reporting oral-fluid-based HIVST results 18 (4.3%) were HIV-positive. Oral-fluid-based HIVST had sensitivity of 88.9% (95% CI: 65.3–98.6%) and specificity of 98.7% (95% CI: 97.1–99.6%), with no invalid results. Conclusions: Offering both blood-based and oral-fluid-based HIVST resulted in high uptake when compared directly with provider-delivered testing. Both types of self-testing achieved high accuracy among users provided with a pre-test demonstration beforehand. Policymakers and donors need to adequately plan and budget for the sensitisation and support needed to optimise the introduction of new quality-assured blood-based HIVST products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. Digital microscopy transformation, the basis for the virtual microscopy applications, is a challenge but also a requirement in modern Medical Education. This paper presents the scope, background, methods, and results of the project "Digital Transformation of Histology and Histopathology by Virtual Microscopy (VM) for an Innovative Medical School Curriculum", VM3.0, funded by the European Union under the Erasmus+ framework (ref.no.2022-1-RO01-KA220-HED-000089017). The project was initiated at Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iași, Romania, with the support of Euroed Foundation, Iași, and cooperation of University partners from Gdansk (Poland), Plovdiv (Bulgaria), Alicante (Spain), and Patras (Greece) aimed to implement digital histology and histopathology teaching in a common network. Materials and methods. The backbone of the project was the development of a Digital Slide Platform based on the scans of histological slides collected from all the partners of the participating universities and the creation of a simple and fast digital/internet communication tool that could be used to improve histology and histopathology teaching of medical and natural sciences students. The construction of a Virtual Microscopy Library (VML) has been based on the acquisition of whole scans of high-quality histological slides stained by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and other classical staining methods and description of various organs' details in English as well as respective languages of the project's partners. The VML can be used for different approches, both for students' instruction in classes as well as for individual students' work and self-testing. Universities from other countries could use the modal structure of the developed VML system on the condition that more slides are provided and the implementation of national language(s) is implemented. Conclusions. The combined efforts of all university partners allowed to establish the dynamic low-cost virtual microscopy educational system. The VM system could help unify the standards of cytology, histology, and histopathology teaching in a quest for the digital transformation of the European educational system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During COVID‐19 lockdowns in England, 'key workers' including factory workers, carers and cleaners had to continue to travel to workplaces. Those in key worker jobs were often from more marginalised communities, including migrant workers in precarious employment. Recognising space as materially and socially produced, this qualitative study explores migrant workers' experiences of navigating COVID‐19 risks at work and its impacts on their home spaces. Migrant workers in precarious employment often described workplace COVID‐19 protection measures as inadequate. They experienced work space COVID‐19 risks as extending far beyond physical work boundaries. They developed their own protection measures to try to avoid infection and to keep the virus away from family members. Their protection measures included disinfecting uniforms, restricting leisure activities and physically separating themselves from their families. Inadequate workplace COVID‐19 protection measures limited workers' ability to reduce risks. In future outbreaks, support for workers in precarious jobs should include free testing, paid sick leave and accommodation to allow for self‐isolation to help reduce risks to workers' families. Work environments should not be viewed as discrete risk spaces when planning response measures; responses and risk reduction approaches must also take into account impacts on workers' lives beyond the workplace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent guidance from the World Health Organization strongly recommended hepatitis C virus (HCV) self‐testing. We implemented the Vend‐C pilot study to explore the effectiveness and feasibility of distributing rapid HCV antibody self‐test kits to people who inject drugs via needle/syringe dispensing machines (SDMs). Over a 51‐day study period between August and September 2022, we distributed HCV antibody self‐test kits via two SDMs. During the study period, 63 self‐test kits were dispensed, averaging 1.2 self‐test kits per day. Our access methods for evaluation questionnaires failed to attract participants (n = 4). We implemented the Vend‐C pilot study in direct response to recent WHO recommendations. While self‐test kits were effectively distributed from the two SDMs, our evaluation methodology failed. Consequently, we cannot determine the success of linkage to care. Even so, with HCV treatment numbers dropping in Australia, innovative engagement solutions are needed, and considering the number of self‐test kits provided in our pilot, the model could have an important future place in HCV elimination efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Introduction Assisted partner services (APS) is an effective strategy for increasing HIV testing, new diagnosis, and linkage to care among sexual partners of people living with HIV (PLWH). APS can be resource intensive as it requires community tracing to locate each partner named and offer them testing. There is limited evidence for the effectiveness of offering HIV self‐testing (HIVST) as an option for partner testing within APS. Methods We conducted a cluster randomized controlled trial comparing provider‐delivered HIV testing (Standard APS) versus offering partners the option of provider‐delivered testing or HIVST (APS+HIVST) at 24 health facilities in Western Kenya. Facilities were randomized 1:1 and we conducted intent‐to‐treat analyses using Poisson generalized linear mixed models to estimate intervention impact on HIV testing, new HIV diagnoses, and linkage to care. All models accounted for clustering at the clinic level and new diagnoses and linkage models were adjusted for individual‐level age, sex, and income a priori. Results From March to December 2021, 755 index clients received APS and named 5054 unique partners. Among these, 1408 partners reporting a prior HIV diagnosis were not eligible for HIV testing and were excluded from analyses. Of the remaining 3646 partners, 96.9% were successfully contacted for APS and tested for HIV: 2111 (97.9%) of 2157 in the APS+HIVST arm and 1422 (95.5%) of 1489 in the Standard APS arm. In the APS+HIVST arm, 84.6% (1785/2111) tested via HIVST and 15.4% (326/2111) received provider‐delivered testing. Overall, 16.7% of the 3533 who tested were newly diagnosed with HIV (APS+HIVST = 357/2111 [16.9%]; Standard APS = 232/1422 [16.3%]). Of the 589 partners who were newly diagnosed, 90.7% were linked to care (APS+HIVST = 309/357 [86.6%]; Standard APS = 225/232 [97.0%]). There were no significant differences between the two arms in HIV testing (relative risk [RR]: 1.02, 95% CI: 0.96–1.10), new HIV diagnoses (adjusted RR [aRR]: 1.03, 95% CI: 0.76–1.39) or linkage to care (aRR: 0.88, 95% CI: 0.74–1.06). Conclusions There were no differences between APS+HIVST and Standard APS, demonstrating that integrating HIVST into APS continues to be an effective strategy for identifying PLWH by successfully reaching and HIV testing >95% of elicited partners, newly diagnosing with HIV one in six of those tested, >90% of whom were linked to care. Clinical Trial Number NCT04774835

Abstract Introduction In Viet Nam, key populations (KPs) face barriers accessing HIV services. Virtual platforms can be leveraged to increase access for KPs, including for HIV self‐testing (HIVST). This study compares reach and effectiveness of a web‐based HIVST intervention from pilot to scale‐up in Viet Nam. Methods A mixed‐methods explanatory sequential design used cross‐sectional and thematic analysis. The pilot launched in Can Tho in November 2020, followed by Hanoi and Nghe An in April 2021. Scale‐up included Can Tho and Nghe An, with 21 novel provinces from April to December 2022. After risk assessment, participants registered on the website, receiving HIVST (OraQuick®) by courier, peer educator or self‐pick‐up. Test result reporting and completing satisfaction surveys were encouraged. Intervention reach was measured through numbers accessing the testing, disaggregated by demographics, and proportion of individuals reporting self‐testing post‐registration. Effectiveness was measured through numbers reporting self‐test results, testing positive and linking to care, and testing negative and using HIVST to manage pre‐exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) use. Thematic content analysis of free‐text responses from the satisfaction survey synthesized quantitative outcomes. Results In total, 17,589 participants registered on the HIVST website; 11,332 individuals ordered 13,334 tests. Participants were generally young, aged

Abstract Introduction To achieve epidemic control of infectious diseases, engaging higher‐burden populations with accessible diagnostic services is critical. HIV self‐testing (HIVST) is a promising option. Methods We implemented an online HIVST programme for key populations across India. Eligible clients were 18 years or older, self‐reported a negative or unknown HIV status and reported not taking antiretroviral therapy. Clients who reported a prior HIV diagnosis were not eligible to receive an HIVST kit. HIVST clients received kits via courier or in person at pre‐determined pick‐up points supported by trained counselling staff. Virtual counsellors engaged clients online and by phone and offered support to register, access, and complete HIVST free of cost. Virtual counsellors supported clients to report results and engage with follow‐up services. Follow‐up included linking clients with a positive result to confirmatory testing and HIV care services. We assessed programmatic data across HIV continuum outcomes and conducted a qualitative evaluation through interviews with purposively sampled clients. Results Between 30 June 2021 and 30 September 2022, 5324 clients ordered an HIVST kit (76% men, 13% women, 7% transgender people, 4% unknown gender). Of the 4282 clients reporting results (94% of those who received a kit), 6% screened positive, among whom 72% (n = 184) completed confirmatory testing. Themes from 41 client interviews included satisfaction about the convenience and privacy of services and the discreet nature of kit delivery. Respondents were drawn to the convenience of HIVST and appreciated gaining courage and comfort throughout the process from virtual counsellor support. For respondents who screened positive, challenges to care linkage included fearing judgemental questions from public providers and wanting more time before starting treatment. Clients shared concerns about kit accuracy and suggested that instructional materials be provided with more diverse language options. Conclusions Web‐based HIVST services with tailored support appeared to facilitate HIV service access and engagement of harder‐to‐reach populations across India. Assistance from a community‐oriented counsellor proved important to overcome literacy barriers and mistrust in order to support the HIVST process and service linkage. Learnings can inform global efforts to improve the critical step of diagnosis in achieving epidemic control for HIV and other infectious diseases.