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Abstract Background Key discoveries and innovations in the field of human genetics have led to the foundation of molecular and personalized medicine. Here, we present the Genome Tunisia Project, a two-phased initiative (2022–2035) which aims to deliver the reference sequence of the Tunisian Genome and to support the implementation of personalized medicine in Tunisia, a North African country that represents a central hub of population admixture and human migration between African, European, and Asian populations. The main goal of this initiative is to develop a healthcare system capable of incorporating omics data for use in routine medical practice, enabling medical doctors to better prevent, diagnose, and treat patients. Methods A multidisciplinary partnership involving Tunisian experts from different institutions has come to discern all requirements that would be of high priority to fulfill the project’s goals. One of the most urgent priorities is to determine the reference sequence of the Tunisian Genome. In addition, extensive situation analysis and revision of the education programs, community awareness, appropriate infrastructure including sequencing platforms and biobanking, as well as ethical and regulatory frameworks, have been undertaken towards building sufficient capacity to integrate personalized medicine into the Tunisian healthcare system. Results In the framework of this project, an ecosystem with all engaged stakeholders has been implemented including healthcare providers, clinicians, researchers, pharmacists, bioinformaticians, industry, policymakers, and advocacy groups. This initiative will also help to reinforce research and innovation capacities in the field of genomics and to strengthen discoverability in the health sector. Conclusions Genome Tunisia is the first initiative in North Africa that seeks to demonstrate the major impact that can be achieved by Human Genome Projects in low- and middle-income countries to strengthen research and to improve disease management and treatment outcomes, thereby reducing the social and economic burden on healthcare systems. Sharing this experience within the African scientific community is a chance to turn a major challenge into an opportunity for dissemination and outreach. Additional efforts are now being made to advance personalized medicine in patient care by educating consumers and providers, accelerating research and innovation, and supporting necessary changes in policy and regulation.

In addition to being consumed as a food product in the Middle Ages, the poppy was recommended to people as a medicinal drug to urge sleep, aid digestion, and relieve coughs and diseases related to the stomach and intestine. The poppy’s seeds, tunic, and milk have been used since ancient times and in the Middle Ages, they were used in madrasahs, dervish lodges, zawiyahs, and folk medicine due to their sedative, analgesic, analgesic, stupefying and also recreational properties. It is seen that poppy, which is mostly known as a food, medicine, and mind-numbing feature, has been used as an organic fertilizer, energy, commercial and industrial product, and as a motif in works of art over time. This study deals with the statement and usage areas of poppy which is an important cultural factor in historical, medical, and sufistic works in the Middle Ages. It is aimed to determine why and how poppy was used in the historical period in the Middle Ages, especially in Anatolia. In the study covering the 11-14. centuries, mixed research methods, literature review, and text analysis techniques were used. This article is important because it is the first study to address the statement of poppy in historical, medical, and Sufistic sources about and the reasons for its use with a holistic approach when considering the context of Anatolia. Few academic studies shed light on the position and development of poppy in folk medicine in the Middle Ages, so it is thought that this study will contribute to the literature. It is also hoped that it will contribute scientifically to studies on Anatolian medical history regarding the dysfunction of the mind and blinding of the mind due to drug use and research on Medieval Turkish history. After conquering Anatolia, the Turks continued the thousands-year-old poppy culture and used poppy mostly as food and medicine. The poppy was mentioned in different ways in historical, medical, and Sufistic sources about the Middle Ages. It was mentioned to exemplify and explain a subject, to express its harms to human mental and spiritual health, or its benefits were stated provided that it was used in moderation. While the use of poppy as food does not pose a problem, the use of opium poppy outside the fields of pharmacy and medicine causes physical, mental, and spiritual health problems.

The defense expenditure is an essential part of government expenditures due to political preferences, geopolitical conditions, and level of economic development of a country. If one of them makes war risk for the country, governments tend to increase defense expenditures and the share of it in the budget will rise. In the literature, behavior of government expenditures is tried to explain via Peacock and Wiseman’s “displacement effect” hypothesis. The hypothesis claims that ratio of government expenditures to gross domestic product increases permanently when policy makers increase it once. So, if Peacock and Wiseman’s “displacement effect” hypothesis is valid, that would share of defense expenditures in the central government budget will rise and share of other expenditure items will decrease. Its socio-economic outcomes will be different. In this study, we aim to test behavior of defense expenditures of government in the NATO member countries to better understand how government manage expenditures. We modify “displacement effect” hypothesis by proportioning defense expenditures to gross domestic product. If it is not stationary, displacement effect hypothesis is valid, vice versa. Results imply that in most of the member countries displacement hypothesis for ratio of defense expenditures to GDP is valid, except Hungarian economy.

Abstract Provision of atomic hydrogen by hydrogen dissociation catalysts only moderately accelerates the hydrogenation rate of magnesium. They shed light on this well‐known but technically challenging fact through a combined approach using an unconventional surface science technique together with Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations. The calculations demonstrate the drastic electronic structure changes during transformation of Mg to MgH2, which make fractional hydrogen coverage on the surface, as well as substoichiometric hydrogen content in the bulk energetically unfavorable. Reflecting Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy (REELS) is used to measure the surface and bulk plasmon during hydrogen sorption in magnesium. The measurements show that the hydrogenation proceeds via the growth of magnesium hydride without the presence of chemisorbed hydrogen on the metallic magnesium surface exactly as indicated by the calculations. This is due to the low stability of sub‐stoichiometric amounts of chemisorbed H correlating with the unfavorable charge state of Mg. They are merely bound to the unchanged adjacent Mg layers, thereby explaining the failure of classical hydrogenation catalysts, which effectively only hydrogenate Mg in their direct vicinity. The acceleration of hydrogen sorption kinetics in Mg must affect the polarization in the interface between Mg and MgH2 during hydrogenation.

It is essential to predict what the exchange rate will be in the future. There are several factors affecting value of national currency of an economy. One of them is risk perception and after the end of “Quantitative Easing” program by Federal Reserve, risk perception for emerging market economies has changed. In this study, we aim to analyze interaction between credit default swap premium as a risk indicator and exchange rate in the Turkish economy after the global finance crisis. Results imply that risk perception has essential effects on the value of Turkish lira against U.S. dollar and to reduce volatility in the value of Turkish lira, risk perception has to be decreased.

Background: In this study, we aimed to introduce a new technique of labiaplasty and to evaluate the effect of this novel technique on female genital self-images, and sexual outcomes and to assess the feasibility of this novel technique. Methods: We conducted a single-center, retrospective study in 59 women who underwent labiaplasty and vaginoplasty (29 Freya approach technique, 30 classic technique) from 2020 to 2022. Both groups evaluated before (within 7 days) and after (1 month after) surgery with Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) and Female Genital Self-Image Scale (FGSIS) questionnaires and all the patients received postoperative care and follow-up assessments for complications 7 days and 1 month after surgery. Results: The Freya approach technique was associated with a shorter operation time (p < 0.05) and significantly lower postoperative Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) scores (p < 0.001). Both techniques increased FSFI scores (p < 0.001) and total FGSIS scores (p < 0.001). With the exception of a few cases of wound dehiscence that necessitated surgical correction (n = 1), wound healing occurred without complications. The outcomes were deemed highly satisfactory both aesthetically and functionally (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Freya approach technique is a simple and safe technique. It is effective in improving genital appearance and sexual satisfaction. Although this novel approach has similar satisfaction rates with other surgical techniques, it could be useful to reduce surgery time and postoperative pain.

Objective: The primary aim of this study was to compare the anatomic outcomes of vaginally assisted laparoscopic sacrocolpopexy (VALS) with those of McCall culdoplasty (McCC) in patients undergoing concurrent vaginal hysterectomy. Materials and methods: This randomized controlled study presents the outcomes of 68 patients who underwent hysterectomy and vaginal suspension for apical prolapse ≥ Stage III according to the Pelvic Organ Prolapse Quantification (POP-Q) system between October 2017 and December 2020. Among these patients, 33 underwent VALS and 35 underwent McCC. Clinical features, surgical data, concomitant surgical procedures, postoperative complications, and recurrence rates were assessed. Before and after one year of surgery, the short form of the Pelvic Floor Impact Questionnaire and Pelvic Organ Prolapse/Urinary Incontinence Sexual Questionnaire were used to evaluate subjective symptoms. Patient Global Impression of Improvement Questionnaire was used to assess patient satisfaction. Results: The mean follow-up durations were 25.5 ± 7.63 months and 25.6 ± 5.96 months in the VALS and McCC groups, respectively. Prolapse recurrence occurred in 3 (9.1%) women in the VALS group versus 12 (34.3%) women in the McCC group (p = 0.031). Conclusion: The McCC operation was associated with a shorter operation time, whereas the VALS operation had a significantly higher objective success rate. Based on this study, it may be concluded that McCC is not an effective procedure for advanced uterine prolapse.

Transsexuality is a complex situation that different disciplines such as psychology, sociology, philosophy, and law are interested in. The gender reassignment procedures developed within the framework of contemporary medicine cause this situation to take place more and more on the agenda of medicine and therefore medical ethics. In this short essay, transsexuality is discussed through its connections with the concepts of life, body, culture, personhood, and identity.

Background Immunosuppressive therapy has been a great concern during the pandemic. This study aimed to evaluate the pandemic's impact on psoriasis patients treated with immunosuppressive drugs. Material and Methods The multicenter study was conducted in 14 tertiary dermatology centers. Demographic data, treatment status, disease course, and cases of COVID-19 were evaluated in patients with psoriasis using the immunosuppressive treatment. Results Of 1827 patients included, the drug adherence rate was 68.2%. Those receiving anti-interleukin (anti-IL) drugs were more likely to continue treatment than patients receiving conventional drugs (OR = 1.50, 95% CI, 1.181–1.895, p = .001). Disease worsening rate was 24.2% and drug dose reduction increased this rate 3.26 and drug withdrawal 8.71 times. Receiving anti-TNF or anti-IL drugs was associated with less disease worsening compared to conventional drugs (p = .038, p = .032; respectively). Drug withdrawal causes were ‘unable to come’ (39.6%), ‘COVID concern’ (25.3%), and ‘physician’s and patient’s co-decision’ (17.4%). Four patients had COVID-19 infection with mild symptoms. The incidence was 0.0022% while it was 0.0025% in the general population. Conclusion Our study shows that psoriasis patients using systemic immunosuppressive do not have a higher, but even lower COVID-19 risk than the general population, and treatment compliance with biological drugs is higher.

This article deals with micro-karstification forming abundant dissolution features in a stalagmite from Küpeli Cave in southern Turkey. Dissolution occurs when cave water enriched with CO2 from the atmosphere and soil seeps into the stalagmite. Water is transmitted from the surface of the stalagmite to the interior by the roughly vertical or diagonal notch-shaped pores formed by the enlargement of intercrystalline pores by dissolution. These slightly elongated pores appear embedded in different parts of the stalagmite and characterize different stages of dissolution during the stalagmite formation. Later, when this water reaches the relatively more permeable growth layer surfaces, it flows along these surfaces, and diffuse dissolution features form. These features include micro-scale pitted and etched surface structures, rounded and enlarged crystal boundaries and intercrystalline pores, and the breakdown of relatively large crystals into small crystals (micritization). When the percolating water is sufficiently saturated with calcium carbonate in the stalagmite, secondary calcite precipitation occurs as rim and pore-filling cements within the pores formed as a result of dissolution. In general, dissolution and calcite re-precipitation as cement are early diagenetic events and occur at different stages of stalagmite development due to seasonal variation in CO2 and CaCO3 contents of the water in the epikarst zone and within the stalagmite. These conditions were probably provided during the wet season.

In the current study, the effects of silver (Ag) additive on the radiation shielding efficiency of BiPbSrCaCuO superconducting ceramics was calculated using the EGS4 code and discussed theoretically by comparison with XCOM data. The mass attenuation coefficients (µ/ρ) for BiPbSrCaCuO superconductor ceramics and their contents were investigated theoretically (WinXcom and EGS4) at gamma-ray energies ranging from 59.5 to 1332 keV. The theoretical values were computed in the energy range from 1 keV to 100 MeV using the WinXcom program. Then, using the mass attenuation coefficients, some shielding parameters were determined, such as the mean free path (MFP), the half value layer (HVL), the effective atomic number (Zeff), the radiation protection efficiency (RPE), the macroscopic fast neutron removal cross-sections (ΣR, cm−1) and the gamma-ray kerma coefficients (kγ). Theoretically, the results obtained with XCOM and EGS-4 were found to be in good agreement. The radiation shielding efficiency (RPE), neutron removal cross-section (ΣR, cm−1), maximum and semi-valent layer (HVL), and mean free path (MFP) values were found to be smaller for BiPbSrCaCuO superconducting ceramics as the silver (Ag) contribution was increased. Data from this study can guide further research and development of shielding materials for gamma-ray and neutron shielding.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the role of Elabela in the etiopathogenesis of intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR). Materials and Methods: The present prospective study included 43 healthy pregnant women and 46 pregnant women with IUGR. Maternal serum were collected from the control group and IUGR group at time of delivery. Elabela levels were analyzed in maternal serum through ELISA method. Results: Lower Elabela levels (IUGR: 1.09 (0.61-15.61) ng / mL and Control: 1.44 (0.37-31.33) ng / mL) were observed in IUGR patients compared to controls. Elabela levels were positively correlated with gestational week and neonatal weight. (r = 0.263, p = 0.013 and r = 0.259, respectively; p = 0.014). Conclusion: The present study serves as the first study revealing the role of the decrease in Elabela in maternal serum on the etiopathogenesis of IUGR. This suggests that Elabela could be a potential drug target in cases with IUGR.

INTRODUCTION: Depression, which is an important public health problem and a determinant of disease burden, is one of the most common mental disorders, especially in the elderly population. The current study was aimed to investigate the prevalence of geriatric depression and associated factors among elderly people who admitted to the family medicine outpatient clinic. METHODS: A total of 195 elderly participants aged 60 years have enrolled in this study. Demographic characteristics, medical history, psychosocial factors, and physical health status of individuals that may be associated with depression were obtained with a questionnaire. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the 30-item Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS). RESULTS: Total of the 166 participants included in the study, 49.09% (n=81) had no depression, 4.24% (n=7) had probable depression, and 46.67% (n=77) had depression. Depression questionnaire scores of participants 75 years and over-aged were statistically higher than other age groups (p=0.001). Ability to make own daily work (OR: 19.78, Cl: 1.23-317.83, p=0.035), have a hearing problem (OR: 2.74, CI: 1: 20 - 6: 27 p=0.017) and fair sleep quality (OR: 10.62, Cl: 2.37-42.70, p=0.002) or poor sleep quality (OR: 4.24, Cl: 1.78-10.06, p=0.001) were independent risk factors that affecting the depression status. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: This study provides an alarming signal for health professionals and family physicians about the high prevalence of geriatric depression. We found that geriatric depression is associated with household income, education level, physical health, hearing problem, sleep status and history of falls in the elderly population.

Objective: In parallel with the increase in cesarean section (CS) rates, the incidence of isthmocele has been increasing. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effect of four different uterine incision closure techniques (single-layer locked, double-layer locked, single-layer unlocked, and double-layer unlocked) on cesarean scar healing and isthmocele formation by transvaginal ultrasound (TVUS) and saline infusion sonography (SIS). Materials and methods: This prospective, randomized study included women who underwent the first, elective, and term cesarean section delivery at the Obstetrics and Gynecology clinic of a tertiary care center between November 2018 and November 2019. A total of 60 patients were divided into four groups including 15 patients in each. Using the TVUS and SIS, the width, depth and length of the CS defect and the thickness of the residual myometrial tissue were measured. Results: There was no significant difference in the CS defect measurements and CS defect area among the four groups (p > 0.05). The lowest rate of Grade 3 isthmocele was seen in the double-locked group (5%), while the highest rate of isthmocele was seen in the single-unlocked group (35%) (p > 0.05). Conclusion: No trend of differences was seen in the four subgroups but the sample size is not big enough to draw valid conclusions.

Thyme has been used for various therapeutic purposes in many different cultures, which makes it one of the most riveting medicinal plants throughout history. From its beneficial effects on the respiratory tract or the gastrointestinal system, to its unique skin-related activities, the investigation of the medicinal properties of thyme has always been an alluring topic for researchers aiming to develop conventional medications from this traditional herb. With an incentive to contribute to the extensive thyme research, three Thymus L. species namely Thymus cariensis Hub-Mor. & Jalas (endemic), Thymus praceox subsp. grossheimii (Ronniger) Jalas, and Thymus pubescens Boiss. et Kotschy ex Celak from Turkey were deeply investigated within this study. The analysis of the phytochemical constituents of the extracts was conducted by LC-MS/MS. 12 biologically important secondary metabolites (p-coumaric acid, caffeic acid, salicylic acid, quinic acid, fumaric acid, vanillin, malic acid, rutin, apigenin, naringenin, and nicotiflorin) were detected in all extracts. Their total phenolic and flavonoid contents were calculated (11.15 ± 0.17—61.12 ± 2.59 μg PEs/mg extract, 2.53 ± 0.04—40.28 ± 0.92 μg QEs/mg extract, respectively), and the antioxidant potential of the extracts was evaluated by DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging and CUPRAC activity methods, accordingly, the extracts were shown to possess significant antioxidant activity. Among them, Thymus cariensis Hub-Mor. & Jalas was the most active with IC50 values of 34.97 ± 1.00 μg/ml and 9.98 ± 0.04 μg/ml regarding the DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assays, respectively, and an A0.5 value of 5.80 ± 0.02 μg/ml according to CUPRAC activity method. Their anticholinesterase, antityrosinase, and antiurease activities were also tested, Thymus cariensis Hub-Mor. & Jalas (35.61 ± 1.20%) and Thymus pubescens Boiss. et Kotschy ex Celak aerial part extract (33.49 ± 1.39%) exhibited moderate antibutyrylcholinesterase activity at 200 μg/ml concentration. The results of the cell viability assay indicated that the extracts demonstrated moderate-to-low cytotoxicity on A498 human renal cell lines. Furthermore, all studied extracts exerted noteworthy antimicrobial activity, especially against Candida tropicalis (MIC values: 19.53—78.12 μg/ml). The presented data substantiates the use of thyme extracts as therapeutic agents in both ethnomedicine and conventional therapies.

Snake venom contains a number of active molecules that have been shown to possess high anti-tumor activities; disintegrins are an excellent example among these. Their ability to interact and bind with integrins suggests that they could be very valuable molecules for the development of new cancer therapeutic approaches. However, in the absence of a clear Lysine-Threonine-Serine (KTS) Disintegrins Integrin interaction model, the exact compound features behind it are still unknown. In this study, we investigated the structural characteristics of three KTS-disintegrins and the interaction mechanisms with the α1β1 integrin receptor using in silico bioinformatics approaches. Normal mode analysis showed that the flexibility of the KTSR motif and the C-terminal region play a key role and influence the KTS-Disintegrin-integrin interaction. Protein-protein docking also suggested that the interaction involving the KTSR motif is highly dependent on the residue following K21, S23 and R24. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the KTS-Disintegrin-Integrin structural differences and their interactions with α1β1 receptors, which could improve the selection process of the best active molecules for antitumor therapies.

Globally, Campylobacter is a significant contributor to gastroenteritis. Efficient pathogens are qualified by their virulence power, resistance to antibiotics and epidemic spread. However, the correlation between antimicrobial resistance (AR) and the pathogenicity power of pathogens is complex and poorly understood. In this study, we aimed to investigate genes encoding virulence and AR mechanisms in 177 Campylobacter isolates collected from layer hens and eggs in Tunisia and to assess associations between AR and virulence characteristics. Virulotyping was determined by searching 13 virulence genes and AR-encoding genes were investigated by PCR and MAMA-PCR. The following genes were detected in C. jejuni and C. coli isolates: tet(O) (100%/100%), blaOXA-61 (18.82%/6.25%), and cmeB (100%/100%). All quinolone-resistant isolates harbored the Thr-86-Ile substitution in GyrA. Both the A2074C and A2075G mutations in 23S rRNA were found in all erythromycin-resistant isolates; however, the erm(B) gene was detected in 48.38% and 64.15% of the C. jejuni and C. coli isolates, respectively. The machine learning algorithm Random Forest was used to determine the association of virulence genes with AR phenotypes. This analysis showed that C. jejuni virulotypes with gene clusters encompassing the racR, ceuE, virB11, and pldA genes were strongly associated with the majority of phenotypic resistance. Our findings showed high rates of AR and virulence genes among poultry Campylobacter, which is a cause of concern to human health. In addition, the correlations of specific virulence genes with AR phenotypes were established by statistical analysis.

Purpose: The purpose of our study was to conduct a chemical analysis of extracranial foreign bodies (FBs) causing artifacts in cranial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and to investigate the association between chemical composition, magnetic susceptibility, and artifact size. Materials and Methods: A total of 12 patients were included in the study. The FBs responsible for the artifacts were visualized using cranial computed tomography (CT). Artifact-causing FBs were removed from the scalps of 10 patients and analyzed using scanning electron microscope with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (X-RD), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The magnetic susceptibility of the samples was determined using the reference standard material MnCl2.6H2O. The volume of the MRI artifacts was measured in cubic centimeters (cm3). Results: EDS results demonstrated that the mean Fe ratio was 5.82% in the stone samples and 0.08% in the glass samples. Although no phase peaks were detected in the X-RD spectra of the glass samples, peaks of Fe2O3, Al2Ca (SiO4) were detected in the X-RD spectra of the stone samples. The FT-IR spectra revealed metal oxide peaks corresponding to Fe, Al, in the stone samples and peaks confirming Al2SiO5and Na2SiO3structures in the glass samples. The mean volumes of the MRI artifacts produced by the stone and glass samples were 5.9 cm3 and 2.5 cm3, respectively. Conclusions: Artifacts caused by extracranial FBs containing metal/metal oxide components are directly associated with their chemical composition and the artifact size are also related to element composition and magnetic susceptibility.

OBJECTIVE Recent data from the literature have recognized the importance of cerebellum in bipolar disorder. Brain imaging studies focusing on cerebellar volumetric changes in bipolar disorder demonstrated controversial data. The aim of this study is to investigate whether there is any difference between early-onset bipolar cases and healthy controls regarding cerebellar volumetric measurements. METHODS Patients with bipolar I disorder were compared to healthy controls in terms of total cerebellar volume, volumes of the right and left cerebellar hemispheres, and cerebellar volumetric asymmetry. All the sociodemographic, clinical data, and magnetic resonance image scans were collected retrospectively. Cerebellar volumes were evaluated using the stereological method. Asymmetry indices were calculated subsequently. RESULTS We recruited 10 bipolar I cases and 10 healthy controls. There were no statistically significant differences between the bipolar and the control groups for total cerebellar volumes, volumes of right and left cerebellar hemispheres, and cerebellar asymmetry indices. CONCLUSION Future studies focusing on cerebellar changes in early-onset bipolar disorder should include large case and control series and designed as follow-up studies for being able to determine the chronic effects of the illness on cerebellar volumes.

Doğu Avrupa bozkırlarında Hun ordularının bir parçası olarak ortaya çıkan Bulgarlar, İdil (Volga) Bulgarlarının erken tarihi, bölgeyi Orta Moğolistan'dan Kuzey Kazakistan'a kadar işgal eden Ogur kabileleri ile ilişkilendirilir. V. Yüzyılın sonundan başlayarak, Karadeniz-Hazar bozkırlarının ve aynı zamanda Kuzey Kafkasya'daki bozkırların geniş bir kesiminde, Tuna'da ve Balkanlarda Onogur, Utigur ve Kutrigurlardan oluşan Pro-Bulgar ittifakını görüyoruz. Batı Göktürk Kağanlığının bir parçası iken 630'larda bağımsızlıklarını kazandılar ve Han Kubrat önderliğinde kendi devletlerini kurdular. Bu çalışma, İdil Bulgarlarının güney göçebe halklarıyla temasları meselesini ele almaktadır. Büyük Kubrat Bulgar Devleti'nin yıkılmasının ardından Hazar Kağanlığı idaresi sırasında Orta Volga bölgesine büyük Bulgar göçleri olmuş ve İdil Bulgar devleti teşekkül etmiştir. İdil Bulgarları, Volga bölgesinde ve Urallarda günümüz Tatarının milli kimliklerinin, dillerinin ve kültürlerinin oluşumunda belirleyici bir rol oynayan Peçenekler ve Kuman-Kıpçaklarla yakın ilişki içerisindeydi. Bu çalışmada İdil Bulgarları ile etrafındaki göçebe dünya arasındaki ilişkiler ele alınmaktadır. Yerleşik hayatı benimsemiş, kentlerde yaşayan halklarla konargöçerlerin ilişkilerinde ekonomik faktörlerin etkisi tartışılmıştır.

Hollandalı tarihçi Jacques Presser, 1958’de bir yazıyla ilk kez “egodocument” kavramını dolaşıma sokmuştur. Kasıt, günlük, hatırat, otobiyografi türünden kişilerin bizzat kendi kalemlerinden çıkma ve kendilerine dair metinlerdir. Dünyanın bir kısmında kavram olduğu gibi kabullenilmiş, diğer bir kısmında aynı malzeme bütünü için temel olarak “self-narrative,” “selbstzeugnis” tabirleri yaygın kullanım sahası bulmuştur. Presser’in kavrama atfettiği anlam ve öngördüğü kapsam araştırmacılar tarafından muhtelif şekillerde tevarüs edilmiştir. Kimi tarihçiler, “egodocument”i çok geniş bir kapsama kavuşturma gayretine girmiştir. Günümüz dünyasındaki uluslarüstü (transnational) ve global tarihyazım gündeminde, Batı-dışı toplumların ben-anlatılarının nereye oturtulacağı da bir mesele olarak ele alınmaktadır. Diğer bir ifadeyle, Jacob Burckhardt’ın bireyin ortaya çıkışı ve bunun anlamını yorumladığı günden bugüne otobiyografik metinlere bakış da değişmiştir. Bu makalenin amacı, Türkiye’de hem halihazırda bilinen, üzerine yayınlar gerçekleştirilmiş, hem dehenüz yazma eser kütüphanelerinde keşfedilmeyi bekleyen malzemeye ben-anlatıları perspektifinden bir farkındalık geliştirmektir.

Amaç: Kendine özgü bir tıbbi birim olarak doğumhanede, diğer birimlerde olduğu gibi, tıp etiği ile ilgili-bağlantılı kimi durumlar ortaya çıkmaktadır. Çalışmamızın amacı bu durumların karşılaşılma sıklıklarını ve önemsenme derecelerini saptamak; dolayısıyla doğumhanenin tıp etiği açısından nasıl bir çalışma ortamı olduğunu ve bu birimde çalışanların nasıl bir mesleki değer sistemine sahip bulunduğunu belirlemektir.Gereç ve Yöntem: Tanımlayıcı tipteki araştırmamız üç resmi hastanenin doğumhanelerinde aktif olarak görev yapan çalışmaya katılmayı kabul eden, ebe, hemşire, uzman ya da uzmanlık öğrencisi hekim toplam 87 kişi üzerinde yürütülmüştür. Katılımcılardan veri toplama formunda yer alan 18 ifadenin her biri için karşılaşma-karşılaşmama durumlarını ve 10 üzerinden puan vererek önemseme derecelerini belirtmeleri istenmiştir.Bulgular: Doğumhanede en sık karşılaşılan sorunlar, gebe-lohusanın tıbbi uygulamayı reddetmesi, ekip içi yetki-işbölümü çatışmalarının yaşanması ve kıdemsiz çalışanlara “angarya” yüklenmesidir. En fazla önemsenen sorunlar ise yenidoğana gereksinim duyduğu tıbbi olanakların sağlanamaması, tıbbi işlemlerin eksik ya da yanlış uygulanması şeklinde malpraktis yapılması ve gebe/lohusanın hayati tehlikesi varken taburcu edilme talebidir.Sonuç: Doğumhanelerde en sık yaşanan sorun kategorisi özerklik çatışmaları olup yarar sağlayama üzerinde oluşan ikilemler görece daha az ancak yine de dikkate değer sayıdadır. Doğumhanede çalışanlar özerkliğe saygı konusunda belli bir duyarlılıkları bulunmakla birlikte kimi zaman paternalizme eğilim göstermektedir. Adalet ilkesi ile ilgili- bağlantılı sorunlar sık yaşanmamakta ancak bu ilke önemli bir referans kabul edilmektedir.

Bu çalışmada, ofis (A4), kuşe, oluklu mukavva, NSSC (Nötral sülfit yarı kimyasal hamur), gazete ve karışım kâğıtları üzerine hamurlaştırma işlemleri yapılmıştır. Bu işlemin sonunda ise dövme ve ardından mürekkep giderme işlemi yapılmıştır. İşlem sonunda ise elde edilen test kâğıtlarına ise bazı testler yapılmıştır. Çalışmada, kontrol amaçlı standart yüzdürme metoduna göre mürekkep giderme işlemi yapılmıştır. Bu amaçla, sodyum hidroksit, hidrojen peroksit, sodyum silikat, oleik asit ve kalsiyum klorür ingede metoduna göre uyarlanarak kullanılmıştır.

In the literature of economics, risk perception is an important issue and it is some hard to measure. In this study, we test the relationship between CDS premiums as a variable indicating risk perception in ‘fragile five’ economies and nominal exchange rates of each ‘fragile five’ economy after the global crisis. The possible interaction between variables would make possible to predict exchange rates change in the future. Results obtained from both time series co-integration tests and panel data co-integration tests indicate that CDS premiums are one of the most important factor affecting nominal exchange rates in fragile five countries and it is concluded that the causation linkage between CDS premiums and exchange rate for Turkish, Brazilian, South African, Indonesian and Indian national currencies is valid in the longer time periods.

Summary: Zika virus (ZIKV) is an emerging, mosquito-borne flavivirus responsible for recent epidemics across the Americas, and it is closely related to dengue virus (DENV). Here, we study samples from 46 DENV-naive and 43 DENV-immune patients with RT-PCR-confirmed ZIKV infection at early-acute, late-acute, and convalescent time points from our pediatric cohort study in Nicaragua. We analyze the samples via RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), CyTOF, and multiplex cytokine/chemokine Luminex to generate a comprehensive, innate immune profile during ZIKV infection. Immunophenotyping and analysis of cytokines/chemokines reveal that CD14+ monocytes play a key role during ZIKV infection. Further, we identify CD169 (Siglec-1) on CD14+ monocytes as a potential biomarker of acute ZIKV infection. Strikingly distinct transcriptomic and immunophenotypic signatures are observed at all three time points. Interestingly, pre-existing dengue immunity has minimal impact on the innate immune response to Zika. Finally, this comprehensive immune profiling and network analysis of ZIKV infection in children serves as a valuable resource. : At three time points after Zika virus infection, Michlmayr et al. perform comprehensive immunoprofiling of pediatric cohort samples via RNA-seq, CyTOF, and Luminex cytokine/chemokine array, resulting in distinct temporal patterns of gene expression, cell profiles, and cytokines/chemokines. They show CD14+ monocytes play a central role, identify CD169 as a potential biomarker of acute ZIKV infection along with upregulation of CXCL10, and find no impact of prior dengue virus infection on the innate immune response to Zika. Keywords: Zika virus, monocytes, dengue virus, innate immunity, immune profiling, RNA-seq, CyTOF, network model, biomarker, Luminex

Objective: To identify clinical features of urinary tract injuries detected during or after gynecologic surgeries, with a specific focus on incidence and role of surgeon and surgical route on urinary injury. Study design: The institutional database from January 2009 to January 2017 was reviewed with respect to gynecologic (non-obstetric) surgeries and urinary injuries. Results: A total of 8719 gynecologic surgeries were identified. Of these, 46 (0.52%) were found to be complicated with a bladder (N=34, 0.38%), ureteral (N=11, 0.12%) and/or urethral injury (N=1, 0.01%). Bladder injuries occurred mostly at the superior part of the bladder, while ureteric injuries at the most distal part of the ureter. Ureteric injuries were mostly delayed (81.8% vs. 5.9%, P

We examine possible links between CDS spreads and the value of the Turkish lira against the U.S. dollar by using the recently developed rolling window causality method as well as the Markov Switching Vector Autoregressive method. Results show that credit default swap premiums drive the value of the Turkish lira against the U.S. dollar in the post crisis period. We conclude that market risk as a part of financial risk has become an important factor in determining exchange rate fluctuations in the Turkish economy during the post-crisis period.

Bu çalışmada ofis kâğıtları üzerine öncelikle siyah lazer baskı yapılmış ve daha sonra bu kâğıtlardan mürekkep giderme işlemleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. İkinci basamak olarak, baskılı kâğıtlar farklı şartlar altında Hobart hamurlaştırıcısı ile hamurlaştırılmış ve süspansiyonlar hazırlanmıştır. Hamurlaştırma ve süspansiyon hazırlama aşamalarında farklı oranlarda kimyasal ve enzimler katılmış ve bunların etkileri analiz edilmiştir. Ultrases etkisi de ayrıca incelenmiştir. Son olarak işlem görmüş olan atık kâğıt hamuru, yüzdürme esaslı mürekkep giderme işlemine alınarak mürekkeplerinden tamamen arındırılmaya çalışılmıştır. İşlem sonunda ise elde edilen test kâğıtları üzerinde optik analizler yapılmıştır. Çalışma sonunda, genel olarak enzimlerin hamurun beyazlık ve parlaklık üzerine olumlu etkisi görülmüştür.

Bu çalışmada, ilk olarak baskılı ofis kâğıtları üzerinde farklı aşamalarda hamurlaştırma işlemi yapılmıştır. Bu işlemin ardından ise mürekkep giderme işlemleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu işlemde hamurlaştırma ve süspansiyon hazırlama aşamalarında farklı oranlarda kimyasal ve enzimler katılmış ve bunların etkileri analiz edilmiştir. Ultrases etkisi de ayrıca incelenmiştir. Bu işlemler süresince liflere ait mukavemet değerlerinin incelenmesi içinde, işlem sonunda elde edilen test kâğıtlarına ait fiziksel direnç analizleri yapılmıştır.

Bu çalışmada, atık ofis kâğıtları üzerine öncelikle siyah lazer baskı yapılmış ve daha sonra bu kâğıtlardan mürekkep giderme işlemleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. İkinci basamak olarak, baskılı kâğıtlar farklı şartlar altında Hobart hamurlaştırıcısı ile hamurlaştırılmış ve süspansiyonlar hazırlanmıştır. Hamurlaştırma ve süspansiyon hazırlama aşamalarında farklı oranlarda kimyasal ve enzimler katılmış ve bunların etkileri analiz edilmiştir. Ultrases etkisi de ayrıca incelenmiştir. Son olarak işlem görmüş olan atık kâğıt hamuru, yüzdürme esaslı mürekkep giderme işlemine alınarak mürekkeplerinden tamamen arındırılmaya çalışılmıştır. İşlem sonunda ise hamur ve atık çamur analizleri yapılmıştır. Bu sayede, test kâğıtlarında mukavemet değer kaybı olup olmadığına bakılmıştır. Çalışma sonunda, genel olarak test kâğıtlarında bir mukavemet artışı görülmüştür.

The purpose of this study is to determine the causality between trade deficits and government expenditure for the Turkish economy in different time horizons and in the case of different shock types between year 1987 and 2014. By doing so, we aim to understand whether the twin deficit hypothesis is valid in the Turkish economy or whether government expenditures have more ability to cause the movements of trade deficit. To do this, we employ asymmetric causality test developed by Hatemi-J (2012) and Hatemi-J and Roca (2014) and rolling windows causality test developed by Balcilar et al. (2010) methods. Results obtained from all tests imply that there is a bi-directional causality between variables. Different from other causality analysis, asymmetric causality analysis results indicate that an increase in government expenditures reduces trade deficit contrarily to existing literature. This means twin divergence hypothesis might be valid in the Turkish economy instead of twin deficit hypothesis.

Objectives This study aimed to investigate whether early-onset schizophrenia (EOS) cases differ from controls regarding volumes of the total cerebellum and the right and left cerebellar hemispheres, and volumetric asymmetry. Correlations of cerebellar volumes and asymmetry indices with severity of symptoms and general functioning in cases of EOS were also assessed. Methods Adolescents with EOS (n = 23) were compared with controls (n = 23). Sociodemographic and clinical data, and magnetic resonance imaging scans that were acquired for routine clinical purposes were collected retrospectively. Cerebellar volumes were evaluated using the stereological method. Asymmetry indices were subsequently calculated. Scores of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale and the Children’s Global Assessment Scale were used to assess the severity of symptoms and general functionality. Results There were no significant differences in any of the cerebellar volumes and asymmetry indices between the two groups. Neither cerebellar volumes nor asymmetry indices were correlated with the severity of symptoms and general functionality in EOS. Conclusions Our findings suggest that the early-onset form of schizophrenia does not show apparent volumetric changes of the cerebellum. Additionally, the neural circuits involved in formation of symptomatology may not reflect any correlation with cerebellar volumes at mid-adolescence.

Life cycle assessment (LCA) has received attention as a tool to evaluate the environmental impacts of products and services. In the last 20 years, research on the topic has increased, and now more than 25,000 articles are related to LCA in scientific journals databases such as the Scopus database; however, the concept is relatively new in Africa, where the number of networks has been highlighted to be very low when compared to the other regions. This paper focuses on a review of life cycle assessments conducted in Africa over the last 20 years. It aims at highlighting the current research gap for African LCA. A total of 199 papers were found for the whole continent; this number is lower than that for both Japan and Germany (more than 400 articles each) and nearly equal to developing countries such as Thailand. Agriculture is the sector which received the most attention, representing 53 articles, followed by electricity and energy (60 articles for the two sectors). South Africa (43), Egypt (23), and Tunisia (19) were the countries where most of the research was conducted. Even if the number of articles related to LCA have increased in recent years, many steps still remain. For example, establishing a specific life cycle inventory (LCI) database for African countries or a targeted ideal life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) method. Several African key sectors could also be assessed further.

The global demand for air conditioners (ACs) has more than tripled since 1990, with 1.6 billion units currently in use. With the rapid economic and population growth of countries located in the hottest parts in the world, this trend is likely to continue in the future. The aim of this study was to show the benefits of introducing air conditioners with different materials or different technologies such as inverters with high energy-saving performance on the environment and human health in Indonesia. To evaluate the environmental impacts of the different technologies, a cradle-to-grave life cycle assessment (LCA) of air conditioners was conducted using the life-cycle impact assessment method based on endpoint modeling (LIME3). As expected, the use stage has the largest global warming potential (GWP), representing more than 90% of the impact, whereas copper and nickel have the most important impact in terms of resource consumption (about 50%). We found that the impacts are heavily dependent on the country’s energy mix, but reduction can be achieved by introducing better technologies. The integration factors from LIME3 were then applied to estimate the external cost of each model; the results showed that the use stage also has the most influence. Even though the impact of climate change is important, air pollution impact must be seriously considered as its impact was found to be the highest (about 60% of the total impact). The external cost was finally compared to the possible benefits produced by the introduction of air conditioning technologies during their 10-year life cycle. We found that the impacts are twice that of the benefit for the best model (USD 2003 vs. 1064); however, the novelty of this study is that the benefit was also considered. In the future, developing countries should promote AC models with inverters, refrigerants with low global warming impact such as natural refrigerants, and encourage the recycling of units as soon as possible. The energy mix for electricity production is also a key parameter to consider.

Al-Andalus mortar is an ancient binding material (lime mortar) that was used for centuries in numerous historical buildings in Al-Andalus, Granada (Spain). The physico-chemical and microscopic properties of Al-Andalus mortars in Granada were studied as part of an investigation into the mineral raw materials present in the territory of Spain. Scanning electron microscope and X-ray diffraction analyses of eight main types of mortars were performed to show the presence of calcite, gypsum, quartz, and muscovite minerals with organic fibers. Chemical analyses of the specimens showed that high SiO2+Al2O3+Fe2O3 contents yielded high values of hydraulicity and cementation indices. A significant result of this study was that mortars with high hydraulicity and cementation indices have high mechanical strengths. This characteristic may be the main reason for the earthquake resistance of the historical Alhambra Palace.

Since Frankel (2011, 2012) criticizes the choice of consumer price index as a policy index for its adverse impacts on the output in the developing economies, economists suggest different policy proposals in order to stabilize price level. One of them is to change price index in measurement of inflation. In this study, we investigate the suitability of an alternative price index in inflation targeting regime instead of consumer price index in Turkish economy. In this regard, we employ the producer price index instead of consumer price index in order to investigate the suitability of Frankel’s policy proposals. The empirical results, obtained from conventional VAR analysis suggest that the impact of producer price on the inflation rate is in the short term and it is weak. Similarly, MS-VAR analysis by utilizing the monthly data for the period 2003M2 - 2013M6, show that there is not a significant impact of producer price on the inflation rate during the expansionary period and it is also possible to talk about the effect of supply side shocks in the recession regime. Therefore, the consumer price index seems to be an appropriate instrument to target inflation rate, but the producer price index should also take into account to target inflation during the recessionary period in Turkey.

Bu çalışmada, ofis kâğıtları üzerinde mürekkep giderme işlemi yapılmıştır. Bu işlem için farklı oranlarda kimyasal ve enzimler katılmış ve bunların etkileri analiz edilmiştir. Bu amaçla sodyum hidroksit, hidrojen peroksit sodyum silikat ve oleik asit’de uygun dozlarda kullanılmıştır. Çalışmada ayrıca ultrasonik enerjinin etkiside ayrıca incelenmiştir. Araştırma sonunda ise işlem sonunda elde edilen hamur ve atık çamur üzerinde organik ve anorganik madde analizleri yapılmıştır.

Bu çalışmada, yüzdürme metoduna göre mürekkep giderme işlemi uygulanmış baskılı ofis kâğıtları üzerinde taramalı elektron mikroskobu (SEM) ile görüntü analizleri yapılmıştır. Bu işlem için öncelikle bazı kimyasallar ile enzimler kullanılmıştır. Çalışmada ayrıca ultrasonik enerjiden de faydalanılmıştır. Çalışmada baskılı ofis kağıtlarının hamurlaştırma ve ardından uygulanan yüzdürme işlemi sonrası elde edilen numunelerden örnekler alınarak taramalı elektron mikroskobu yardımıyla (SEM) görüntü analizleri yapılmıştır. Bu analizler sayesinde baskılı ofis kağıtlarınına uygulanan ultrasonik, kimyasal katkılı, kimyasalsız ve enzim katkılı işlemler sonucu lif ve tonerde meydana gelen değişimler gözlemlenmiştir.

Bu çalışmada, yüzdürme metoduna göre mürekkep giderme işlemi uygulanmış baskılı ofis kâğıtları üzerinde taramalı elektron mikroskobu (SEM) ile görüntü analizleri yapılmıştır. Bu işlem için öncelikle bazı kimyasallar ile enzimler kullanılmıştır. Çalışmada ayrıca ultrasonik enerjiden de faydalanılmıştır. Çalışmada baskılı ofis kağıtlarının hamurlaştırma ve ardından uygulanan yüzdürme işlemi sonrası elde edilen numunelerden örnekler alınarak taramalı elektron mikroskobu yardımıyla (SEM) görüntü analizleri yapılmıştır. Bu analizler sayesinde baskılı ofis kağıtlarınına uygulanan ultrasonik, kimyasal katkılı, kimyasalsız ve enzim katkılı işlemler sonucu lif ve tonerde meydana gelen değişimler gözlemlenmiştir.Anahtar Kelimeler: Taramalı elektron mikroskobu (SEM), Enzimler, Mürekkep giderme, Ultrases

Bu çalışmada, ofis kâğıtları üzerinde mürekkep giderme işlemi yapılmıştır. Bu işlem için farklı oranlarda kimyasal ve enzimler katılmış ve bunların etkileri analiz edilmiştir. Bu amaçla sodyum hidroksit, hidrojen peroksit sodyum silikat ve oleik asit’de uygun dozlarda kullanılmıştır. Çalışmada ayrıca ultrasonik enerjinin etkiside ayrıca incelenmiştir. Araştırma sonunda ise işlem sonunda elde edilen hamur ve atık çamur üzerinde organik ve anorganik madde analizleri yapılmıştır.Anahtar Kelimeler: Organik madde, Anorganik madde, Mürekkep giderme, Ofis kağıdı

In this paper aims to investigate the asymmetric relationship between nominal-real exchange rate and foreign exchange reserves of Central Bank in Turkey over the period of 2003:01-2014:01. The study benefits from the recent advance in the nonlinear time series econometric analysis and carries out nonlinear cointegration, causality and frequency domain causality tests. The results find strong evidence of nonlinear cointegration between real exchange rate and Central Bank foreign exchange reserves. Empirical results of both Hansen-Seo (2002) and frequency domain causality analyses imply that there is no relationship from foreign exchange reserves to nominal and real exchange rate, while there is a causal relationship running from nominal and real exchange rate to foreign exchange reserves in Turkey. Diks-Panchenko (2006) non-linear Granger causality test results indicate that there is a causality relationship from foreign exchange reserves to nominal and real exchange rate. By the way of conclusion that Central Bank of Turkish Republic uses the real exchange rate take into account in the context of inflation targeting regime.

Purpose: The purpose of this research is to explore the role of markets in the development of young entrepreneurial startups business models and their subsequent experimentation with business models. We focus on the demand-side to analyze how the market and (potential) customers can influence decisions to develop or innovate a firm’s business model. Design: Data were gathered from firms through interviews with open-ended questions about the evolution of their business model over time. Data were analyzed using the grounded theory method. Findings: Two themes emerged, one regarding engaging with the market and another concerning experimentation with business models and changes made after reviewing the situation on the market (firm’s responsiveness). Taken together, rm responsiveness and market engagement were used to establish four categories of rm types: passive, active, unfocused, and focused firms. We observe that experimenting with business models is high initially and diminishes over time. Practical Implications: Changing the business model is essential for success and survival. Firms will be able to take advantage of new opportunities and expand their products and services. Other firms may pivot into different market spaces than originally intended but by doing so rapidly decrease the time to market. Originality / Value: Our research fills a gap in the literature by exploring the role of markets in the development of young entrepreneurial IT startups’ business models over time. We propose a framework allowing an analysis of business model innovation in different stages of a firm’s development.

The aim of this study is to analyze causality between budget deficits and its ratio to gross domestic product and interest rate in the Turkish economy during years between 2006 and 2011. By doing so, we investigate the validity of crowding out view against the Ricardian equivalence hypothesis. To this end, we employee the conventional Toda-Yamamoto (1995) linear Granger type causality test and Hacker and Hatemi-J (2005, 2006) bootstrap process-based Toda-Yamamoto linear Granger type causality test. In this regard, we use Kwiatkowski, Phillips, Schmidt and Shin (1992, KPSS) and Elliot, Rothenberg, Stock (1996, DF-GLS) unit root tests. Analysis results show that there is no causal relation between budget deficits, budget deficit ratio to gross domestic product and nominal interest rate. Results reveal the existence of Ricardian equivalence hypothesis. Rational household predict that there is no difference between payment time of taxes and they know that expansionary fiscal policies financed by loan do not affect aggregate demand and capital allocation in a full-employment economy via nominal interest rate channel. Results of empirical analysis support Ricardian equivalence hypothesis and imply that there is no effect of financing type of budget deficit on nominal interest rate.

Permanent tree crops can deeply modify the soil features produced by the pedogenesis processes. Clear microstructural differences were observed in two soil profiles sampled in an olive grove near Sassari (Sardinia, Italy), one under the canopy and one between the tree rows, related either to the farming practices or to the biological activity in the rhizosphere soil

Anterior odontoid screw fixation or posterior C1-2 fusion techniques are routinely used in the treatment of Type II odontoid fractures, but these techniques may be inadequate in some types of odontoid fractures. In this new technique (Kotil technique), through a posterior bilateral approach, transarticular screw fixation was performed at the non-dominant vertebral artery (VA) side and posterior transodontoid fixation technique was performed at the dominant VA side. C1-2 complex fusion was aimed with unilateral transarticular fixation and odontoid fixation with posterior transodontoid screw fixation. Cervical spinal computed tomography (CT) of a 40-year-old male patient involved in a motor vehicle accident revealed an anteriorly dislocated Type II oblique dens fracture, not reducible by closed traction. Before the operation, the patient was found to have a dominant right VA with Doppler ultrasound. He was operated through a posterior approach. At first, transarticular screw fixation was performed at the non-dominant (left) side, and then fixation of the odontoid fracture was achieved by directing the contralateral screw (supplemental screw) medially and toward the apex. Cancellous autograft was scattered for fusion without the need for structural bone graft or wiring. Postoperative cervical spinal CT of the patient revealed that stabilization was maintained with transarticular screw fixation and reduction and fixation of the odontoid process was achieved completely by posterior transodontoid screw fixation. The patient is at the sixth month of follow-up and complete fusion has developed. With this new surgical technique, C1-2 fusion is maintained with transarticular screw fixation and odontoid process is fixed by concomitant contralateral posterior transodontoid screw (supplemental screw) fixation; thus, this technique both stabilizes the C1-2 complex and fixes the odontoid process and the corpus in atypical odontoid fractures, appearing as an alternative new technique among the previously defined C1-C2 fixation techniques in eligible cases.

Anadolu ve Kuzey Suriye arasındaki ana ticaret yollarının kesişme noktasında ve Mezopotamya ovasının kenarındaki Toroslar eteğinde bulunan, Anadolu’nun en eski şehirlerinden biri olan Maraş ve çevresi antik dönemleri de içine alan zengin bir geçmişe sahiptir. Domuztepe Höyüğü’nde yapılan kazı çalışmaları da şehrin M.O. 5000 yılma kadar uzanan tarihî bir mirasa sahip olduğunu göstermiştir(1). Maraş, coğrafî konum olarak Ortadoğu ile Anadolu’yu birbirine bağlayan yol güzergâhında bulunması sebebiyle de tarihin her döneminde önemini korumuştur.