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Nanoscale magnets with characteristic dimensions in the range of 1-100 nm are important in several areas of nanoscience and technology. First, this length scale spans the typical important dimensions of exchange lengths and domain-wall widths, which means that significant control of magnetic properties can be obtained by varying grain or particle dimensions. Second, the nonequilibrium synthetic processes used for clusters, particles, and films, often lead to new real-space crystal structures with completely novel spin structures and magnetic properties. Third, a basic-science challenge in this class of matter involves the spin-polarized quantum mechanics of many-electron systems containing 10-10 000 atoms. Finally, the materials under study may have important future applications in high-density data storage, ultra-small spintronic devices, or high-energy magnetic materials. In this article, we discuss our recent work on novel Fe-Au nanoclusters, MnAu-Mn coreshell structures, and complex high-anisotropy Co-rich intermetallic compound clusters. We also present new results on Fe-based alloys including the magnetic properties of semiconducting FeSi2 nanoclusters and spin correlations in FeGe nanocluster films. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents a study that examined random magnetic transitions in amorphous rare-earth alloys. Information on theoretical developments in random magnetic anisotropy; Analysis of the ferromagnetic states of gadolinium-rich magnetic glasses; Assessment of random magnetism in a terbium magnetic glass.

It is investigated how magnetic impurities modify the behavior of metallic clusters. Two complementary models are used, an s-d exchange model with a stable magnetic moment and a Hubbard-type Kondo model. The s-d and s-f interactions are modeled by a pointlike potential, as in the Ruderman-Kittel-Kasuya-Yosida approximation, but the perturbed levels are obtained by diagonalizing the interaction matrix rather than using perturbation theory. The spin polarization of the conduction electrons due to the magnetic impurities leads to a reduction of the highest occupied molecular orbital–lowest unoccupied molecular orbital splitting. A particularly interesting case is Pt, which is used in catalysis and whose well-delocalized 5d electrons are easily spin polarized by conduction electrons. Strikingly, the simplest realization of the Kondo effect is reproduced by an unrestricted Hartree-Fock approximation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A micromagnetic Green-function approach is used to investigate the effect of nanojunctions, constraints, and other obstacles on spin-dependent conduction. Depending on geometry, the determination of the spin structure involves several types of Bessel functions. A common feature of the Green functions is the involvement of the domain-wall width of the main phase, which can be interpreted as the decay length of the magnetization perturbation away from the junction. This length is typically on the order of 10 nm and independent of the strength of the perturbation. Only the magnitude of the magnetization perturbation depends on the strength of the inhomogenity. A particular feature of the considered structures is that the total spin-dependent scattering cross section, as estimated from the squared magnetization gradient, exhibits a characteristic real-structure dependent maximum as a function of the boundary phase or junction dimensions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cooperative and noncooperative magnetization processes in magnetic nanostructures are investigated. Using model calculations it is shown that the Preisach model and related approaches, such as Henkel, ΔM, and ΔH plots, describe magnetism on a mean-field level and cannot account for intra- and inter-granular cooperative effects. For example, the ΔM plot of a nucleation-controlled two-domain particle gives the false impression of a positive intergranular interaction. A simple but nontrivial cooperative model, consisting of two interacting but nonequivalent particles, is used to show that cooperative effects are most pronounced for narrow switching-field distributions, i.e., for nearly rectangular loops. This is unfavorable from the point of magnetic recording, where one aims at combining narrow loops with a noncooperative local switching behavior. A general rule is that the neglect of cooperative effects leads to an overestimation of the coercivity. &cop! y; 2001 American Institute of Physics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Curie temperature and the local spontaneous magnetization of ferromagnetic nanocomposites are investigated. The macroscopic character of the critical fluctuations responsible for the onset of ferromagnetic order means that there is only one Curie temperature, independent of the number of magnetic phases present. The Curie temperature increases with the grain size and is, in general, larger than predicted from the volume averages of the exchange constants. However, the Curie-temperature enhancement is accompanied by a relative reduction of the spontaneous magnetization. Due to the quadratic dependence of the permanent-magnet energy product on the spontaneous magnetization, this amounts to a deterioration of the magnets performance. The length scale on which an effective intergranular exchange coupling is realized (coupling length) depends on the Curie-temperature difference between the phases and on the spacial distribution of the local interatomic exchange. As a rule, it is of the order of a few interatomic distances; for much bigger grain sizes the structures mimic an interaction-free ensemble of different ferromagnetic materials. This must be compared to the magnetic-anisotropy coupling length, which is of the order of 10 nm. The difference is explained by the nonrelativistic character of the Curie-temperature problem. © 2000 American Institute of Physics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is investigated how a Berry phase is created in polycrystalline nanomagnets and how the phase translates into an emergent magnetic field and into a topological Hall-effect contribution. The analysis starts directly from the spin of the conduction electrons and does not involve any adiabatic Hamiltonian. Completely random spin alignment in the nanocrystallites does not lead to a nonzero emergent field, but a modulation of the local magnetization does. As an explicit example, we consider a wire with a modulated cone angle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents a study which examined the structural and magnetic aspects for cobalt and chromium multilayered films. Measurements and preparation of film; Results and discussion; Summary.

Presents a study that examined the effect of the insertion of nonmagnetic chromium planes on coercivities of thin cobalt films in cobalt/chromium multilayered films. X-ray diffraction patterns of the films of cobalt; Information on the hysteresis loops of a typical film; Magnetic properties of chromium-copper-alloy films.

Presents a study that investigated the epitaxial growth of cobalt chromium tantalum films on chromium underlayers and the properties of cobalt chromium tantalum/chromium multilayers. Sample preparation and measurement; Results and discussion; Summary.

Discusses the magnetism and anisotropy of terbium/iron multilayers. Reasons for investigating rare earth-transition metal films; Examination of the layer thickness dependence of the magnetic properties of the films; Experimental details and result.

Presents the result of structural and magnetic measurements on a series of films produced by cosputtering praseodymium[sub21]iron[sub72]boron[sub7]. Examination of the resulting film by large- and small-angle x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and microprobe analysis; Experimental methods; Result of the study.

Presents a study which investigated the structure and magnetic properties of nanostructured dysprosium/transition-metal multilayered films. Method of the study; Results and discussion; Conclusion.

Discusses the generality and universality of the Ising spin-glass-like phase transitions observed in several rare-earth, random-anisotropy magnets (RAM). Uncertainties and practical problems in determining critical exponents; Relationship between the field dependence of the nonlinear susceptibility seen in RAM and spin glasses; Observation of a reentrant transition involving the correlated spin-glass phase.

Presents a study which reported the relationship between magnetic properties and microstructure in thin amorphous and crystalline iron/neodymium multilayer films. Method used to prepare the films; Analysis of the wavelength modulation of the films; Illustration of the saturation magnetization obtained by extrapolating high-field data to H=0.

Reports studies of high-field magnetization, field-cooled magnetization, thermoremanent magnetization, and isothermal remanent magnetization as a function of temperature in gadolinium-lanthanium metallic glasses. Background to the study; Methods; Results and discussion.

Presents a study which discussed the role of chromium (Cr) underlayer in the generation of large in-plane coercivity in cobalt (Co)-based magnetic thin films. Kinds of microstructures in Co-based magnetic thin films; Presence of epitaxial relation between the cobalt-samarium crystallites and thin Cr underlayer; Fabrication of magnetic films through Co-based alloys.

Provides information on a study that discussed the magnetic properties of Nd(Fe,Ti)[sub12] and Nd(Fe,Ti)[sub12]N[subx] sputtered films textured with c axis perpendicular to the film plane. Methodologies used; Results and discussion

Different thicknesses of FePt/Fe bilayer films are deposited on (001) MgO substrates by sputtering Fe and Pt targets with in-situ heating at 830°C. X-ray diffraction indicates a complete alignment of the FePt [001] axis with MgO [001] axis. The nucleation field Hn is estimated from hysteresis loops measured using a SQUID magnetometer. A FePt/Fe bilayer model is proposed to calculate the nucleation field Hn and compared with the experimental data. The model can explain experimental trends and gives useful predictions for nanostructure synthesis and further experiment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Different compounds of rare-earth orthochromites Gd1-xYxCrO3 (where x is 0.0-0.9) powder nanoparticles, were synthesized by the auto-combustion method followed by annealing at 700?. All the compounds showed single-phase and crystallized into a distorted orthorhombic structure with the space group (Pbnm). The average particle size for all the samples were in the range 53-110 nm. The detailed and systematic magnetic measurements and analysis showed that all the samples up to x = 0.9 have large magnetization and large values of the change in the magnetic entropy. The magnitude of the change in the magnetic entropy (at 4.5 K and for all the values of the change in the applied magnetic field between 1 and 9 T) is found to increase with increasing x reaching a maximum value at x = 0.3 then it decreases as we increase the yttrium concentration. The nanoparticle compounds with low yttrium concentrations showed a giant change in the magnetic entropy and a giant relative cooling power. Based on the slopes of Arrott plots curves the order parameter of the magnetic transition has been estimated and found to be second order. The giant change in the magnetic entropy and the relative cooling power were tuned in the rages (-45.6 to -8.7 J/kg?K at a change in the applied magnetic field of 9 T; and 136-746 J/kg), around the helium liquefaction temperature. The magnitude of the change in the magnetic entropy is significantly larger for large range of temperatures, up to the nitrogen liquefaction temperature. The giant change in the magnetic entropy and the giant relative cooling power at low temperatures (in the range about 4 to 20 K.) make these samples candidate materials for the low temperature magnetic refrigerant applications, based on the magnetocaloric effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents an abstract of the article 'Electronic Structure and Magnetic Properties of a New Class of Hard Magnets: R[sub2]Fe[sub17]N[subx],' by S. S. Jaswal, D. J. Sellmyer, G. C. Hadjipanayis and W. B. Yelon.

Presents an abstract of the study 'Permanent Magnet Properties of Sputter-Deposited (FeCo)NdB Films,' by D. J. Sellmyer, Z. R. Zhao, Z. S. Shan and J. G. Zhao.

The creation and control of magnetocrystalline anisotropy in bulk and nanostructured magnetic materials remain a continuing challenge, and density functional theory assists the experimental research in developing new high-anisotropy magnetic materials. Co3Si, which crystallizes in the hexagonal CdMg3 structure (space group P63/mmc), is an intriguing magnetic material. For example, Co3Si nanoparticles exhibit high coercivities (17.4 kOe at 10 K and 4.3 kOe at 300 K) in spite of having an easy-plane anisotropy. Here, we used the Vienna ab-initio Simulation Package (VASP) to investigate the electronic structure and magnetic properties of bulk and thin-film Co3Si. We have also studied the thickness dependence of the magnetocrystalline anisotropy of Co3Si (001) thin films. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The realization of the magnetic moment of Mn atoms in ferromagnetic alloys is investigated theoretically. This paper is partly motivated by the recent discovery of high-magnetization Fe–Co–Mn thin films by Snow et al., who reported moments of up to 3.25 $\mu _{\text {B}}$ per atom. Structural and strain effects are discussed with particular emphasis on the distinction between tetragonal martensitic lattice distortions and Bain transitions in body-centered cubic, CsCl, and Heusler alloys. It is outlined how these lattice distortions affect the electronic structure of the alloys, and ab initio calculations are used to determine the net moment of cubic Fe6Co63Mn31. The calculated moment, $2.90~\mu _{\text {B}}$ per atom, is reasonably close to the experimental value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Review: 50 refs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of semihard magnetic phases and interfaces on the performance of nanostructured two-phase permanent magnets is investigated by model calculations. In addition to the trivial coercivity increase due to the replacement of soft regions by semihard regions, there is a coercivity enhancement even if the volume-averaged anisotropy is kept constant during the introduction of the semihard phase. A variational approach is used to derive analytical results for representative anisotropy profiles. The improvement is operative on length scales slightly larger than that of the soft phase in hard-soft composites, but the main challenge is to find semihard light or heavy transition metal phases with a high magnetization. There are several Fe- and Co-based phases, but most are thin-film systems and difficult to use in bulk magnets. Very hard nanostructured magnets may also be created from soft phases with negative but large anisotropy constants (hard-magnetic soft-soft magnets). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nanostructure and magnetism of L10-ordered FePt crystallites in matrices of Au and C are investigated as a function of the Au and C contents. Emphasis is on the relation between hysteresis-loop shape, magnetic correlation length, and structural disorder, as relevant to magnetic recording media. The highly (001) textured thin films are produced by annealing [Fe/Pt/X]n multilayers. The coercivity and the hysteresis-loop slope at coercivity increase and decrease, respectively, with increasing volume fraction of the matrix. The magnetic force microscopy images show that the slope decrease is accompanied by a reduction in the magnetic correlation length. These changes are due to the reduced intergranular exchange coupling, and a simple model describes how interparticle exchange cooperatively increases both the loop slope and the correlation length. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The origin of the striking magnetic anisotropy of cobaltous oxide (CoO) is investigated by model calculations. A key feature of the electronic structure of the antiferromagnetic compound is the accommodation of Co 3d electrons in the (111) Co planes, with parallel and antiparallel intra- and interplane spin orientations and reminiscent of Cu 3d electrons in the CuO2 planes in high-temperature superconductors. The strong correlations of the Co 3d electrons lead to a picture intermediate between traditional crystal-field and itinerant-electron descriptions of the magnetic anisotropy. Using a simple configuration-interaction approach, we analyze the effect of 3d8-3d6 bonds and their interplay with 3d7-3d7 configurations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnetization reversal in graded magnetic-recording media and its effect on the areal density are investigated by model calculations. By choosing suitable solid-solution materials it is conceptually straightforward, though practically challenging, to achieve arbitrarily low write fields. The writing process involves both the nucleation of reverse domains and their propagation along elongated particles. The performance of the medium is optimized for pinning and nucleation fields of comparable size, and the two fields can be tuned by adjusting the length of the elongated particles (pillars) and the anisotropies of the hard and soft ends. However, the write-field reduction negatively affects the areal density, and there remains a trade-off between write field and bit size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report on nonepitaxially grown L10 Cu-alloyed FePt thin films with strong (001) texture. The FePt films with different Cu contents were deposited directly on Si wafers with a Fe49Pt51/Cu multilayer structure. The Cu content was varied from 0 to 13 at. %. All films were annealed at 600 °C for 5 min. X-ray-diffraction characterization showed that only one set of L10 diffraction peaks appeared and no elemental Cu diffraction peaks were visible. This result, along with a varying c/a lattice-parameter ratio, suggests that Cu substitutes Fe or Pt in the L10 lattice and ternary FePtCu alloy films are formed. (001) texture was enhanced with the increase of Cu content. Transmission electron microscope images showed that the grain size of FePtCu was about 10 nm. For FePt film with 11 at. % Cu substitution, coercivity was about 5 kOe, which is suitable for writing in a practical perpendicular-recording film. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanostructured FePt:M (M=C,Ag,Cu) perpendicular magnetic recording media are investigated by numerical simulations and model calculations. Both intra- and intergranular exchanges are considered, and it is assumed that the interaction through the matrix is mediated by conduction electrons. Several limits, including free-electron-like Ruderman-Kittel-Kasuya-Yosida interactions, are considered. The atomic modeling yields effective intergranular coupling strengths that depend on both cluster radius and distance, on the magnetic properties of the clusters, and on the electronic nature of the medium. In the simulations, the exchange is approximated by a thin shell with reduced exchange and zero anisotropy. The simulations show that intergranular exchange reduces the coercivity of the system, and the magnetization reversal proceeds in a regime between localized nucleation and discrete domain-wall pinning, depending on the intergranular exchange. Coercivity and loop-shape reduction also depend on the geometry of the particle system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnetic properties of Mn-doped ZnO strongly depend on sample preparation and annealing. While the samples sintered in air at 500 °C show ferromagnetism at room temperature, those sintered at 900 °C are paramagnetic. The samples sintered in vacuum show a ferromagnetic transition at 45 K, which is attributed to ferrimagnetic Mn3O4. With an increase of annealing temperature, the ferromagnetism observed at room temperature in the low-temperature-sintered samples is gradually suppressed and finally completely removed. These results can be understood by considering a metastable ferromagnetic phase and its stability under varying temperatures and atmospheres. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The damping of magnetization processes in nanostructures is investigated by Fokker-Planck-type model calculations and quantum-mechanical considerations based on Fermi's golden rule. In the absence of energy barriers, the problem reduces to a magnetic diffusion equation with a particle-size-dependent diffusivity which is indirectly proportional to the relaxation-time parameter τo. For small particles, the relaxation time is proportional to the particle volume, but when the particle size reaches a few nanometers, it approaches a constant bulk value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report effects of rapid thermal annealing on nanostructure, texture, and magnetic properties of granular FePt:Ag films. It was found that the orientations of FePt grains were dependent strongly on the as-deposited multilayer structure and the annealing processes. Through the control of the annealing processes, (001) textured L(1)0 granular FePt:Ag films were obtained. Magnetic measurements revealed that saturation magnetization M[SUBs], perpendicular coercivity H[SUBc], and remanence ratio M[SUBr]/M[SUBs], were also dependent on the annealing temperature, annealing time and Ag content. Perpendicular H[SUBc] values increased from 1.5 to 15 kOe when the annealing temperature changed from 400 to 600 °C for 600 s. Perpendicular H[SUBc] values remained about 11 kOe when the annealing time changed from 5 to 600 s. The effect of Ag content on magnetic properties is reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A method of preparing nonepitaxially grown, highly textured L1[SUB0] FePt thin films is described. A nearly perfect (001) texture was obtained by direct deposition of FePt films on Corning 7059 glass substrates and subsequent rapid thermal annealing. The ordering and orientation of the L1[SUB0]-phase FePt grains were controlled by the initial as-deposited film structure, and also by the annealing process. Magnetic measurements reveal large perpendicular anisotropy for these (001) textured films. The substrates and processes used for nonepitaxial growth of L1][SUB0] ordered FePt films are much more compatible with practical applications than those grown epitaxially. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The irreversible response of magnetic materials to magnetic fields of arbitrary time dependence is investigated by a master-equation approach. The magnetization reversal is expressed in terms of renormalized magnetization modes, and the resulting set of two-level master equations is solved by direct integration. The theory applies not only to linear energy-barrier laws but also to the physically more reasonable case where the activation energy is a nonlinear function of the applied field. Particular emphasis is on the relation between sweep-rate and magnetic-viscosity dynamics. Other regimes, such as oscillating magnetic fields, can be mapped onto sweep-rate dynamics. Magnetic-viscosity and sweep-rate experiments reflect the same fundamental magnetization processes, but energy barriers probed by dynamic experiments are smaller by about 20%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spin-wave modes in magnetic transition-metal nanowires having diameters of about 10 nm and lengths on the order of 1 mm are investigated by model calculations. There are quasicontinuous modes with k vectors parallel to the wires axis and discrete modes with k vectors perpendicular to the wire axis. Due to the small cross section of the wires, the perpendicular modes can be ignored in many cases and the low-temperature behavior of the wires is quasi one-dimensional. Using an analytic approach and exploiting the analogy between micromagnetism and quantum mechanics it is shown that all spin-wave modes with k vectors parallel to the wire axis are localized. The spin-wave localization is a micromagnetic analog to the Anderson localization of conduction electrons due to randomness in less than two dimensions, and, as in the electron analogy, arbitrarily small disorder is sufficient to cause the localization of all modes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mechanically alloyed Sm-Co powders and Sm[SUB12](Co,Cu,Ti)[SUB88] powders are investigated. X-ray diffraction patterns show that after annealing, structures of 2:7, 1:5, and 1:7 phases form. A room-temperature coercivity of 41 kOe was obtained in Sm[SUB2]Co[SUB7] powders. Magnetic hysteresis was investigated by the method of δm curves. Positive value δm curves were obtained in Sm[SUB2]Co[SUB7] and SmCo[SUB5], while negative values were found in SmCo[SUB7.3] and SmCo[SUB8] indicating different magnetization reversal mechanisms. Nanocrystalline powders of Sm[SUB12](Co,Cu,Ti)[SUB88] with a mixture of 1:5 and 2:17 phases form after long-time heat treatment. The intrinsic coercivity of the powders increases with an increasing amount of Cu. Short annealing time produces 1:7 phase with higher crystalline anisotropy, which results in larger coercivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We consider magnetization reversal and decay in thin film and particulate magnetic systems where thermally activated processes are important. We present measurements on the activation volumes associated with magnetization reversal in CoCrPt thin films. We find that the measured activation volume V[sup *] goes through a minimum as the film thickness is decreased from 17.5 to 5.5 nm. We have modeled this behavior qualitatively by assuming that the energy barrier to thermally activated reversal varies as 1/H, as has been predicted for incoherent nucleation processes and thermally activated domain–wall motion. This model also predicts that V[sup *] varies as T[sup 2] at high temperature in qualitative agreement with measurements on several systems. This behavior is contrasted with that predicted on the basis of coherent rotation of the magnetization in single-domain particles. © 2000 American Institute of Physics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is demonstrated that the magnetostatic demagnetizing factor is not the only sample-shape dependent contribution to the hysteresis loop. There are also exchange contributions, which lead to interesting effects, particularly in nanostructures. An example is the recently discovered bulging mode in two-phase nanomagnets. The bulging mode exhibits the angular symmetry of the coherent mode, but it is incoherent due to its radial variation and gives rise to negative demagnetizing factors. © 2000 American Institute of Physics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanocomposite FePt:SiO[sub 2] thin films consisting of high anisotropy FePt particles embedded in a SiO[sub 2] matrix have been successfully fabricated by annealing the as-deposited FePt/SiO[sub 2] multilayers. By adjusting the annealing temperatures and compositions, films were obtained with coercivity of 3.8 kOe and grain size of 10 nm, which are suitable for high-density magnetic recording. Magnetic activation volumes were measured and thermal stability is discussed. © 2000 American Institute of Physics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nanostructure and magnetic properties of composite CoPt:C films at room temperature were investigated as a function of annealing temperature, carbon concentration, and film thickness. CoPt:C films with a variety of carbon concentrations were fabricated by cosputtering Co, Pt, and C onto water-cooled Si(100) substrates followed by annealing. X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy analyses indicate that nanocrystallites of face-centered-tetragonal (fct) CoPt phase, which has a uniaxial magnetocrystalline anisotropy constant of about 5×10[sup 7] erg/cm[sup 3], can be formed in carbon matrix when the annealing temperature is higher than 600 °C. The grain sizes of the fct CoPt crystallites are about 10 nm and the coercivities can be as high as 12 kOe. Higher annealing temperature and lower carbon concentration generally lead to larger grain sizes and perhaps more complete formation of the fct CoPt phase, and therefore higher coercivities. The coercivity is insensitive to the film thickness until the thickness is smaller than the CoPt grain size, when the coercivity starts to decrease with film thickness. The magnetic activation volumes are typically around 1×10[sup -18] cm[sup 3]. The nanostructure and the associated magnetic properties of these composite CoPt:C films are promising as potential media for extremely high-density recording. © 2000 American Institute of Physics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents a study that produced manganese (Mn)-bismuth (Bi)-aluminum thin films by sequential evaporation of the constituents. Temperature dependencies of the Kerr rotation angle; Composition dependencies of the absolute reflectivity; Factor that will make thin films retain the pure MnBi hexagonal structure.

Presents a study of the electronic structure and magnetic properties of iron-rich ternary compounds. Electronic structure; Results and discussion; Conclusions.

Reports on magnetic and magneto-optic properties of sputtered thin films in the Mn-Al-Cu ternary alloy system. X-ray diffraction scans for the films deposited at different substrate temperatures; Illustration of saturation Kerr rotation.

Presents a study which investigated magnetic and structural properties of permanent-magnet films and multilayers with iron and silver. Method of the study; Results and discussion; Conclusion.

Presents information on a study which investigated the ellipsometric and magneto-optical properties of dysprosium and iron multilayers. Methodology of the study; Results and discussion.

Presents a study which investigated the magnetic transition behavior and scaling in anisotropic rare-earth glasses. Behavior as a function of anisotropy strength; Discussion of the scaling behavior at the speromagnetic transition; Conclusions.

Provides information on a study that examined hysteresis and crystallization behavior of an amorphous neodymium[sub54]cobalt[36]boron[10] alloy over a range of temperatures. Methodology of the study; Results and discussion on the study.

Provides information on a study which stated that magnetic viscosity and the phenomenon of the sweep-rate dependence of the coercivity are important for the characterization of magnetic recording media. Factor associated with magnetic viscosity parameters; Essential parameter for magnetic recording media; Origin of the phenomenon of magnetic viscosity.