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Additional file 1: Table S1. Reported maternal and infant side-effects after vaccination. Table S2. Results from the longitudinal mixed-effects analysis modeling the changes in IgG and IgA detection in human breast milk after vaccination. Figure S1. Individual trajectories of the SARS-CoV-2 IgG in breast milk samples according to vaccine from baseline (before the 1st dose) to 3-4 weeks post vaccination course (A-C) and grouped by vaccine (D-F). Data is presented as log-transformed arbitrary units (AU) and AU ± 95% CI. Figure S2. Individual trajectories of the SARS-CoV-2 IgA in breast milk samples according to vaccine from baseline transformed arbitrary units (AU) and AU ± 95% CI. Table S3. Percentage of mothers with a signal above the established cut-off for a positive result for SARS-CoV-2 antibody presence according to vaccine. Table S4. Results from the longitudinal mixed-effects analysis modeling the changes in IgG and IgA detection in human breast milk at baseline and each analyzed time after vaccination according to vaccine.

Resumen trabajo presentado en el XII Workshop Sociedad Española de Microbiota, Probióticos y Prebióticos (SEMiPyP) y I Congreso Sociedad Iberoamericana de Microbiota, Probióticos y Prebióticos (SIAMPYP), celebrado de forma virtual del 15 al 18 de septiembre de 2021, Introducción. Diversos autores han propuesto que la composición de la microbiota intestinal puede ser un factor determinante de la ganancia de peso y del crecimiento del recién nacido. Por lo tanto, la microbiota temprana constituye una diana terapéutica para la promoción de un desarrollo saludable desde las etapas iniciales de la vida. Sin embargo, aún estamos lejos de comprender en profundidad esta asociación. Objetivo: evaluar el impacto de la microbiota temprana sobre el crecimiento durante el primer año de vida en una cohorte de recién nacidos a término. Métodos. En un grupo de 124 recién nacidos (55 niños, 69 niñas) se determinaron los niveles absolutos de los microorganismos mayoritarios en heces (Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium, Enterobacteraceae, Enterococcus, Lactobacillus y Staphylococcus) al mes de edad y se monitorizó el desarrollo de los niños durante el primer año de vida (peso y altura al nacimiento, 1, 6 y 12 meses de edad). Se calcularon las ganancias de peso y los z-scores de peso, altura y peso para altura, siguiendo las curvas de la OMS en los diferentes tiempos de muestreo. Se realizaron análisis univariantes y multivariantes ajustados por género, tipo de parto y tipo de alimentación. Resultados. Se observó una asociación inversa entre los niveles de Staphylococcus presentes en heces al mes de edad y la posterior ganancia de peso a los 6 y 12 meses, y una asociación directa entre losniveles de Enterococcus al mes de vida y la ganancia de peso a los 6 meses. Además, la clasificación de los lactantes en tertiles según sus niveles de Staphylococcus nos permitió observar un peso significativamente menor a los 12 meses de vida en los lactantes del tertil más alto. Conclusiones. Estos resultados preliminares indican una asociación entre la microbiota intestinal temprana y la posterior ganancia de peso durante el primer año de vida, sugiriendo posibles predictores microbianos de la ganancia de peso posterior.

Several environmental pollutants have been shown to damage brain and affect gut microbiota. Limited evidence is available about the impact of "chemical cocktails" (CC) of xenobiotics on brain metabolome and their possible influence in the gut-brain crosstalk. To this end, BALB/c mice were exposed to heavy metals (As, Hg, Cd) and pharmaceuticals (diclofenac and flumequine) under regular rodent diet or supplemented with selenium (Se). Selenium, an antioxidant well-known for its antagonism against the neurotoxicity of several pollutants, modulated several brain metabolic impairments caused by CC (e.g., brain levels of the excitatory amino acid N-acetyl aspartic acid) by influencing mainly the metabolisms of purine, glycosylate and dicarboxylate, glutamate, glycerophospholipid, alanine and aspartate. Numerous associations were obtained between brain metabolites and gut microbes and they changed after Se-supplementation (e.g., Lactobacillus was positively associated with a brain ceramide, phosphoserine, phosphocholine, vitamin D3 derivative, fatty acids, malic acid, amino acids, and urea after the exposure, but not after Se-supplementation). Our results showed numerous evidences about the impact of CC on brain metabolome, the potential role of Se as an antagonist and their impact on the gut-brain axis. Further research is needed to understand the complex mechanism of action implied on CC-brain-microbiota interactions., This work was supported by the projects: PG2018–096608-B-C21 and PID2021-123073NB-C21 from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (MICIN). Generación del Conocimiento. MCI/AEI/ FEDER “Una manera de hacer Europa”, UHU-1256905 and UHU-202009 from the FEDER Andalusian Operative Program 2014–2020 (Ministry of Economy, Knowledge, Business and Universities, Regional Government of Andalusia, Spain). The authors are grateful to FEDER (European Community) for financial support, Grant UNHU13–1E-1611. CPM thanks MICIN for a predoctoral grant (ref. PRE2019–091650). Funding for open access charge: Universidad de Huelva / CBUA. The authors would like to acknowledge the support from The Ramón Areces Foundation (ref. CIVP19A5918).

We aimed to analyze the nasopharyngeal microbiota profiles in pregnant women with and without SARS-CoV-2 infection, considered a vulnerable population during COVID-19 pandemic. Pregnant women were enrolled from a multicenter prospective population-based cohort during the first SARS-CoV-2 wave in Spain (March-June 2020 in Barcelona, Spain) in which the status of SARS-CoV-2 infection was determined by nasopharyngeal RT–PCR and antibodies in peripheral blood. Women were randomly selected for this cross-sectional study on microbiota. DNA was extracted from nasopharyngeal swab samples, and the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA of bacteria was amplified using region-specific primers. The differential abundance of taxa was tested, and alpha/beta diversity was evaluated. Among 76 women, 38 were classified as positive and 38 as negative for SARS-CoV-2 infection. All positive women were diagnosed by SARS-CoV-2 IgG and IgM/IgA antibodies, and 14 (37%) also had a positive RT–PCR. The overall composition of the nasopharyngeal microbiota differ in pregnant women with SARS-CoV-2 infection (positive SARS-CoV-2 antibodies), compared to those without the infection (negative SARS-CoV-2 antibodies) (p = 0.001), with a higher relative abundance of the Tenericutes and Bacteroidetes phyla and a higher abundance of the Prevotellaceae family. Infected women presented a different pattern of microbiota profiling due to beta diversity and higher richness (observed ASV, This study was partially funded by the KidsCorona Child and Mother COVID-19 OpenData and Biobank Initiative from Hospital Sant Joan de Déu (Stavros Niarchos Foundation, Santander Foundation and others), “LaCaixa” Foundation, Sant Pau Research Institute, ISGlobal and Fundació Privada Daniel Bravo Andreu, Barcelona, Spain. All funders had no role in the study design, data collection, data analysis, data interpretation or writing the manuscript.