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Preparation of the root canal system is recognised as being one of the most important stages in root canal treatment. Cleaning and shaping is the crucial phase that eliminates infection. It involves removal of vital and necrotic tissues from the root canal system along with root dentin. The aim of the present study is retrospective analysis on choice of taper and proportion sizes among the postgraduate students in mandibular molar with and without periapical pathosis. It is a single centred retrospective study, data was collected after reviewing 86000 records of the patients between June 2019 and March 2020.Tapers used in the preparation of the root canal system for mandibular molars have been assessed. In this study we observed that significant association between taper of preparation and periapical pathosis (p<0.05). Within the limitations of the study, 6% taper has been used for the teeth with periapical pathosis. 4% and 6% taper has been used in teeth without periapical pathosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The teaching and learning methods have evolved over a period of time from convention learning systems to modern methods. With the improvement of technological advancements in audio-visual aids has turned up the whole concept of learning to E learning. In the past all the teaching happened in a lecture based format, but in recent times of learning is constructivism, where the students critically appraise the subjects rather than simple absorbing version presented by the teacher. The present article states about the various methods of teaching the complex topics in undergraduate level into a simple ones using MILA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The interaction between chlorhexidine (CHX) and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) yields a thick precipitate capable of occluding dentinal tubules. Previous studies are unclear as to the above-mentioned precipitate contains para-chloroaniline (PCA) or not. PCA is a known toxic and carcinogenic compound which may lead to methemoglobinemia in humans. Aim: This study aims to evaluate the precipitate formed on combination of different irrigants, weigh the amount of precipitate formed and to analyze the precipitate for PCA by using thin layer chromatography (TLC), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), column chromatography (CC), electron spray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), Ultraviolet (UV), and nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR and C-13 NMR). Materials and Methods: Four different irrigants namely 2% CHX gluconate, 3% NaOCl, 5% neem and 5% tulsi were taken in different test tubes. Group 1, 2 and 3 included 1 ml 2% CHX combined with 1 ml each of 3% NaOCl, 5% neem and 5% tulsi. Group 4 and 5 comprised of 1 ml 3% NaOCl in combination with 1 ml 5% each of neem and tulsi. Finally, group 6 constituted 1 ml 5% neem mixed with 1 ml 5% tulsi. Each group was observed for 2 min for the formation of any precipitate, and the formed precipitate was weighed and analyzed using 1H-NMR and C-13 NMR, TLC, CC, HPLC, ESI-MS, and UV. Statistical Analysis: One-way ANOVA and Post hoc-Tukey test were used. Results: Presence of PCA was detected in group 1 (CHX + NaOCl), group 2 (CHX + neem) and group 3 (CHX + tusli) in all the sensitive methods employed. Conclusion: The presence of PCA in precipitate was confirmed by TLC, CC, HPLC, ESI-MS, and UV. Based on the results of the present study, we assume that components in CHX are responsible for precipitate formation which contains PCA as well. Extrusion of precipitate beyond the apex may cause periapical tissue damage and delay wound healing at the same time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]