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Peripheral neuropathy is a rare, yet treatable manifestation of sarcoidosis, a multisystem disorder characterized by the presence of non-caseating granulomas that are seldom found in nerve biopsy specimens. In order to learn more about the subject, we reviewed our clinical and pathological findings in a series of 11 patients (six men and five women aged 26-83 years) with symptomatic neuropathy associated with characteristic granulomas in nerve biopsy specimens. Only two patients were known to have sarcoidosis before the occurrence of the neuropathy. The neuropathy was focal or multifocal in six patients, including one with a multifocal neuropathy associated with conduction blocks, and one with a multifocal axonal motor deficit. Four patients had a distal symmetrical deficit and one patient had a Guillain-Barré-like syndrome with facial diplegia and respiratory failure. Serum angiotensin-converting enzyme concentration was elevated in only two patients. Epineurial granulomas and perineuritis were present in all nerve specimens. The inflammatory infiltrates invaded the endoneurium, following connective tissue septae and blood vessels, in five patients. Multinucleated giant cells were found in eight patients and necrotizing vasculitis in seven. Inflammatory lesions were associated with variable, asymmetrical involvement of nerve fascicles and axon loss. A muscle specimen was sampled during the same procedure in 10 patients. It showed inflammatory infiltrates and granulomas in nine patients and necrotizing vasculitis in two. Immunolabelling showed a mixed inflammatory infiltrate of T cells (predominantly CD4+ cells) and macrophages, in keeping with a delayed hypersensitivity reaction. In addition to nerve involvement, all patients had at least one other tissue or organ affected, including muscle in nine patients, lungs and/or intrathoracic lymph nodes in eight, skin in three, arthritis in two, and peripheral lymph nodes, stomach and eye in one patient each. Most patients improved on corticosteroids. Two patients remain free of symptoms after 7 years. Severe side-effects of long-term treatment with corticosteroids occurred in two patients, leading to death in one. This study illustrates the wide range of clinical manifestations of sarcoid neuropathy and the frequent association of granulomatous inflammatory infiltrates with necrotizing vasculitis and with silent or symptomatic involvement of other organs.

Ageing is known to be accelerated by risk-factors. The continuity between normal and pathological ageing is still quite disputed. Concerning cerebral ageing, the use of statistical methods on electroencephalographic (EEG) parameters appeared to be interesting. In this study, three different groups of elderly subjects were examined by EEG: normal subjects without neurological nor cardiac disease, subjects with Alzheimer-dementia (AD) and cardiac patients without cerebral clinical signs. Stepwise discriminant analysis showed that EEG-parameters discriminating normal subjects from cardiac patients were different from those discriminating AD-patients from normal. Furthermore, AD-patients could be well-discriminated from elderly cardiac patients.

It is a widely accepted that normal ageing hardly modifies basal rythms: alpha frequency remains occipital, symmetrical, and reactive when eyes are opened. There is probably a frequency decrease, but this is hard to determine individually in the absence of longitudinal studies. In any event, alpha frequency never drops below 9 cycles per second until after 80 years of age. Localized and mostly left-sided temporal abnormalities in normal subjects have been noted several times in the literature. However, these pose the problem of early detection of brain damage in patients with hypertension, heart of pulmonary disease. Therefore, further EEG studies on normal and pathological cerebral ageing should investigate clinically well-defined populations.

This study was a 6-month open trial of the effects of naftidrofuryl fumarate (600 mg/day orally) on the clinical and electrophysiological signs of diabetic polyneuropathy in 15 patients. A scored clinical evaluation and an indexed electrophysiological examination were done at inclusion, and after 3 and 6 months. Mean clinical score and electrophysiological index was improved after 3 months of therapy, the improvement persisting at 6 months, with no change in control of diabetes. These results could be related to the vasodilating properties of the drug, causing an increase in nerve temperature, or to a specific neurotropic action, as recently demonstrated in rats. Controlled studies are necessary to confirm these results, and explore the mechanism of this improvement.

This study evaluates, 1) the pain induced by extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy for renal stones using a piezo-electric shock wave lithotriptor (EDAP LT 01) and 2) the predictive factors for severe pain leading to an indication for analgesia. The relationship between extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy intensity and pain intensity is evaluated by a numerical scale at the beginning of the session (T0), after 15 min (T15) and after 30 min (T30). At the end of the session, patients are categorized by one of us using a three-point scale which integrates the pain and the maximum tolerable intensity. These two types of evaluation are well correlated. Successive levels of stimulation are well discriminated by patients. Habituation is observed during the session for patients with low-level pain. In 28% of the patients, the intensity of pain required analgesia. Pain cannot be predicted by age, anxiety state, side of the stones and size, diameter of the contact between patient and convergence dome. In contrast, three parameters are correlated with the pain level: The L1 distance of renal parenchyma and the L2 distance skin-stone crossed by the piezoelectric waves, the size of the stone. The superior caliceal, middle caliceal and pelvic stones are significantly the most painful. These predictive variables can be easily measured before extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy.

Between 1955 and 1970 recordings were made from 125 children aged 1-36 months who had had a first epileptic seizure (non-hyperthermic). 100 of these children were followed up for from 5 to 20 years: 35 had had their first seizure before 1 year of age and 65 between the age of 1 and 3. Hypsarrythmia was more frequent under 1 year of age, whereas short diffuse spike and wave bursts were observed only after 1 year. However, localized spikes, asymmetrical or slow tracings as well as normal tracings were observed in both groups, without significant difference. A fatal outcome is more frequent when the first seizure took place before the age of 1 year. However, in our sample the intellectual development of the surviving children does not depend on the time of the first seizure. In any case the prognosis is unfavorable, since only 31 of the children followed up developed normally.

Functional rehabilitation of the larynx after unilateral vocal cord paralysis was attempted in the dog by selective reinnervation of the laryngeal muscles. The intralaryngeal branches of the right recurrent nerve were dissected. The adductor branch was anastomosed with the ansa cervicalis; the abductor branch was anastomosed with the trunk of the phrenic nerve either within the larynx or through the recurrent nerve, the adductor branch of which was sectioned. Results could be analyzed in seven dogs: mobility of the vocal cord was checked, and electromyography, stimulation of the nerves, and histologic studies were performed. Functional reinnervation of both the adductor and abductor muscles was obtained in only one case, with good abduction. Adduction was recorded in five cases. False-positive results emphasize the necessity of collecting several types of data before concluding that functional reinnervation has been accomplished. The reliability of the procedure can and must be improved.

The study of two families with myotonic dystrophy enables us to recall the existence of two congenital forms: one severe form with important neonatal hypotonia and one mild form with talipes equinovarus and intellectual deficiency. In both forms EMG detection is very often of the myogenic type. It confirms the diagnosis of myopathic disorder.

The comparison of the results of continuous emission Doppler examinations and arteriographic examinations concerned 316 internal carotid arteries in 209 patients presenting a history of one or more ischemic accidents involving the carotid. This work confirms the unreliability of Doppler examination in the diagnosis of atheromatous plaques or moderate stenotic lesions of the internal carotid. However, it confirms the validity of this technique in the diagnosis of obstructive carotid stenoses since all the parameters measuring reliability (sensibility, specificity, predictive value) are around 90%. This reliability associated with the non-traumatic nature of the test justifies its important role in the diagnosis and prevention of cerebrovascular accidents.

Analysis of EEG background activity in epilepsy has been much less used than automatic detection of paroxysmal figures. However, it would be useful to study the background activity with precision. The techniques used can belong to the time domain or the frequency domain. They make it possible to study the variations of EEG background activity as a function of the drug therapy and the type of epilepsy; some prognostic indices can then be derived for different kinds of epilepsy. It seems probable that topographic displays of background frequency bands will be very interesting in the near future. Finally, automatic analysis of sleep recordings in epileptic patients also makes it possible to test drug effects and modifications of sleep stages, as a function of the type of epilepsy.

Among the 931 patients who were admitted, over a 9-month period, to an internal medicine department, a group of 84 patients (9 p. 100) whose erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) was 70 mm or more at 1 hour was selected and compared to the remaining 847 patients whose ESR was below 70 mm at 1 hour. In most cases, a pathology likely to account for the distinct rise observed in ESR was found (infection in 42 p. 100 of the cases, malignant disease in 27 p. 100, inflammation in 20 p. 100), and only 5 p. 100 of these rises remained unexplained. This makes an ESR of 70 mm or more a good index of morbidity generally, without pointing at any specific disease. An ESR of 70 mm or more has very low sensitivity (always below 30 p. 100), so that no disease whatsoever can be excluded when the ESR is only slightly elevated. Moreover, in all but infectious diseases a distinctly high ESR is not an index of severity.

The electrophysiological diagnosis of peripheral neuropathy in diabetics becomes increasingly difficult with the increase in number of parameters measured. We have examined 102 subjects: 60 diabetics, 32 control subjects and 10 with impaired glucose tolerance. From the 37 recorded parameters during 8 examinations, a linear discriminant analysis allowed us to separate the 19 diabetics with clinical neuropathy and the control subjects with only 5 parameters, with a good concordance (96%): the motor conduction velocities (MCV) of the peroneal and median nerves, the amplitude of the action potential (AP) of the sural nerve, the Hmax/Mmax ratio and the M latency of the Hoffman reflex. These parameters, weighted with a coefficient, constitute a score of discrimination. This score has been tested by the Jackknife method on the same sample (94% of well-classified patients), then validated on the other patients. Thus we propose a method to aid the diagnosis of diabetic peripheral neuropathy, without the arbitrary character of the classical single parameter method, and allowing easy repetition.

The prognostic assessment of a patient with intra-cerebral hemorrhage (IH) requires simultaneous appraisal of several parameters. We have attempted this with a multivariate method: discriminant analysis. We studied retrospectively 142 patients with non-operated IH, not due to vascular malformation, distributed two months after the initial event in two groups: 92 living patients and 50 dead. Discriminant analysis of 21 parameters from the initial examination and CT scan, selected five factors which best separate the two groups, since 89% of the patients were well classified. These five parameters (age, consciousness impairment, temperature, volume of the hematoma and ventricular hemorrhage) combined, give a prognostic score which gives for each patient his probability of survival or death. The validity of the proposed model was controlled on a test-sample of 66 patients from another department. The possibility of giving a trustworthy spontaneous prognosis on the first day can enable the evaluation of the possible benefit from surgery, which we illustrated with a group of 23 operated patients.

About concrete examples set by an electroencephalographist (determination of normal values, comparison of data, realization of trial), different methods of uni- or bi-dimensional statistical analysis using qualitative and quantitative variables were presented and the conditions of the tests applications were emphasized. The authors have insisted especially on the necessity of a precise methodology. It has to be elaborated by the statistician together with the physician before the beginning of any trial: statistics cannot be summarized to a simple formula application at the time of final exploitation of data.

The authors present a model for automatic detection of spindles during the different sleep stages. Baseline spindle-free EEG was modelized on a 10 sec recording using an autoregressive model. Spindles were thereafter detected using the quadratic error from this baseline model on successive 1 sec periods. This automatic detection is in a 95.7% agreement with visual analysis.

Gram-negative bacterial infections are frequent and severe in cirrhotic patients. Existence of endotoxemia in cirrhosis is controversial. The demonstration of Gram-negative bacterial antibodies could be an alternative approach to the pathogenic role of these bacteria. In 58 patients with alcoholic cirrhosis, the immunoglobulin G specifically directed against the Gram-negative bacteria lipopolysaccharide expressed by the J5 mutant of Escherichia coli 0111:B4 was measured. Antibody titres were compared to those of a control group of blood donors. The distributions of antibody titres were similar in cirrhotic patients and in control subjects. No correlation was found between antibody titres and biological parameters of liver function. These results seem to confirm previous reports on the absence of latent endotoxemia in cirrhotic patients, and they suggest that antibody production against Gram-negative bacteria lipopolysaccharides is not enhanced in these patients.

The repercussions of food intake on blood pressure may account for certain malaises which occur after meals in elderly people. In this study, blood pressure and heart rate were measured during and after a meal in 39 elderly hospital patients divided into two groups depending on whether or not they were taking drugs likely to act on arterial blood pressure. The patients were compared with two groups of controls: 29 young adults examined after a meal and 16 elderly subjects examined at a distance from meals. A significant fall in blood pressure starting 18 minutes after the meal and without concomitant increase in heart rate, was observed in the 2 groups of elderly patients. No significant changes in blood pressure and heart rate were observed in the 2 control groups. In elderly people, food intake might act on blood pressure through entrapment of blood in splanchnic territories and/or through alteration of baroreceptors.

It has been suggested that glycosaminoglycans are involved in the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis. Furthermore, recent studies have reported that one of them, hyaluronate, was mainly taken up and degraded by the liver. Using an enzymoimmunological assay, based on hyaluronate-hyaluronectin interaction, serum levels of hyaluronate were measured in 113 patients with various liver diseases. Patients were divided into six groups according to clinical, biological and histological data: Group 1-alcoholic cirrhosis (n = 47) including alcoholic cirrhosis with alcoholic hepatitis (n = 24); Group 2-primary biliary cirrhosis (n = 21); Group 3-cirrhosis related to viral hepatitis (n = 10); Group 4-idiopathic hemochromatosis (n = 17); Group 5-alcoholic fatty liver (n = 8); and Group 6-viral or drug acute hepatitis (n = 10). Ninety-four blood donors were studied as controls. Levels of hyaluronate were found to be strikingly elevated in Group 1 (1,225 +/- 1,137 micrograms per liter), Group 2 (792 +/- 739 micrograms per liter), Group 3 (649 +/- 373 micrograms per liter), and Group 4 (246 +/- 242 micrograms per liter), whereas patients in Group 5 (94 +/- 63 micrograms per liter) and Group 6 (73 +/- 57 micrograms per liter) had values close to controls (23 +/- 17 micrograms per liter). There was a significant correlation between serum hyaluronate and serum albumin, prothrombin time, factor V concentration and serum gamma-globulins. It is suggested that hyaluronate levels reflect both active fibrosis and hepatic failure and may be a quantitative marker of severity of hepatic injury.

Amoxicillin and ampicillin levels were comparatively studied in blood and CSF of children with purulent meningitis. Thirty one children aged 2 months to 11 years were treated by one of two beta lactams by monotherapy in a daily dose of 200 mg/kg (Group 1: amoxicillin, n = 17; group 2: ampicillin, n = 14). Samples were collected on day 2 one hour after administration of 50 mg/kg IV of the chosen antibiotic. The mean levels observed in serum (69.5 and 53.4 micrograms/ml) and in CSF (7.74 and 7.96) were not significantly different. Beyond these levels we studied different biologic parameters in CSF: leucocytes, polymorphonuclears, protein, glucose and lactic acid. Multiple linear correlations were found, for the two groups and for the whole population between the CSF antibiotic level and the 6 other parameters (group 1: R1 = 0.82; group 2: R2 = 0.88; group 1 + 2: R3 = 0.78). The best correlated parameters with antibiotic CSF level are serum antibiotic level and CSF lactic acid. With these two parameters we can also estimate antibiotic level in CSF with good correlations (R1 = 0.78; R2 = 0.72 and R3 = 0.72).

In cirrhotic patients, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis is frequent and severe. This study was performed to determine if low protein concentration in ascitic fluid on admission could predict the occurrence of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis during hospitalization. Ninety-two cirrhotic patients with ascites, without spontaneous bacterial peritonitis were studied. Bacteriologic study and cultures of ascitic fluid were performed on admission and repeated every 5 days, and if any suspicion of infection occurred; 11 patients developed spontaneous bacterial peritonitis during hospitalization. Among the 92 patients in the study, protein concentration in ascitic fluid was initially less than 10 g/l in 45 and 10 of these 45 patients (22 p. 100) developed spontaneous bacterial peritonitis during hospitalization; protein concentration in ascitic fluid was initially greater than 10 g/l in 47 patients; only one of these 47 patients (2.1 p. 100) developed spontaneous bacterial peritonitis during hospitalization. This difference (22 p. 100 vs 2.1 p. 100) was significant (p less than 0.01). Ascitic fluid protein concentration (6.9 +/- 2.3 g/l) was significantly lower (p less than 0.01) in the spontaneous bacterial peritonitis group than in patients without peritonitis (13.8 +/- 10.5 g/l). These results suggest that: 1) ascitic fluid protein concentration on admission is lower in patients who will develop spontaneous bacterial peritonitis during hospitalization than in patients without infection and 2) patients with ascitic fluid protein concentration under 10 g/l on admission represent an high risk group for spontaneous bacterial peritonitis.

Twenty-two patients underwent aortic valve replacement for aortic stenosis with a preoperative ejection fraction less than 45%. Three patients died peroperatively and a fourth patient died 18 months later before the haemodynamic control. The other 18 patients were systematically reinvestigated, on average 16 months after surgery. Sixteen had a remarkable functional improvement and a significant increase in ejection fraction at haemodynamic control: 32 +/- 6% to 61 +/- 8%, p less than 0.001. They were surgical successes (Group I). In this group, the 7 patients with the most severe alteration of ventricular function and an average ejection fraction of: 26 +/- 3%, also improved to near normal function with a postoperative fraction of 62 +/- 11%. There was no significant improvement of the ejection fraction in 2 patients, and they were classified with the fatalities as surgical failures (Group II). The clinical, electrocardiographic, radiological, haemodynamic and angiographic data of these two populations were compared to try and identify preoperative indices of prognostic value. Only the angiographic left ventricular myocardial mass index (LVMI) was significantly higher in Group II (253 +/- 98 g/m2) than in Group I (156 +/- 56 g/m2, p less than 0.05). A discriminating analysis showed that the most important parameters to separate the 2 groups of patients were the LVMI and the thickness of the left ventricular wall. The marked increase of the postoperative ejection fraction in 3/4 of our patients confirmed the clinical value of valvular replacement justifying the indication for surgery in patients with severe aortic stenosis in spite of a severe alteration of left ventricular function.

Almitrine bismesylate has been thought to provoke peripheral neuropathies in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, there seems to exist alterations of peripheral nerve function in patients with COPD, who have not taken almitrine. We have therefore examined 22 patients with COPD and no other cause of peripheral neuropathy (PN), before and after 6 and 12 months of treatment with almitrine (50 mg bd). Seventy-eight similar patients, who did not take almitrine, were also studied (controls). Sixty-four per cent of controls, and 55% of almitrine patients initially had at least one neurophysiological abnormality. There was no change in the studied parameters after 6 months and one year's treatment with almitrine.