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• Semen drainage may not be seen on underwear of a female in the supine position. • Activity post intercourse results in different distributions of seminal staining. • Sampling the gusset of underwear in layers may assist interpretation. • The likelihood of detecting semen drainage staining decreases over time. • Vaginal drainage was detected in underwear 36 h post intercourse. The UK and Ireland Association of Forensic Science Providers' (AFSP) Body Fluid Forum (BFF) conducted this research to investigate the occurrence of seminal fluid draining from the vagina onto underwear worn after penile-vaginal sexual intercourse with internal ejaculation. This study shows the differing effects of the female being either supine or upright and active on possible patterns of seminal staining on underwear, and the effect of time since intercourse on the deposition of seminal fluid on underwear in a limited study. Here, we demonstrate that post vaginal intercourse different distributions of semen staining can be observed on underwear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seminal fluid extracellular vesicles (SFEVs) have previously been shown to interact with spermatozoa and influence their fertilisation capacity. Here, we sought to extend these studies by exploring the functional consequences of SFEV interactions with human spermatozoa. SFEVs were isolated from the seminal fluid of normozoospermic donors prior to assessing the kinetics of sperm-SFEV binding in vitro, as well as the effects of these interactions on sperm capacitation, acrosomal exocytosis, and motility profile. Biotin-labelled SFEV proteins were transferred primarily to the flagellum of spermatozoa within minutes of co-incubation, although additional foci of SFEV biotinylated proteins also labelled the mid-piece and head domain. Functional analyses of high-quality spermatozoa collected following liquefaction revealed that SFEVs did not influence sperm motility during incubation at pH 5, yet SFEVs induced subtle increases in total and progressive motility in sperm incubated with SFEVs at pH 7. Additional investigation of sperm motility kinematic parameters revealed that SFEVs significantly decreased beat cross frequency and increased distance straight line, linearity, straightness, straight line velocity, and wobble. SFEVs did not influence sperm capacitation status or the ability of sperm to undergo acrosomal exocytosis. Functional assessment of both high- and low-quality spermatozoa collected prior to liquefaction showed limited SFEV influence, with these vesicles inducing only subtle decreases in beat cross frequency in spermatozoa of both groups. These findings raise the prospect that, aside from subtle effects on sperm motility, the encapsulated SFEV cargo may be destined for physiological targets other than the male germline, notably the female reproductive tract. Lay Summary A male’s influence over the biological processes of pregnancy extends beyond the provision of sperm. Molecular signals present in the ejaculate can influence the likelihood of pregnancy and healthy pregnancy progression, but the identity and function of these signals remain unclear. In this study, we wanted to understand if nano-sized particles present in the male ejaculate, called seminal fluid extracellular vesicles, can assist sperm in traversing the female reproductive tract to access the egg. To explore this, we isolated seminal fluid extracellular vesicles from human semen and incubated them with sperm. Our data showed that seminal fluid extracellular vesicles act to transfer molecular information to sperm, but this resulted in only subtle changes to the movement of sperm.

Females' ability to select mates that can fertilize eggs directly impacts their fitness, but the secondary sexual traits that often guide mate choice may not be directly correlated with male fertility. In externally fertilizing species, such as many fish species, chemical cues in ejaculates may allow females to assess male fertilization capacity. However, chemical cues associated with sperm release have only been described in a few species, and evidence that females use these cues to discriminate among males remains limited. Female sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus , use several chemical cues to find and interact with potential mates, including a sex pheromone released by males across their gill epithelia and a second sex pheromone released in their semen. Unlike males of many fish species that control pheromone release via urinary pulses, male sea lamprey continually broadcast the gill pheromone once they are sexually mature. This presents a potentially costly scenario for females because attraction to males that are not actively spawning or that are sperm-depleted likely wastes time and energy. We tested the hypothesis that female sea lamprey use pheromones present in seminal plasma to discriminate among potential mates. In-stream behavioural assays revealed that females (1) preferred seminal plasma + male-conditioned water (containing gill-released pheromones) over male-conditioned water alone, (2) preferred male-conditioned water + 2× seminal plasma over male-conditioned water + 1× seminal plasma and (3) oriented towards seminal plasma over large distances and when no male-conditioned water was applied. Taken together, our results indicate that female sea lamprey use seminal pheromones to find and remain near males with immediate fertilization capacity, thereby reducing the risk of wasting time and energy during their single, reproductive window. Finally, our study highlights the importance of multiple cues in mate choice. • We tested whether seminal pheromones provide cues to female lamprey about male status. • Females discriminated males based on the presence of seminal pheromones. • Females discriminated males based on the concentration of seminal pheromones. • Seminal pheromones are a potent, independent cue in sea lamprey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Marburg virus (MARV) is a highly virulent virus of animal origin and the cause of a lethal infection (known as Marburg virus disease [MVD]) with a case‐fatality ratio ranging from 24% to 90%. While the potential nonzoonotic routes of virus spread are plausible, the risk is not yet fully determined. Here, we described the ways by which MARV spreads within the human population focusing mainly on the potential of sexual transmission. In addition, we addressed some measures that should be taken to minimize the risk of sexual spread of the virus and proposed a future research agenda on the risk of sexual transmission. Methods: For this perspective, we searched four electronic databases (i.e., PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar) and included the most relevant studies published since the first identification of the virus in 1967. We used "Marburg virus," "Marburg virus disease," "Seminal fluid," "Sexually‐transmitted virus," "Sexual transmission," and "Emerging infectious disease" as keywords. Results: MARV is transmitted to humans via both direct and indirect contact with infected animals (most importantly bats) and individuals who have recently been diagnosed with or died of the disease. The virus transmission through sexual contact has been previously suspected (exclusively from men to their sexual partners). Studies suggest that this virus persists predominantly in testicular Sertoli cells within seminiferous tubules over a relatively long period and is released through seminal fluid (in some reports >200 days post onset of infection) both could potentially threaten sexual health. In addition to men, women could theoretically, although less probably contribute to the sexual transmission of the disease. Conclusion: MVD, however, rarely, could be passed through sex, and men appear to be the main carriers in this regard. Taking preventive countermeasures and practicing safe sex are recommended to reduce the risk of interhuman transmission. Key points: Marburg virus disease (MVD) is a severe and often lethal viral infection with epidemic potential recorded over the past few decades.Marburg virus (MARV) spreads to humans via animal‐to‐human and human‐to‐human transmission.MARV infects the male and likely female reproductive system with testes being the main site of virus persistence.MARV sheds into genital fluids, particularly in the seminal fluid of male survivors, and probably could be passed, however rarely, through sex, even after the disease has resolved.Sexual transmission of MVD is preventable by early detection, taking precautions, and practicing safer sex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Inadvertent and/or unknowing exposure to drugs and drug residues has been frequently debated in situations of so-called adverse analytical finding (AAF) in the context of sports drug testing programs. Transfer of drug residues via unprotected intercourse is a conceivable scenario but scientific data and authentic case reports are scarce. Herein, investigations into two AAFs with the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta (PPARδ) agonist GW1516 are reported and discussed. Methods: To probe for a contamination scenario involving sexual intercourse, two assays were used to determine semenogelin in human urine, with one employing an immunochromatographic lateral flow approach and another based on liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Further, drug-residue testing using patients' ejaculate was conducted by utilizing liquid chromatography in conjunction with a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer, followed by re-analysis of suspect samples (i.e., samples indicating the presence of relevant compounds) using high resolution/high mass accuracy mass spectrometry. Results: In one case, but not the other, the possibility of intimate contact as the source of the AAF was confirmed after a thorough investigation of potential contamination scenarios. Subsequent research revealed analytical evidence for the presence of seminal fluid in one of the female athlete's doping control urine samples, and the analysis of clinical ejaculate specimens provided first data on an authentic concentration level of GW1516 and its metabolites in human seminal fluid. Conclusions: The combined facts substantiate the possibility of an AAF caused by unprotected sexual intercourse and the plausibility of the case-related arguments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The normal function of sperm depends on maintaining sperm DNA integrity that effects on male fertility. Considering the conflicting information about this issue, this study was conducted with the aim of evaluating the role of DNA fragmentation index (DFI) on male fertility in fertilization by intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) Methods & Materials: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 60 infertile male patients participating in artificial insemination (ICSI) in Seyyed al-Shohada hospital in Jahrom. After semen collection and sperm preparation by the density gradient method, sperm parameters were checked, and sperm DFI was measured by sperm chromatin dispersion assay. The patients were divided into three groups with DFI less than 15%, 15 to 30%, and more than 30%. After semen analysis, and fertilization, the fertilization rate and the embryo number were determined. The data were analyzed using descriptive tests, and the correlation of DFI with the sperm parameters and fertilization outcomes was evaluated with Pearson correlation. Results: The findings were showed a significant decrease (p<0.05) in sperm number and its moving forward, and increase in immobility as a result of increasing DFI. According to the results of the correlation coefficient, DFI has an inverse correlation with sperm parameters including the number (r=- 0.48), forward progression (r=-0.52), and fertilization rate (r=-0.83), embryos number (r=-0.35), and it has direct correlation with sperm immobility (r=0.47). Conclusion: The results, in addition to emphasizing adverse effects of high sperm DFI on men's fertility, it is used in predicting pregnancy outcomes. Therefore, measuring sperm DFI is recommended in ICSI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background and Aim Marburg virus (MARV) is a highly virulent virus of animal origin and the cause of a lethal infection (known as Marburg virus disease [MVD]) with a case‐fatality ratio ranging from 24% to 90%. While the potential nonzoonotic routes of virus spread are plausible, the risk is not yet fully determined. Here, we described the ways by which MARV spreads within the human population focusing mainly on the potential of sexual transmission. In addition, we addressed some measures that should be taken to minimize the risk of sexual spread of the virus and proposed a future research agenda on the risk of sexual transmission. Methods For this perspective, we searched four electronic databases (i.e., PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar) and included the most relevant studies published since the first identification of the virus in 1967. We used “Marburg virus,” “Marburg virus disease,” “Seminal fluid,” “Sexually‐transmitted virus,” “Sexual transmission,” and “Emerging infectious disease” as keywords. Results MARV is transmitted to humans via both direct and indirect contact with infected animals (most importantly bats) and individuals who have recently been diagnosed with or died of the disease. The virus transmission through sexual contact has been previously suspected (exclusively from men to their sexual partners). Studies suggest that this virus persists predominantly in testicular Sertoli cells within seminiferous tubules over a relatively long period and is released through seminal fluid (in some reports >200 days post onset of infection) both could potentially threaten sexual health. In addition to men, women could theoretically, although less probably contribute to the sexual transmission of the disease. Conclusion MVD, however, rarely, could be passed through sex, and men appear to be the main carriers in this regard. Taking preventive countermeasures and practicing safe sex are recommended to reduce the risk of interhuman transmission.

Infertility has a significant impact on the quality of lives of infertile couples, necessitating the exploration of approaches to reduce its prevalence and improve fertility chances. This review focuses on the role of tree nuts in male fertility, considering their potential effects on seminal fluid quality and sperm parameters. Nuts are rich in antioxidants such as vitamins C, D, and E, as well as minerals like zinc and selenium, which are known to have a positive influence on fertility. While numerous reviews have summarized the effects of various nutrients on male fertility, there is currently no published review specifically categorizing the effects of tree nuts on male fertility. This review aimed to fill that gap by summarizing the relevant literature on nuts and male infertility. The findings of reviewed studies suggest the beneficial effects of nut consumption on reproductive health and overall health. The improvement in lipid stability, oxidative stress, inflammation indicators, and endothelial function can potentially contribute to better reproductive health, particularly in relation to agedependent decreases in sperm quality and fertility.

Relationship between prolactin and infertile. Our study group consists of 150 infertile men, aged 25 to 40 years. Patients were attending infertility department at Medi- cal Baghdad Center in Iraqi. Hyperprolactinemia refers to the consistent presence of abnormally high levels of prolactin in the blood after ruling out the physiologi- cal causes of prolactin hypersecretion. The commonest causes of chronic hyperprolactinemia are a prolactinoma primary hypothyroidism, and drugs that elevate serum prolactin levels. Clinical signs and symptoms of hyper- prolactinemia are usually resolved when prolactin levels are lowered to within the normal range.

ABSTRACTSeveral studies have found associations between specific bacterial genera and semen parameters. Bacteria are known to influence the composition of their niche and, consequently, could affect the composition of the seminal plasma. This study integrated microbiota profiling and metabolomics to explore the influence of seminal bacteria on semen metabolite composition in infertile couples, revealing associations between specific bacterial genera and metabolite profiles. Amino acids and acylcarnitines were the predominant metabolite groups identified in seminal plasma. Different microbiota profiles did not result in globally diverse metabolite compositions in seminal plasma. Nevertheless, levels of specific metabolites increased in the presence of a dysbiotic microbiota. Urocanate was significantly increased in abnormal semen samples (adjusted P-value < 0.001) and enriched in samples dominated by Prevotella spp. (P-value < 0.05), which was previously linked to a negative impact on semen. Therefore, varying microbiota profiles can influence the abundance of certain metabolites, potentially having an immunomodulatory effect, as seen with urocanate.IMPORTANCEMale infertility is often considered idiopathic since the specific cause of infertility often remains unidentified. Recently, variations in the seminal microbiota composition have been associated with normal and abnormal semen parameters and may, therefore, influence male infertility. Bacteria are known to alter the metabolite composition of their ecological niches, and thus, seminal bacteria might affect the composition of the seminal fluid, crucial in the fertilization process. Our research indicates that distinct seminal microbiota profiles are not associated with widespread changes in the metabolite composition of the seminal fluid. Instead, the presence of particular metabolites with immunomodulatory functions, such as urocanate, could shed light on the interplay between seminal microbiota and variations in semen parameters.

Background The chance of achieving a successful pregnancy through in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF-ET) is limited despite recent scientific advances in this field due to several factors that are known to affect the outcome. There are studies linking the presence of bacteria in the male genital tract to poor semen parameters and IVF-ET outcomes. Results are, however, contradictory. The finding of confirmed genital tract infection warrants treatment, especially when dealing with infertile couples, but treating asymptomatic bacteriospermia is controversial. This study assessed the prevalence and effects of seminal fluid bacterial isolates on semen quality and rates of fertilization and biochemical and clinical pregnancies in IVF-ET. Methodology This is an analytical cross-sectional study conducted at the IVF Center of National Hospital Abuja, Nigeria. Due to the low turnout of clients, we enrolled all consecutive consenting eligible male partners of women undergoing the procedure during the study period to obtain a sample size of 242. Participants observed sterile techniques to prevent contamination of the seminal fluid during collection. Growth of bacteria > 10,000 colony-forming units (CFU)/ml was considered significant and tested for sensitivity to a panel of antibiotics. We determined the influence of positive bacterial isolates on fertilization, biochemical pregnancy, clinical pregnancy (primary outcome), and multiple pregnancies. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 22. Student's t-test, chi-square test, and Fisher's exact tests were employed as appropriate. p-value < 0.05 at a 95% confidence interval was regarded as statistically significant. Results Seminal fluid culture was positive in 57 patients (47.11%). Staphylococcus aureus was the predominant organism cultured (43.90%), followed by Streptococci spp. (21.05%), Escherichia coli (17.54%), Klebsiella spp. (8.77%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (5.26%), Staphylococcus saprophyticus (1.75%), mixed Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus spp. organisms (1.75%). The fertilization rate was 95.4%, the biochemical pregnancy rate was 42.2%, the clinical pregnancy rate was 38%, and the multiple pregnancy rate was 16.53%. Significant factors found to be associated with positive clinical pregnancy were primary infertility (p-value = 0.001) and negative seminal fluid culture result (p-value = 0.033). Conclusion The prevalence of bacteriospermia was relatively high, and the presence of bacterial isolates adversely affected fertilization and clinical pregnancy rates among couples undergoing the IVF-ET program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mongolia has an extremely high prevalence of hepatitis D virus (HDV), which leads to increased morbidity and mortality from hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). HDV is the most severe form of chronic viral hepatitis (CVH). A recent study estimated that the prevalence of anti-HDV was 67.5% among hepatitis B surface antigen-positive cases in Mongolia. HDV infection is particularly prevalent in sexually active young people. The virus may be transmitted through sexual intercourse, and it is crucial to confirm this by detecting HDV RNA in semen and cervical swabs of patients with chronic hepatitis delta. This pilot study was conducted with 16 participants, including eight males and eight females. Viral RNA was isolated from the blood, male seminal fluid, and female cervical swab samples of all participants in the study. HDV RNA was quantified using RT-PCR in samples from blood, seminal fluid, and cervical swabs. This study found that the detection rate of HDV RNA differed between male and female samples, with 62.5% of seminal fluid samples in the male cohort being positive compared with 87.5% in the female cohort. The data shows a statistically significant difference between genders for the presence of HDVRNA in seminal fluid and cervical swabs (OR 0.238, 95% CI= 0.02-3.01). A significant correlation was found between blood HDV RNA quantity and HDV RNA presence status in seminal fluid and cervical swab samples, indicating a potential risk of sexual HDV transmission. The R2 values for semen and cervical swab samples were 0.1095 and 0.9755, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Abstract Background The chance of achieving a successful pregnancy through in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF-ET) is limited despite recent scientific advances in this field due to several factors that are known to affect the outcome. There are studies linking the presence of bacteria in the male genital tract to poor semen parameters and IVF-ET outcomes. Results are, however, contradictory. The finding of confirmed genital tract infection warrants treatment, especially when dealing with infertile couples, but treating asymptomatic bacteriospermia is controversial. This study assessed the prevalence and effects of seminal fluid bacterial isolates on semen quality and rates of fertilization and biochemical and clinical pregnancies in IVF-ET. Methodology This is an analytical cross-sectional study conducted at the IVF Center of National Hospital Abuja, Nigeria. Due to the low turnout of clients, we enrolled all consecutive consenting eligible male partners of women undergoing the procedure during the study period to obtain a sample size of 242. Participants observed sterile techniques to prevent contamination of the seminal fluid during collection. Growth of bacteria > 10,000 colony-forming units (CFU)/ml was considered significant and tested for sensitivity to a panel of antibiotics. We determined the influence of positive bacterial isolates on fertilization, biochemical pregnancy, clinical pregnancy (primary outcome), and multiple pregnancies. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 22. Student’s t-test, chi-square test, and Fisher’s exact tests were employed as appropriate. p-value < 0.05 at a 95% confidence interval was regarded as statistically significant. Results Seminal fluid culture was positive in 57 patients (47.11%). Staphylococcus aureus was the predominant organism cultured (43.90%), followed by Streptococci spp. (21.05%), Escherichia coli (17.54%), Klebsiella spp. (8.77%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (5.26%), Staphylococcus saprophyticus (1.75%), mixed Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus spp. organisms (1.75%). The fertilization rate was 95.4%, the biochemical pregnancy rate was 42.2%, the clinical pregnancy rate was 38%, and the multiple pregnancy rate was 16.53%. Significant factors found to be associated with positive clinical pregnancy were primary infertility (p-value = 0.001) and negative seminal fluid culture result (p-value = 0.033). Conclusion The prevalence of bacteriospermia was relatively high, and the presence of bacterial isolates adversely affected fertilization and clinical pregnancy rates among couples undergoing the IVF-ET program.

In the coming years, climate change is likely to increase the frequency and intensity of heatwaves. In many organisms, heat stress provokes physiological perturbations and can lead to decreased male fertility. Bumblebees are endo-heterothermic but display interspecific differences in thermotolerance that could have conservation implications. For the species of concern Bombus magnus, exposure to high temperatures can severely reduce sperm quality and, consequently, reproductive success. Such is not the case for B. terrestris, a ubiquitous species. To decipher the mechanisms at play, we characterized the seminal fluid proteomes of the two species. We quantified 1121 proteins, of which 522 were differentially expressed between B. terrestris and B. magnus. Several proteins with protective functions, such as proteases, antioxidant proteins and various heat-shock proteins, were present at higher levels in B. terrestris than in B. magnus under both control and heat-stress conditions. The same was true for proteins involved in cellular homeostasis, immunity, lipid/sugar metabolism and thermotolerance. Furthermore, proteins involved in the capture and elimination of reactive oxygen species also occurred at much high levels in B. terrestris. Overall, these results clearly indicate differences in the seminal proteome of the more thermotolerant B. terrestris versus B. magnus. The differences may contribute to explaining interspecific differences in sperm survival.

Sperm competition is a crucial aspect of male reproductive success in many species, including Drosophila melanogaster, and seminal fluid proteins (Sfps) can influence sperm competitiveness. However, the combined effect of environmental and genotypic variation on sperm competition gene expression remains poorly understood. Here, we used Drosophila Genetic Reference Panel (DGRP) inbred lines and manipulated developmental population density (i.e. larval density) to test the effects of genotype, environment and genotype-by-environment interactions (GEI) on the expression of the known sperm competition genes Sex Peptide, Acp36DE and CG9997. High larval density resulted in reduced adult body size, but expression of sperm competition genes remained unaffected. Furthermore, we found no significant GEI but genotypic effects in the expression of SP and Acp36DE. Our results also revealed GEI for relative competitive paternity success (second male paternity; P2), with genes' expression positively correlated with P2. Given the effect of genotype on the expression of genes, we conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) and identified polymorphisms in putative cis-regulatory elements as predominant factors regulating the expression of SP and Acp36DE. The association of genotypic variation with sperm competition outcomes, and the resilience of sperm competition genes' expression against environmental challenges, demonstrates the importance of genome variation background in reproductive fitness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Demonstrates caution is required when interpreting results of testing for the presence of semen. • In particular mid to strong purple AP reactions from direct testing of oral swabs. • And mid purple reactions from vaginal swabs. The Body Fluid Forum of the Association of Forensic Science Providers recognised concerns raised by forensic practitioners regarding the lack of data to inform on the incidence of significant AP (Acid Phosphatase) reactions from vaginal and oral samples, i.e. those which might be misinterpreted as indicating the presence of semen. This is particularly relevant in the light of appeal court rulings regarding the need for data to support evaluations. This paper presents collaborative data on the nature and incidence of AP reactions from vaginal and oral swabs provided by donors. The results demonstrate that caution is required with mid to strong purple AP reactions from direct testing of oral swabs and with mid purple reactions from vaginal swabs. The use of a Bayesian approach to assist with the provision of opinions regarding the presence of seminal fluid is highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: A decrease in sperm cell count has been observed along the last several decades, especially in the most developed regions of the world. The use of metabolomics to study the composition of the seminal fluid is a promising approach to gain access to the molecular mechanisms underlying this fact. Objectives: In the present work, we aimed at relating metabolomic profiles of young healthy men to their semen quality parameters obtained from conventional microscopic analysis. Methods: An untargeted metabolomics approach focusing on low- to mid-polarity compounds was used to analyze a subset of seminal fluid samples from a cohort of over 2700 young healthy men. Results: Our results show that a broad metabolic profiling comprising several families of compounds (including acyl-carnitines, steroids, and other lipids) can contribute to effectively distinguish samples provided by individuals exhibiting low or high absolute sperm counts. Conclusion: A number of metabolites involved in sexual development and function, signaling, and energy metabolism were highlighted as being distinctive of samples coming from either group, proving untargeted metabolomics as a promising tool to better understand the pathophysiological processes responsible for male fertility impairment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Animal behavior, physiology, and fitness are influenced by materials transferred between conspecifics (e.g., milk or ejaculate), even in solitary taxa. Such socially transferred materials are currently studied separately, without acknowledgment that they are instigators of evolutionary change and potent mechanisms for indirect genetic effects. Recent methodological advances allow the linkage of socially transferred gene products to their physiological, behavioral, and fitness impacts, yet such integrative approaches are rarely used. This conceptual framing and classification of socially transferred materials bridges proximate and ultimate scales and connects molecular biology to evolution. The concept of socially transferred materials has the potential to bring about transformative innovation in fundamental research and also in applied fields, such as medicine and agriculture. When biological material is transferred from one individual's body to another, as in ejaculate, eggs, and milk, secondary donor-produced molecules are often transferred along with the main cargo, and influence the physiology and fitness of the receiver. Both social and solitary animals exhibit such social transfers at certain life stages. The secondary, bioactive, and transfer-supporting components in socially transferred materials have evolved convergently to the point where they are used in applications across taxa and type of transfer. The composition of these materials is typically highly dynamic and context dependent, and their components drive the physiological and behavioral evolution of many taxa. Our establishment of the concept of socially transferred materials unifies this multidisciplinary topic and will benefit both theory and applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In many insect species, female remating is triggered by the reduction in male ejaculates stored by females, including sperm and/or seminal fluids transferred during mating. Although females of the sweetpotato weevil, Cylas formicarius (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Brentidae) are not monogamous, they are slow to remate. We investigated whether male age and mating history, which affect ejaculate size, influence female reproduction in this weevil. We prepared two female groups with different ejaculate sizes (small or large). Females that mated with young (10‐day‐old) virgin males with small ejaculates remated earlier than those that mated with older (30‐ or 50‐day‐old) virgin males with large ejaculates. The 6‐day fecundity did not differ between females that attracted males and those that did not, suggesting that most females with less ejaculate can lay eggs. Given that the number of sperm in the spermathecae of females that attracted males was smaller than that in females that did not attract males, we hypothesize that less ejaculate might enhance a female's attractiveness to males. Interestingly, 20% of females that laid no eggs on the last day observed (day 6) contained >1000 sperm in the spermatheca suggesting that sperm depletion alone did not suppress oviposition behavior. In conclusion, females of this weevil that had received small ejaculates were likely to be attractive to males, resulting in female remating, but cessation of oviposition is not due to sperm depletion alone; instead, it is likely a response to a decrease in the level of seminal fluids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Buprenorphine, a partial mu-opioid receptor agonist, is a commonly prescribed medication for opioid use disorder (OUD). There is evidence that drugs may enter the male genitourinary tract by an ion-trapping process, based on the lipid solubility and degree of ionization (1). While little is known about the pharmacokinetics of drugs in seminal fluid, pH is thought to play an integral role. Limited evidence exists surrounding cervical absorption of drugs via seminal fluid transmission. This also prompts survey of the frequency of this event and the influence on treatment within this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

All social insects with obligate reproductive division of labor evolved from strictly monogamous ancestors, but multiple queen-mating (polyandry) arose de novo, in several evolutionarily derived lineages. Polyandrous ant queens are inseminated soon after hatching and store sperm mixtures for a potential reproductive life of decades. However, they cannot re-mate later in life and are thus expected to control the loss of viable sperm because their lifetime reproductive success is ultimately sperm limited. In the leaf-cutting ant Atta colombica,, the survival of newly inseminated sperm is known to be compromised by seminal fluid of rival males and to be protected by secretions of the queen sperm storage organ (spermatheca). Here we investigate the main protein-level interactions that appear to mediate sperm competition dynamics and sperm preservation. We conducted an artificial insemination experiment and DIGE-based proteomics to identify proteomic changes when seminal fluid is exposed to spermathecal fluid followed by a mass spectrometry analysis of both secretions that allowed us to identify the sex-specific origins of the proteins that had changed in abundance. We found that spermathecal fluid targets only seven (2%) of the identified seminal fluid proteins for degradation, including two proteolytic serine proteases, a SERPIN inhibitor, and a semen-liquefying acid phosphatase. In vitro, and in vivo, experiments provided further confirmation that these proteins are key molecules mediating sexual conflict over sperm competition and viability preservation during sperm storage. In vitro, exposure to spermathecal fluid reduced the capacity of seminal fluid to compromise survival of rival sperm in a matter of hours and biochemical inhibition of these seminal fluid proteins largely eliminated that adverse effect. Our findings indicate that A. colombica, queens are in control of sperm competition and sperm storage, a capacity that has not been documented in other animals but is predicted to have independently evolved in other polyandrous social insects.

Honey bees are major pollinators of agricultural and non-agricultural landscapes. In recent years, honey bee colonies have exhibited high annual losses and commercial beekeepers frequently report poor queen quality and queen failure as the primary causes. Honey bee colonies are highly vulnerable to compromised queen fertility, as each hive is headed by one reproductive queen. Queens mate with multiple drones (male bees) during a single mating period early in life in which they obtain enough spermatozoa to fertilize their eggs for the rest of their reproductive life span. The process of mating initiates numerous behavioral, physiological, and molecular changes that shape the fertility of the queen and her influence on the colony. For example, receipt of drone semen can modulate queen ovary activation, pheromone production, and subsequent worker retinue behavior. In addition, seminal fluid is a major component of semen that is primarily derived from drone accessory glands. It also contains a complex mixture of proteins such as proteases, antioxidants, and antimicrobial proteins. Seminal fluid proteins are essential for inducing post-mating changes in other insects such as Drosophila and thus they may also impact honey bee queen fertility and health. However, the specific molecules in semen and seminal fluid that initiate post-mating changes in queens are still unidentified. Herein, we summarize the mating biology of honey bees, the changes queens undergo during and after copulation, and the role of drone semen and seminal fluid in post-mating changes in queens. We then review the effects of seminal fluid proteins in insect reproduction and potential roles for honey bee drone seminal fluid proteins in queen reproduction and health. We finish by proposing future avenues of research. Further elucidating the role of drone fertility in queen reproductive health may contribute towards reducing colony losses and advancing honey bee stock development.

Infertility remains a global health challenge with devastating psycho-social consequences in many communities, and the underlying long-term risk of couple separation is also a major clinical and social problem. Infertility is defined as the inability of a couple to conceive naturally after one year of intercourse. A case-control study was carried out among males who have infertility and who attended the Infertility and in vitro fertilization Center of Basrah province in the period extended from September 2021 to June 2022. A questionnaire was used to record The special notes. Seminal fluid samples were collected from (176 patients and controls were divided into 88 patients of male samples and 88 samples of the control group). In the present study, age was divided into three groups, which were statistically non-significant. The residence was also non-significant, which included central and peripheral areas. The results also showed no statistical significance between smokers and nonsmokers. The laboratory results showed that the analyzed seminal fluid parameters such as volume, sperm count, grade A, grade D, and Morphology of sperm in the patient's group differed significantly from that of the control group (P. value

To test the hypothesis claiming an association between human papilloma virus (HPV) sperm infection and idiopathic recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL). Multicenter retrospective case–control study. Three university hospitals. Cases included men belonging to couples affected by first trimester idiopathic RPL. Controls included men belonging to couples with proven fertility and no history of pregnancy loss; RPL was defined as the previous loss of 2 or more pregnancies. Couples were defined as "fertile" if they achieved a full-term pregnancy within the year before enrollment in the study. All participants conceived without assistance. The association between HPV DNA sperm infection, as identified using polymerase chain reaction, and RPL. The HPV DNA sperm infection was detected in 23 of 117 cases (20%; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 13%, 28%) and in 3 of 84 controls (4%; 95% CI; 1%, 10%) (P <.001). A comparison across baseline characteristics and multiple regression analysis did not identify any potentially confounding factors. Multivariate regression models showed a significant association between HPV DNA sperm infection and RPL (adjusted odds ratio, 7.44; 95% CI: 2.08, 26.58; P =.002 [Model 1]; adjusted odds ratio, 8.96; 95% CI: 2.41, 33.44; P =.001 [Model 2]). The prevalence of HPV sperm infection was significantly higher in couples affected by RPL than in their fertile counterparts. Notably, the semen sample was infected by HPV in approximately 1 out of 5 patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Male infertility has been recognized as a global health problem. Semen analysis, although considered the golden standard, may not provide a confident male infertility diagnosis alone. Hence, there is the urgent request for an innovative and reliable platform to detect biomarkers of infertility. The rapid expansion of mass spectrometry (MS) technology in the field of the 'omics' disciplines, has incredibly proved the great potential of MS-based diagnostic tests to revolutionize the future of pathology, microbiology and laboratory medicine. Despite the increasing success in the microbiology area, MS-biomarkers of male infertility currently remain a proteomic challenge. In order to address this issue, this review encompasses proteomics investigations by untargeted approaches with a special focus on experimental designs and strategies (bottom-up and top-down) for seminal fluid proteome profiling. The studies reported here witness the efforts of the scientific community to address these investigations aimed at the discovery of MS-biomarkers of male infertility. Proteomics untargeted approaches, depending on the study design, might provide a great plethora of biomarkers not only for a male infertility diagnosis, but also to address a new MS-biomarkers classification of infertility subtypes. From the early detection to the evaluation of infertility grade, new MS-derived biomarkers might also predict long-term outcomes and clinical management of infertility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Potential scenarios as to the origin of minute amounts of banned substances detected in doping control samples have been a much-discussed problem in anti-doping analysis in recent years. One such debated scenario has been the contamination of female athletes' urine with ejaculate containing doping agents and/or their metabolites. The aim of this work was to obtain complementary information on whether relevant concentration ranges of doping substances are excreted into the ejaculate and which metabolites can be detected in the seminal fluid (sf) and corresponding blood plasma (bp) samples. A method was established to study the concentration and metabolite profiles of stanozolol and LGD-4033—substances listed under anabolic substances (S1) on the World Anti-Doping Agency's Prohibited List—in bp and sf using liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). For sf and bp, methods for detecting minute amounts of these substances were developed and tested for specificity, recovery, linearity, precision, and reliability. Subsequently, sf and bp samples from an animal administration study, where a boar orally received stanozolol at 0.33 mg/kg and LGD-4033 at 0.11 mg/kg, were measured. The developed assays proved appropriate for the detection of the target substances in both matrices with detection limits between 10 and 40 pg/mL for the unmetabolized drugs in sf and bp, allowing to estimate the concentration of stanozolol in bp (0.02–0.40 ng/mL) and in sf (0.01–0.25 ng/mL) as well as of LGD-4033 in bp (0.21–2.00 ng/mL) and in sf (0.03–0.68 ng/mL) post-administration. In addition, metabolites resulting from different metabolic pathways were identified in sf and bp, with sf resembling a composite of the metabolic profile of bp and urine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Infertility is the inability to bear children after at least one year of unprotected intercourse. It is a health problem that affects about 10% of the world's population. Aim of the work: This study aims to examine semen-associated bacterial isolates of people with temporary infertility and to determine the appropriate antibiotic. Materials and Methods: Samples were collected from patients after they had abstained from sexual activity for 3-7 days before semen sample collection. Positive bacterial isolates were isolated for bacterial culture and growth on the surface of blood agar, MacConkey agar, or cooked blood agar and diagnosed according to standard and biochemical tests. The final diagnosis of bacterial isolates was performed using detection strips for Gram-positive and Gram-negative APIE20. Results: The study showed that most isolates of Gram-positive bacteria were Staphylococcus aureus (25.97%), followed by Streptococcus agalactiae (18.93%). The study showed that Escherichia coli was the most prevalent among Gramnegative isolates (31.6%), followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (8.97%), followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (3.39%). The study also showed that all bacterial isolates are sensitive to the antibiotics Levofloxacin, Meropenum, Doxycycline, and Amikacin, respectively. Conclusion: The presence of bacterial isolates in the semen is a clear reason for temporary sterility and the need to treat them with antibiotics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report detecting infectious Toscana virus in the seminal fluid of a 25-year-old man from Italy returning from Elba Island. The presence of infectious virus in human semen adds Toscana virus to the long list of viruses detected in this genital fluid and indicates a potential for sexual transmission.

• Women are at exceptionally high risk of developing urinary tract infections (UTIs). • Neutrophils play an important role in response to UTI-causing microbes. • Prostaglandins in seminal fluid exert control over neutrophil functions. • The interplay between seminal fluid and neutrophils provides insight into factors contributing to susceptibility to UTIs. Sexually active women have an increased risk of urinary tract infections (UTIs), which may be influenced by components in seminal plasma. Prostaglandins in seminal plasma are key modulators of the immune system and maternal-fetal immunological tolerance, influencing cells like platelets and neutrophils. Specifically, prostaglandin I2 (PGI2) inhibits platelet aggregation, while prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) alters neutrophil activity, including the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). Given that the NET response is associated with UTIs, and PGI2 is known to modulate NETs, these interactions may contribute to the higher incidence of UTIs in sexual activity in women. This study aims to investigate whether UTIs following sexual activity are facilitated by an imbalance in NET formation mediated by prostaglandins. We employed four search strategies: Sex and UTI, NETs and UTIs, Prostaglandins and NETs, and Inflammasome and NETs, alongside a review of original research publications. By understanding this mechanism, we hope to reveal how prostaglandin-mediated immune modulation may increase susceptibility to UTIs after sexual activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Anastrepha ludens mark their host after oviposition but the effect of seminal fluid is unknown. • Seminal fluid increases egg laying and time marking the host. • Females that mate with sterile males spent less time marking the host. • Sterile males have larger accessory glands than wild males. • Sterile males transfer more seminal fluid proteins during mating. Mating and the transfer of seminal fluid components including male accessory glands (MAGs) proteins can affect oviposition behavior in insects. After oviposition, some species of fruit flies deposit a host-marking pheromone (HMP) on the fruit that discourages oviposition by other females of the same or different species or genus and reduces competition between larvae. However, we know very little about how mating, receiving seminal fluid, or male condition can affect female host marking behavior. Here, we tested how the physiological state of females (mated or unmated), the receipt of seminal fluid, and the condition of the male (wild or sterile) affect oviposition and host-marking behavior (HMB) in Anastrepha ludens (Diptera: Tephritidae). We also determined the efficiency of the host-marking pheromone from mated or unmated females in deterring oviposition. In a further examination of how seminal fluid may be affecting HMB we assessed if there were differences in the size of wild or sterile MAGs and the protein quantity transferred during mating. Our results indicate that receiving seminal fluid increased egg laying and increased time invested in host-marking (HM). Unmated females laid fewer eggs than mated females but invested the same amount of time in depositing host-marking pheromone, which had similar effectiveness in deterring oviposition as that of mated females. Females that mated with sterile males laid the same number of eggs as females that mated with wild males but spent less time depositing host-marking pheromone, which suggests that females detect the condition of the male and invest less in marking hosts. Finally, sterile males had larger accessory glands and transferred more MAGs proteins during mating compared to wild males. Seminal proteins could be manipulating HM behavior and female investment into their current reproductive effort. We are only beginning to understand how male condition and seminal fluid can affect female physiology and maternal investment in HMP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The occurrence of crystals in semen is rare, with spermine phosphate crystals being the only type commonly described. Uric acid crystal formation is significantly influenced by pH levels. The present study reported a rare case of uric acid crystals in the semen of a patient with azoospermia associated with Sertoli cell-only syndrome (SCOS). A 28-year-old male with a four-year history of primary infertility underwent clinical assessment, including a normal physical examination with small testes. Seminal fluid analysis revealed abnormal uric acid crystals. Elevated follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone and prolactin levels were observed. The diagnosis of SCOS was confirmed through testicular sperm aspiration. Azoospermia is a medical condition characterized by the absence of sperm in the semen, specifically the absence of sperm in the pellet obtained after centrifugation. It is classified into two primary types: Obstructive and non-obstructive azoospermia. Non-obstructive azoospermia is subdivided into three categories: SCOS, hypospermatogenesis and maturation arrest. The occurrence of SCOS in azoospermic males ranges from 26.3 to 57.8%. The diagnosis of azoospermia with SCOS can be achieved through the analysis of multiple semen samples, medical history, physical examination, hormonal analysis, histopathological examination and genetic testing. The presence of uric acid crystals in seminal fluid was first reported in patients with chronic prostatitis symptoms in 2005. Despite the rarity of crystals in semen, uric acid crystals were found in the semen of an azoospermic male with SCOS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reproductive ageing can occur due to the deterioration of both the soma and germline. In males, it has mostly been studied with respect to age-related changes in sperm. However, the somatic component of the ejaculate, seminal fluid, is also essential for maintaining reproductive function. Whilst we know that seminal fluid proteins (SFPs) are required for male reproductive success across diverse taxa, age-related changes in SFP quantity and composition are little understood. Additionally, only few studies have explored the reproductive ageing of the tissues that produce SFPs, and the resulting reproductive outcomes. Here we provide a systematic review of studies addressing how advancing male age affects the production and properties of seminal fluid, in particular SFPs and oxidative stress, highlighting many open questions and generating new hypotheses for further research. We additionally discuss how declines in function of different components of seminal fluid, such as SFPs and antioxidants, could contribute to age-related loss of reproductive ability. Overall, we find evidence that ageing results in increased oxidative stress in seminal fluid and a decrease in the abundance of various SFPs. These results suggest that seminal fluid contributes towards important age-related changes influencing male reproduction. Thus, it is essential to study this mostly ignored component of the ejaculate to understand male reproductive ageing, and its consequences for sexual selection and paternal age effects on offspring.

The evidence supports the occurrence of environmentally-induced paternal epigenetic inheritance that shapes the offspring phenotype in the absence of direct or indirect paternal care and clearly demonstrates that sperm epigenetics is one of the major actors mediating these paternal effects. However, in most animals, while sperm makes up only a small portion of the seminal fluid, males also have a complex mixture of proteins, peptides, different types of small noncoding RNAs, and cell-free DNA fragments in their ejaculate. These seminal fluid contents (Sfcs) are in close contact with the reproductive cells, tissues, organs, and other molecules of both males and females during reproduction. Moreover, their production and use are adjusted in response to environmental conditions, making them potential markers of environmentally- and developmentally-induced paternal effects on the next generation(s). Although there is some intriguing evidence for Sfc-mediated paternal effects, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain poorly defined. In this review, the current evidence regarding the links between seminal fluid and environmental paternal effects and the potential pathways and mechanisms that seminal fluid may follow in mediating paternal epigenetic inheritance are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Male infertility has increased in the last decade. Pathophysiologic mechanisms behind extreme oligospermia (EO) are not yet fully understood. In new "omics" approaches, metabolomic can offer new information and help elucidate these mechanisms. We performed a metabolomics study of the seminal fluid (SF) in order to understand the mechanisms implicated in EO. We realized a targeted quantitative analysis using high performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry to compare the SF metabolomic profile of 19 men with EO with that of 22 men with a history of vasectomy (V) and 20 men with normal semen parameters (C). A total of 114 metabolites were identified. We obtained a multivariate OPLS-DA model discriminating the three groups. Signatures show significantly higher levels of amino acids and polyamines in C group. The sum of polyunsaturated fatty acids and free carnitine progressively decrease between the three groups (C > EO > V) and sphingomyelins are significantly lower in V group. Our signature characterizing EO includes metabolites already linked to infertility in previous studies. The similarities between the signatures of the EO and V groups are clear evidence of epididymal dysfunction in the case of testicular damage. This study shows the complexity of the metabolomic dysfunction occurring in the SF of EO men and underlines the importance of metabolomics in understanding male infertility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The choice of criteria to delimit a group or class is a subjective matter, even though the reasoning, the objectives and the criteria themselves should always be clearly stated. This paper is part of a discussion about the criteria used to identify seminal fluid proteins (SFPs) in Drosophila species. SFPs are proteins that are transferred to females during copulation together with sperm. The only way to ascertain that a protein is an SFP is to prove that it is produced in a male reproductive organ and is found in the female reproductive tract after insemination. Nevertheless, the required methodology is labour‐intensive and expensive, and therefore this kind of data is unlikely to be available for many species, precluding comparative and evolutionary studies on the subject. To conduct evolutionary analyses, in a previous study, we capitalized on the accumulated knowledge we have in the model species D. melanogaster to recommend a set of criteria for identifying candidate SFPs in other Drosophila species. Those criteria, based on transcriptomic evidence and in silico predictions from sequences, would allow a good balance between sensitivity (the inclusion of true SFPs) and specificity (the exclusion of false positives). In view of the criticism raised by another group, here we defend our criteria on one hand while accepting there is room for improvement on the other. The results are updated sets of criteria and SFPs that we believe can be useful in future evolutionary studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(2008) Proteomics reveals novel Drosophila seminal fluid proteins transferred at mating. (1999) Drosophila seminal fluid proteins enter the circulatory system of the mated female fly by crossing the posterior vaginal wall. Keywords: Drosophila; proteomics; reproduction; seminal fluid; Sfp EN Drosophila proteomics reproduction seminal fluid Sfp 533 536 4 09/07/22 20221001 NES 221001 Seminal fluid proteins (Sfps) have striking effects on the behaviour and physiology of females in many insects. [Extracted from the article]

Abstract: Seminal fluid extracellular vesicles (SFEVs) have previously been shown to interact with spermatozoa and influence their fertilisation capacity. Here, we sought to extend these studies by exploring the functional consequences of SFEV interactions with human spermatozoa. SFEVs were isolated from the seminal fluid of normozoospermic donors prior to assessing the kinetics of sperm-SFEV binding in vitro, as well as the effects of these interactions on sperm capacitation, acrosomal exocytosis, and motility profile. Biotin-labelled SFEV proteins were transferred primarily to the flagellum of spermatozoa within minutes of co-incubation, although additional foci of SFEV biotinylated proteins also labelled the mid-piece and head domain. Functional analyses of high-quality spermatozoa collected following liquefaction revealed that SFEVs did not influence sperm motility during incubation at pH 5, yet SFEVs induced subtle increases in total and progressive motility in sperm incubated with SFEVs at pH 7. Additional investigation of sperm motility kinematic parameters revealed that SFEVs significantly decreased beat cross frequency and increased distance straight line, linearity, straightness, straight line velocity, and wobble. SFEVs did not influence sperm capacitation status or the ability of sperm to undergo acrosomal exocytosis. Functional assessment of both high- and low-quality spermatozoa collected prior to liquefaction showed limited SFEV influence, with these vesicles inducing only subtle decreases in beat cross frequency in spermatozoa of both groups. These findings raise the prospect that, aside from subtle effects on sperm motility, the encapsulated SFEV cargo may be destined for physiological targets other than the male germline, notably the female reproductive tract., Lay Summary: A male's influence over the biological processes of pregnancy extends beyond the provision of sperm. Molecular signals present in the ejaculate can influence the likelihood of pregnancy and healthy pregnancy progression, but the identity and function of these signals remain unclear. In this study, we wanted to understand if nano-sized particles present in the male ejaculate, called seminal fluid extracellular vesicles, can assist sperm in traversing the female reproductive tract to access the egg. To explore this, we isolated seminal fluid extracellular vesicles from human semen and incubated them with sperm. Our data showed that seminal fluid extracellular vesicles act to transfer molecular information to sperm, but this resulted in only subtle changes to the movement of sperm.

Seminal plasma (SP) mirrors the local pathophysiology of the male reproductive system and represents a non-invasive fluid for the study of infertility. Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization-Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) provides a high-throughput platform to rapidly extrapolate the diagnostic profiles of information-rich patterns. In this study, dispersive solid phase extraction (d-SPE) combined with MALDI-TOF-MS was applied for the first time to the human SP, with the aim of revealing a diagnostic signature for male infertility. Commercially available octadecyl (C18)-, octyl (C8)-bonded silica sorbents and hexagonal mesoporous silica (HMS) were tested and the robustness of MALDI-TOF peptide profiling was evaluated. Best performances were obtained for C18-bonded silica with the highest detection of peaks and the lowest variation of spectral features. To assess the diagnostic potential of the method, C18-bonded silica d-SPE and MALDI-TOF-MS were used to generate enriched endogenous peptide profiles of SP from 15 fertile and 15 non-fertile donors. Principal component analysis (PCA) successfully separated fertile from non-fertile men into two different clusters. An array of seven semenogelin-derived peptides was found to distinguish the two groups, with high statistical significance. These findings, while providing a rapid and convenient route to selectively enrich native components of SP peptidome, strongly reinforce the prominent role of semenogelins in male infertility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At present, there is no information about the difference between the three seasons with a long dry period, such as Kanchanaburi province, Thailand, on goat semen quality. This study observed the climate and daytime length effects of a long dry period in three seasons in a tropical climate country on goat semen quality and seminal fluid change. The semen was collected from eight male goats once a month for one year. The libido score was assessed during semen collection. Semen volume, semen sediment volume, percentage of seminal fluid volume, seminal fluid protein, mass movement, motility, concentration, and spermatozoa membrane integrity were evaluated. Libido scores were not different between the seasons. Semen volume, seminal fluid volume, and seminal fluid protein concentration in the rainy season were significantly higher (p<0.05) than in the summer and winter. Semen sediment volume was relatively stable in all seasons and months. Meanwhile, the concentration was significantly higher (p<0.05) in the summer and winter than in the rainy season. In summer and winter, spermatozoa motility and normal spermatozoa membrane were significantly higher (p<0.05) than in the rainy season. In conclusion, temperature, THI, and daytime changes in tropical climate countries with long dry seasons were unrelated to semen quality, seminal fluid change, and sexual behavior. But the increase in humidity in the rainy season after long dry seasons has dropped semen quality, resulting from increased volume and protein levels in seminal fluid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Microvesicles (MVs) and exosomes were rapidly absorbed by the sperm plasma membrane. • Different expression profiles of CD81, CD9, and CD63 tetraspanins were detected in MVs and exosomes. • Both MVs and exosomes showed cryoprotective properties during sperm cryopreservation. Do seminal plasma microvesicles and exosomes, as two subtypes of extracellular vesicles, exert cryoprotective properties in sperm cryopreservation? Microvesicles and exosomes isolated from normozoospermic semen samples (n = 10) by serial ultracentrifugation were determined using scanning electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering and western blot analysis. The interactions between extracellular vesicles and spermatozoa were detected using Dil labelling. Purified spermatozoa from different normozoospermic samples (n = 25) were then treated individually with exosomes or microvesicles for 1 h and subsequently cryopreserved. The effects of extracellular vesicles during cryopreservation were investigated by determining post-thaw sperm motility, morphology, viability, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, lipid peroxidation, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), DNA integrity, and apoptosis rate. Microvesicles and exosomes displayed a round-shape morphology, with about 70% of exosomes ranging from 43–144 nm, microvesicles ranging from 144.5–486 nm and both expressed tetraspanin markers. Fluorescence microscopy showed that exosomes and microvesicles absorbed mainly in the sperm head and less frequently in the neck and tail. The post-thawing results indicated that the diluent with exosomes or microvesicles had improved sperm motility (P = 0.007), morphology (P < 0.001) and viability (P < 0.001) compared with untreated samples. The ROS levels decreased significantly (P = 0.001), with a consequent decrease in DNA damage (P = 0.001). The TAC activity (P = 0.001) and MMP levels (P = 0.001) were also significantly improved; levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) (P = 0.62) and apoptosis rate (P = 1.000) remained unchanged. Seminal plasma microvesicles and exosomes could protect spermatozoa from cryopreservation chilling injuries. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies of human semen in cell or tissue culture are hampered by the high cytotoxic activity of this body fluid. The components responsible for the cell damaging activity of semen are amine oxidases, which convert abundant polyamines, such as spermine or spermidine in seminal plasma into toxic intermediates. Amine oxidases are naturally present at low concentrations in seminal plasma and at high concentrations in fetal calf serum, a commonly used cell culture supplement. Here, we show that, in the presence of fetal calf serum, seminal plasma, as well as the polyamines spermine and spermidine, are highly cytotoxic to immortalized cells, primary blood mononuclear cells, and vaginal tissue. Thus, experiments investigating the effect of polyamines and seminal plasma on cellular functions should be performed with great caution, considering the confounding cytotoxic effects. The addition of the amine oxidase inhibitor aminoguanidine to fetal calf serum and/or the utilization of serum-free medium greatly reduced this serum-induced cytotoxicity of polyamines and seminal plasma in cell lines, primary cells, and tissues and, thus, should be implemented in all future studies analyzing the role of polyamines and semen on cellular functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A central paradigm in evolutionary biology is that the fundamental divergence in the fitness interests of the sexes ('sexual conflict') can lead to both the evolution of sex‐specific traits that reduce fitness for individuals of the opposite sex, and sexually antagonistic coevolution between the sexes. However, clear examples of traits that evolved in this way – where a single trait in one sex demonstrably depresses the fitness of members of the opposite sex, resulting in antagonistic coevolution – are rare. The Drosophila seminal protein 'sex peptide' (SP) is perhaps the most widely cited example of a trait that appears to harm females while benefitting males. Transferred in the ejaculate by males during mating, SP triggers profound and wide‐ranging changes in female behaviour and physiology. Early studies reported that the transfer of SP enhances male fitness while depressing female fitness, providing the foundations for the widespread view that SP has evolved to manipulate females for male benefit. Here, we argue that this view is (i) a simplification of a wider body of contradictory empirical research, (ii) narrow with respect to theory describing the origin and maintenance of sexually selected traits, and (iii) hard to reconcile with what we know of the evolutionary history of SP's effects on females. We begin by charting the history of thought regarding SP, both at proximate (its production, function, and mechanism of action) and ultimate (its fitness consequences and evolutionary history) levels, reviewing how studies of SP were central to the development of the field of sexual conflict. We describe a prevailing paradigm for SP's evolution: that SP originated and continues to evolve to manipulate females for male benefit. In contrast to this view, we argue on three grounds that the weight of evidence does not support the view that receipt of SP decreases female fitness: (i) results from studies of SP's impact on female fitness are mixed and more often neutral or positive, with fitness costs emerging only under nutritional extremes; (ii) whether costs from SP are appreciable in wild‐living populations remains untested; and (iii) recently described confounds in genetic manipulations of SP raise the possibility that measures of the costs and benefits of SP have been distorted. Beyond SP's fitness effects, comparative and genetic data are also difficult to square with the idea that females suffer fitness costs from SP. Instead, these data – from functional and evolutionary genetics and the neural circuitry of female responses to SP – suggest an evolutionary history involving the evolution of a dedicated SP‐sensing apparatus in the female reproductive tract that is likely to have evolved because it benefits females, rather than harms them. We end by exploring theory and evidence that SP benefits females by functioning as a signal of male quality or of sperm receipt and storage (or both). The expanded view of the evolution of SP that we outline recognises the context‐dependent and fluctuating roles played by both cooperative and antagonistic selection in the origin and maintenance of reproductive traits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Infertility is a global burden that affects both sexes with the male component remaining as an explored yet crucial research field that might offer novel evidence. Material and Methods: The present narrative mini-review aims to summarize all existing literature regarding the composition of the seminal microflora in infertile men. We performed searches in PubMed/Medline, ISI Web of Knowledge, Scopus, and ScienceDirect between 2018 and 2022 using a combination of keywords. Results: A total of n = 33 studies met the eligibility criteria and were further considered. From this, n = 14 were conducted on human patients, n = 3 on zebrafish (Danio rerio), n = 5 on rats, and n = 11 on mice. In twenty-five out of thirty-three papers, the authors sequenced the 16S rRNA; situations occurred where researchers focused on standard laboratory protocols. Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium are widely recognized as putative beneficial lactic bacteria. These two entities are capable of restoring the host's eubiosis to some extent, blocking pathogens' proliferation and endotoxins, and even alleviating specific patterns encountered in disease(s) (e.g., obesity, type 1 diabetes) due to prolonged exposure to toxicants in adults or from a developmental stage. Over the years, distinct approaches have been perfected, such as the transfer of feces between two species or conventional rudimentary products with proven efficiency. Conclusions: The seminal microflora is decisive and able to modulate psychological and physiological responses. Each individual possesses a personalized microbial profile further shaped by exogenous factors, regardless of sex and species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Prostate cancer (PCa) is notoriously difficult to diagnose owing to the lack of reliable biomarkers and the invasiveness of obtaining a tissue biopsy from the prostate. As an alternative, we developed a liquid biopsy technique, based on isolating tumor cells from semen samples via a microfluidic device. To optimize the device, we first attempted to recover PCa cells from semen samples spiked with PCa cell lines, achieving an average efficiency of >87% cell recovery at the chosen flow rate. We then transitioned to a clinical setting using semen samples from PCa patients. The yield of isolated clinical PCa cells varied between 67 and 307 cells per mL of semen (in 15 cancer patients). These cells were stained and compared to the standard prognostic parameters such as Gleason score and PSA serum level. This study presents a potential liquid biopsy technique to augment the existing diagnosis and prognosis of PCa. Prostate cancer (PCa) diagnosis is primarily based on prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing and prostate tissue biopsies. However, PSA testing has relatively low specificity, while tissue biopsies are highly invasive and have relatively low sensitivity at early stages of PCa. As an alternative, we developed a technique of liquid biopsy, based on isolation of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) from seminal fluid (SF). The recovery of PCa cells from SF was demonstrated using PCa cell lines, achieving an efficiency and throughput as high as 89% (±3.8%) and 1.7 mL min−1, respectively, while 99% (±0.7%) of sperm cells were disposed of. The introduced approach was further tested in a clinical setting by collecting and processing SF samples of PCa patients. The yield of isolated CTCs measured as high as 613 cells per SF sample in comparison with that of 6 cells from SF of healthy donors, holding significant promise for PCa diagnosis. The correlation analysis of the isolated CTC numbers with the standard prognostic parameters such as Gleason score and PSA serum level showed correlation coefficient values at 0.40 and 0.73, respectively. Taken together, our results show promise in the developed liquid biopsy technique to augment the existing diagnosis and prognosis of PCa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Semen analysis is considered as an important tool in infertility assessment process. One of the reasons implicated for altered semen quality, is bacteriospermia. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of bacteriospermia in seminal fluid and its effect on semen characteristics of infertile men attending infertility clinics in Kerman.Methods: Totally, 200 fertile and infertile men were investigated. Spermiogram, culture, isolation and identification were conducted according to WHO guideline and standard bacteriological methods.Results: Semen parameters including sperm motility, sperm count, sperm morphology, sperm viability and the percentage of round cells in seminal fluid, showed significant difference between fertile and infertile groups. Also, in infertile men, abnormal sperm morphology was significantly higher among oligospermic specimens than normospermic ones.Bacteriospermia was found in 10% of infertile men and Staphylococcus aureus was the most common organism which was mostly isolated from teratozoospermic and asthenozoospermic specimens, however this finding was not statistically significant. Totally, asymptomatic bacteriospermia did not show any association with either infertility or abnormal semen parameters.Conclusion: Other bacterial/ non- bacterial agents or even factors other than infectious agents, may affect semen quality. However, to determine the exact role of bacteriospermia in infertility, further studies as well as evaluation of the outcome of bacteriospermia treatment, especially in those infected with S. aureus, are required.

At present, there is no information about the difference between the three seasons with a long dry period, such as Kanchanaburi province, Thailand, on goat semen quality. This study observed the climate and daytime length effects of a long dry period in three seasons in a tropical climate country on goat semen quality and seminal fluid change. The semen was collected from eight male goats once a month for one year. The libido score was assessed during semen collection. Semen volume, semen sediment volume, percentage of seminal fluid volume, seminal fluid protein, mass movement, motility, concentration, and spermatozoa membrane integrity were evaluated. Libido scores were not different between the seasons. Semen volume, seminal fluid volume, and seminal fluid protein concentration in the rainy season were significantly higher (p

Plain Language Summary This review describes the detection of viruses in seminal fluid and their sexual transmission, focusing on the major viral outbreaks of Zika virus (ZIKV), Ebola virus (EBOV), severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-coronavirus (CoV), and SARS-coronavirus 2 (CoV-2). ZIKV and EBOV were found to be present in semen and to be sexually transmitted, leading the World Health Organization (WHO) to update their guidelines on prevention of the two viruses to include refraining from sexual contact. There are conflicting studies regarding the presence of SARS-CoV in male reproductive tissue, but it has been linked to testicular atrophy and orchitis. To date, two studies have detected SARS-CoV-2 RNA in semen, while seven studies have reported no positive detection. More studies must be completed to accurately determine its risk of sexual transmission to ensure mitigation of further transmission and understand the long-term implications of SARS-CoV-2 on the reproductive health of recovered patients.

Oxidative and inflammatory damage underlie several conditions related to male infertility, including varicocele. Free light chains of immunoglobulins (FLCs) are considered markers of low-grade inflammation in numerous diseases. Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), a lipidic antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compound, is involved in spermatozoa energy metabolism and motility. We aimed to evaluate FLCs' seminal levels in patients with varicocele in comparison to control subjects and to correlate them with CoQ10 and Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) in human semen. Sixty-five patients were enrolled. Semen analysis was performed; patients were divided into three groups: controls, 12 normozoospermic patients, aged 34 (33–41) years; varicocele (VAR), 29 patients, aged 33 (26–37) years; and idiopathic, 24 oligo-, astheno- and oligoasthenozoospermic patients aged 37 (33.5–40.5) years. FLCs (κ and λ) were assayed by turbidimetric method; CoQ10 by HPLC; TAC by spectrophotometric method. λ FLCs showed a trend toward higher levels in VAR vs. controls and the idiopathic group. VAR showed a trend toward lower κ FLCs levels vs. the other two groups. When comparing κ/λ ratio, VAR showed significantly lower levels vs. controls and idiopathic. Moreover, CoQ10 seminal levels showed higher levels in VAR and idiopathic compared to controls. Data reported here confirm lower levels of κ/λ ratio in VAR and suggest a possible application in personalized medicine as clinical biomarkers for male infertility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While the striking effects of seminal fluid proteins (SFPs) on females are fairly conserved among Diptera, most SFPs lack detectable homologues among the SFP repertoires of phylogenetically distant species. How such a rapidly changing proteome conserves functions across taxa is a fascinating question. However, this and other pivotal aspects of SFPs' evolution remain elusive because discoveries on these proteins have been mainly restricted to the model Drosophila melanogaster. Here, we provide an overview of the current knowledge on the inter‐specific divergence of the SFP repertoire in Drosophila and compile the increasing amount of relevant genomic information from multiple species. Capitalizing on the accumulated knowledge in D. melanogaster, we present novel sets of high‐confidence SFP candidates and transcription factors presumptively involved in regulating the expression of SFPs. We also address open questions by performing comparative genomic analyses that failed to support the existence of many conserved SFPs shared by most dipterans and indicated that gene co‐option is the most frequent mechanism accounting for the origin of Drosophila SFP‐coding genes. We hope our update establishes a starting point to integrate further data and thus widen the understanding of the intricate evolution of these proteins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]