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1. Organismal responses to deteriorating water quality during the historic 2020 red tide off Southern California

Author

Skelton, Zachary R, McCormick, Lillian R, Kwan, Garfield T, Lonthair, Joshua, Neira, Carlos, Clements, Samantha M, Martz, Todd R, Bresnahan, Philip J, Send, Uwe, Giddings, Sarah N, Sevadjian, Jeffrey C, Jaeger, Stephanie, Feit, Adriano, Frable, Benjamin W, Zerofski, Phillip J, Torres, Melissa, Crooks, Jeffrey A, McCullough, Justin, Carter, Melissa L, Ternon, Eva, Miller, Luke P, Kalbach, Gabriella M, Wheeler, Duncan C, Parnell, P Ed, Swiney, Katherine M, Seibert, Garrett, Minich, Jeremiah J, Hyde, John R, Hastings, Philip A, Smith, Jennifer E, Komoroske, Lisa M, Tresguerres, Martin, Levin, Lisa A, and Wegner, Nicholas C

Subjects
Environmental Sciences, Good Health and Well Being, Estuary, Fish gill, Fish kill, Harmful algal bloom, Hypoxia, Ionocyte, Mass mortality
Abstract

In April and May of 2020, a large phytoplankton bloom composed primarily of the dinoflagellate Lingulodinium polyedra reached historic levels in geographic expanse, duration, and density along the coast of southern California, United States, and Baja California Norte, Mexico. Here, we report the water quality parameters of dissolved oxygen and pH over the course of the red tide, as measured by multiple sensors deployed in various locations along San Diego County, and document the extent of mass organism mortality using field surveys and community science observations. We found that dissolved oxygen and pH corresponded with bloom dynamics, with extreme hypoxic and hyperoxic conditions occurring at multiple locations along the coast, most notably within select estuaries where dissolved oxygen reached 0 mg L−1 and hypoxia occurred for up to 254 consecutive hours, as well as along the inner shelf of the open coast where dissolved oxygen dropped as low as 0.05 mg L−1. Similarly, pH ranged widely (6.90–8.79) across the bloom over both space and time, largely corresponding with dissolved oxygen level. Extreme changes in dissolved oxygen and pH, in addition to changes to other water parameters that affect organismal health, ultimately led to documented mortalities of thousands of demersal and benthic fishes and invertebrates (primarily within estuarine and inner-shelf environments), and long-term surveys within one lagoon showed protracted changes to benthic infaunal density and species composition. In addition to field observations, we also quantified water quality parameters and organism mortalities from four local aquarium facilities, with varying levels of filtration and artificial oxygenation, and documented the morphological changes in the gills of captive-held Pacific sardine in response to the red tide. We show that multiple factors contributed to organismal stress, with hypoxia likely being the most widespread, but not the only, cause of mortality.

Published
2024

2. Dinoflagellate vertical migration fuels an intense red tide.

Author

Barton, Andrew, Sosik, Heidi, Zheng, Bofu, Lucas, Andrew, Schlosser, Tamara, Anderson, Clarissa, Send, Uwe, Davis, Kristen, and Franks, Peter

Subjects
Oceanography, coastal water quality, harmful algal blooms, Humans, Harmful Algal Bloom, Dinoflagellida, Nitrates, Ecosystem, Phytoplankton
Abstract

Harmful algal blooms (HABs) are increasing globally, causing economic, human health, and ecosystem harm. In spite of the frequent occurrence of HABs, the mechanisms responsible for their exceptionally high biomass remain imperfectly understood. A 50-y-old hypothesis posits that some dense blooms derive from dinoflagellate motility: organisms swim upward during the day to photosynthesize and downward at night to access deep nutrients. This allows dinoflagellates to outgrow their nonmotile competitors. We tested this hypothesis with in situ data from an autonomous, ocean-wave-powered vertical profiling system. We showed that the dinoflagellate Lingulodinium polyedras vertical migration led to depletion of deep nitrate during a 2020 red tide HAB event. Downward migration began at dusk, with the maximum migration depth determined by local nitrate concentrations. Losses of nitrate at depth were balanced by proportional increases in phytoplankton chlorophyll concentrations and suspended particle load, conclusively linking vertical migration to the access and assimilation of deep nitrate in the ocean environment. Vertical migration during the red tide created anomalous biogeochemical conditions compared to 70 y of climatological data, demonstrating the capacity of these events to temporarily reshape the coastal oceans ecosystem and biogeochemistry. Advances in the understanding of the physiological, behavioral, and metabolic dynamics of HAB-forming organisms from cutting-edge observational techniques will improve our ability to forecast HABs and mitigate their consequences in the future.

Published
2023

3. Predicting the Loop Current dynamics combining altimetry and deep flow measurements through the Yucatan Channel

Author

Manta, Gaston, Durante, Giovanni, Candela, Julio, Send, Uwe, Sheinbaum, Julio, Lankhorst, Matthias, and Laxenaire, Rémi

Subjects
Yucatan Channel, Loop Current, Gulf of Mexico, eddy shedding, mooring, satellite altimetry, Oceanography, Ecology
Abstract

The Loop Current is the main mesoscale feature of the Gulf of Mexico oceanic circulation. With peak velocities above 1.5 m s–1, the Loop Current and its mesoscale eddies are of interest to fisheries, hurricane prediction and of special concern for the security of oil rig operations in the Gulf of Mexico, and therefore understanding their predictability is not only of scientific interest but also a major environmental security issue. Combining altimetric data and an eddy detection algorithm with 8 years of deep flow measurements through the Yucatan Channel, we developed a predictive model for the Loop Current extension in the following month that explains 74% of its variability. We also show that 4 clusters of velocity anomalies in the Yucatan Channel represent the Loop Current dynamics. A dipole with positive and negative anomalies towards the western side of the Channel represents the growing and retracted phases respectively, and two tripole shape clusters represent the transition phases, the one with negative anomalies in the center associated with 50% of the eddy separation events. The transition between these clusters is not equally probable, therefore adding predictability. Finally, we show that eddy separation probability begins when the Loop Current extends over 1800 km (~27.2°N), and over 2200 km of extension, eddy detachment and reattachment is more frequent than separation. These results represent a step forward towards having the best possible operational Loop Current forecast in the near future, incorporating near real-time data transmission of deep flow measurements and high resolution altimetric data.

Published
2023

4. Decadal Strengthening of Interior Flow of North Atlantic Deep Water Observed by GRACE Satellites

Author

Koelling, Jannes, Send, Uwe, and Lankhorst, Matthias

Subjects
North Atlantic deep water, Grace Satellites, Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment, ocean mass, Deep Western Boundary Current, Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation
Abstract

The Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite mission provides information on changes to the Earth’s gravity field, including ocean mass. Long-term trends in the GRACE data are often considered unreliable due to uncertainties in the corrections made to calculate ocean mass from the raw measurements. Here, we use an independent estimate of ocean mass from satellite altimetry and in situ density data from five mooring sites and repeat hydrography to validate trends in GRACE over the North Atlantic, finding substantial agreement between the methods. The root mean square difference between ocean mass changes calculated with this method from the mooring data and those measured by GRACE is 3.5 mm/decade, much lower than the mean signal of 15.6±1.8 mm/decade for GRACE and 17.8±5.2 mm/decade for the altimetry-mooring estimate. The GRACE ocean mass data are then used to study the change in the deep circulation of the North Atlantic between the 2002/04/01-2009/03/31 and 2010/04/01-2017/03/31 periods, revealing a large-scale anticyclonic circulation anomaly off the North American coast. The change is associated with an increase of 13.9 ± 3.3 Sv (1Sv = 106 m3 s −1) of southward North Atlantic Deep Water flow in the interior between 30◦N and 40◦N, largely balanced by a northward anomaly of 10.7±3.3 Sv for the boundary circulation.  This implies an increased importance of interior pathways compared to the Deep Western Boundary Current for the spreading of North Atlantic Deep Water, which constitutes the lower limb of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation.

Published
2020

5. Biogeochemical Anomalies at Two Southern California Current System Moorings During the 2014–2016 Warm Anomaly‐El Niño Sequence

Author

Lilly, Laura E, Send, Uwe, Lankhorst, Matthias, Martz, Todd R, Feely, Richard A, Sutton, Adrienne J, and Ohman, Mark D

Subjects
Life Below Water, El Nino, warm anomaly, California Current System, moorings, aragonite saturation, pteropods, Geophysics, Oceanography, Physical Geography and Environmental Geoscience
Abstract

We analyzed impacts of the 2014–2015 Pacific Warm Anomaly and 2015–2016 El Niño on physical and biogeochemical variables at two southern California Current System moorings (CCE2, nearshore upwelling off Point Conception; CCE1, offshore California Current). Nitrate and Chl-a fluorescence were

Published
2019

7. Dynamic variability of biogeochemical ratios in the Southern California Current System

Author

Martz, Todd, Send, Uwe, Ohman, Mark D, Takeshita, Yuichiro, Bresnahan, Philip, Kim, Hey‐Jin, and Nam, SungHyun

Subjects
biogeochemistry, sensors, Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences
Abstract

We use autonomous nitrate (NO3-), oxygen (O 2), and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) observations to examine the relationship between ratios of C:N:O at an upwelling site in the Southern California Current System. Mean ratios and 95% confidence intervals observed by sensors over 8 months were NO3-:O2-=0.11- ±-0.002, NO3-:DIC-=-0.14-±-0.001, and DIC:O2-=0.83-±-0.01, in good agreement with Redfield ratios. Variability in the ratios on the weekly time scale is attributable to shifts in biological demand and nutrient availability and shown to exhibit a spectrum of values ranging from near 100% New Production to 100% Regenerated Production. Key Points Chemical sensors provide a means to observe the Redfield ratios Redfield ratios vary on the weekly timescale The f ratio ranges from 100% New to 100% Regenerated Production © 2014. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved.

Published
2014

8. Autonomous Ocean Measurements in the California Current Ecosystem

Author

Ohman, Mark, Rudnick, Daniel, Chekalyuk, Alexander, Davis, Russ, Feely, Richard, Kahru, Mati, Kim, Hey-Jin, Landry, Michael, Martz, Todd, Sabine, Christopher, and Send, Uwe

Subjects
Oceanography
Abstract

Event-scale phenomena, of limited temporal duration or restricted spatial extent, often play a disproportionately large role in ecological processes occurring in the ocean water column. Nutrient and gas fluxes, upwelling and downwelling, transport of biogeochemically important elements, predator-prey interactions, and other processes may be markedly influenced by such events, which are inadequately resolved from infrequent ship surveys. The advent of autonomous instrumentation, including underwater gliders, profiling floats, surface drifters, enhanced moorings, coastal high-frequency radars, and satellite remote sensing, now provides the capability to resolve such phenomena and assess their role in structuring pelagic ecosystems. These methods are especially valuable when integrated together, and with shipboard calibration measurements and experimental programs. © 2013 by The Oceanography Society. All rights reserved.

Published
2013

9. High-Frequency Dynamics of Ocean pH: A Multi-Ecosystem Comparison

Author

Hofmann, Gretchen E, Smith, Jennifer E, Johnson, Kenneth S, Send, Uwe, Levin, Lisa A, Micheli, Fiorenza, Paytan, Adina, Price, Nichole N, Peterson, Brittany, Takeshita, Yuichiro, Matson, Paul G, Crook, Elizabeth Derse, Kroeker, Kristy J, Gambi, Maria Cristina, Rivest, Emily B, Frieder, Christina A, Yu, Pauline C, and Martz, Todd R

Subjects
Oceanography, Biological Sciences, Ecology, Earth Sciences, Environmental Sciences, Life Below Water, Aquatic Organisms, Ecosystem, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Oceans and Seas, Seawater, Time Factors, General Science & Technology
Abstract

The effect of Ocean Acidification (OA) on marine biota is quasi-predictable at best. While perturbation studies, in the form of incubations under elevated pCO(2), reveal sensitivities and responses of individual species, one missing link in the OA story results from a chronic lack of pH data specific to a given species' natural habitat. Here, we present a compilation of continuous, high-resolution time series of upper ocean pH, collected using autonomous sensors, over a variety of ecosystems ranging from polar to tropical, open-ocean to coastal, kelp forest to coral reef. These observations reveal a continuum of month-long pH variability with standard deviations from 0.004 to 0.277 and ranges spanning 0.024 to 1.430 pH units. The nature of the observed variability was also highly site-dependent, with characteristic diel, semi-diurnal, and stochastic patterns of varying amplitudes. These biome-specific pH signatures disclose current levels of exposure to both high and low dissolved CO(2), often demonstrating that resident organisms are already experiencing pH regimes that are not predicted until 2100. Our data provide a first step toward crystallizing the biophysical link between environmental history of pH exposure and physiological resilience of marine organisms to fluctuations in seawater CO(2). Knowledge of this spatial and temporal variation in seawater chemistry allows us to improve the design of OA experiments: we can test organisms with a priori expectations of their tolerance guardrails, based on their natural range of exposure. Such hypothesis-testing will provide a deeper understanding of the effects of OA. Both intuitively simple to understand and powerfully informative, these and similar comparative time series can help guide management efforts to identify areas of marine habitat that can serve as refugia to acidification as well as areas that are particularly vulnerable to future ocean change.

Published
2011

10. Dinoflagellate vertical migration fuels an intense red tide

Author

Zheng, Bofu, primary, Lucas, Andrew J., additional, Franks, Peter J. S., additional, Schlosser, Tamara L., additional, Anderson, Clarissa R., additional, Send, Uwe, additional, Davis, Kristen, additional, Barton, Andrew D., additional, and Sosik, Heidi M., additional

Published
2023
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11. Why should MOC observers care about OceanSITES the global network for fixed-point time series observations?

Author

Karstensen, Johannes, Somavilla, Raquel, Burger, Eugene, Cronin, Meghan, Gates, Andrew, Shadwick, Elizabeth, Send, Uwe, Ueki, Iwao, and Wallace, Douglas

Abstract

Direct observation of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) requires the installation and operation of complex observing systems. Therefore AMOC observations are in maybe all cases realized by combining local and regional observational efforts of multiple countries. This way, nations resources and infrastructures are brought together in a coordinated way to collect the necessary observations with the lowest possible effort and cost (e.g. OSNAP in the Subpolar Atlantic, RAPID in the Subtropical, SAMOC in the South Atlantic, MOVE). A global umbrella for a further coordination of fixed-point time series observations that contribute to AMOC observing is provided by OceanSITES. This presentation will introduce the vision and mission of OceanSITES to support long-term high-quality time series observations. The current “uptake” of OceanSITES by the AMOC observation community will be discussed and achievements and future plans of the OceanSITES network will be introduced., The 28th IUGG General Assembly (IUGG2023) (Berlin 2023)

Published
2023

13. ASIRI : An Ocean–Atmosphere Initiative for Bay of Bengal

Author

Wijesekera, Hemantha W., Shroyer, Emily, Tandon, Amit, Ravichandran, M., Sengupta, Debasis, Jinadasa, S. U. P., Fernando, Harindra J. S., Agrawal, Neeraj, Arulananthan, K., Bhat, G. S., Baumgartner, Mark, Buckley, Jared, Centurioni, Luca, Conry, Patrick, Farrar, J. Thomas, Gordon, Arnold L., Hormann, Verena, Jarosz, Ewa, Jensen, Tommy G., Johnston, Shaun, Lankhorst, Matthias, Lee, Craig M., Leo, Laura S., Lozovatsky, Iossif, Lucas, Andrew J., Mackinnon, Jennifer, Mahadevan, Amala, Nash, Jonathan, Omand, Melissa M., Pham, Hieu, Pinkel, Robert, Rainville, Luc, Ramachandran, Sanjiv, Rudnick, Daniel L., Sarkar, Sutanu, Send, Uwe, Sharma, Rashmi, Simmons, Harper, Stafford, Kathleen M., St. Laurent, Louis, Venayagamoorthy, Karan, Venkatesan, Ramasamy, Teague, William J., Wang, David W., Waterhouse, Amy F., Weller, Robert, and Whalen, Caitlin B.

Published
2016

15. Climate-Driven Physical and Chemical Changes in Marine Ecosystems

Author

Howard, Jennifer, Auer, Carol, Beard, Russ, Bond, Nicholas, Boyer, Tim, Brown, David, Crane, Kathy, Cross, Scott, Diaz, Bob, Jewett, Libby, Lumpkin, Rick, Morrison, J. Ru, O’Donnell, James, Overland, James, Parsons, Rost, Pettigrew, Neal, Pidgeon, Emily, Quintrell, Josie, Runge, Jeffrey, Send, Uwe, Stanitski, Diane, Xue, Yan, Griffis, Roger, editor, and Howard, Jennifer, editor

Published
2013
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17. Dinoflagellate vertical migration fuels an intense red tide.

Author

Bofu Zheng, Lucas, Andrew J., Franks, Peter J. S., Schlosser, Tamara L., Anderson, Clarissa R., Send, Uwe, Davis, Kristen, Barton, Andrew D., and Sosik, Heidi M.

Subjects
RED tide, ALGAL blooms, BIOMASS, TERRITORIAL waters, DINOFLAGELLATES, VERTICAL integration
Abstract

Harmful algal blooms (HABs) are increasing globally, causing economic, human health, and ecosystem harm. In spite of the frequent occurrence of HABs, the mechanisms responsible for their exceptionally high biomass remain imperfectly understood. A 50-y- old hypothesis posits that some dense blooms derive from dinoflagellate motility: organisms swim upward during the day to photosynthesize and downward at night to access deep nutrients. This allows dinoflagellates to outgrow their nonmotile competitors. We tested this hypothesis with in situ data from an autonomous, ocean-wave- powered vertical profiling system. We showed that the dinoflagellate Lingulodinium polyedra’s vertical migration led to depletion of deep nitrate during a 2020 red tide HAB event. Downward migration began at dusk, with the maximum migration depth determined by local nitrate concentrations. Losses of nitrate at depth were balanced by proportional increases in phytoplankton chlorophyll concentrations and suspended particle load, conclusively linking vertical migration to the access and assimilation of deep nitrate in the ocean environment. Vertical migration during the red tide created anomalous biogeochemical conditions compared to 70 y of climatological data, demonstrating the capacity of these events to temporarily reshape the coastal ocean’s ecosystem and biogeochemistry. Advances in the understanding of the physiological, behavioral, and metabolic dynamics of HAB-forming organisms from cutting-edge observational techniques will improve our ability to forecast HABs and mitigate their consequences in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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19. On the development of SWOT in situ calibration/validation for short-wavelength ocean topography

Author

Wang, Jinbo, Fu, Lee-Lueng, Haines, Bruce, Lankhorst, Matthias, Lucas, Andrew J., Farrar, J. Thomas, Send, Uwe, Meinig, Christian, Schofield, Oscar M. E., Ray, Richard D., Wang, Jinbo, Fu, Lee-Lueng, Haines, Bruce, Lankhorst, Matthias, Lucas, Andrew J., Farrar, J. Thomas, Send, Uwe, Meinig, Christian, Schofield, Oscar M. E., and Ray, Richard D.

Abstract

Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2022. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of the Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 39(5), (2022): 595–617, https://doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-21-0039.1., The future Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) mission aims to map sea surface height (SSH) in wide swaths with an unprecedented spatial resolution and subcentimeter accuracy. The instrument performance needs to be verified using independent measurements in a process known as calibration and validation (Cal/Val). The SWOT Cal/Val needs in situ measurements that can make synoptic observations of SSH field over an O(100) km distance with an accuracy matching the SWOT requirements specified in terms of the along-track wavenumber spectrum of SSH error. No existing in situ observing system has been demonstrated to meet this challenge. A field campaign was conducted during September 2019–January 2020 to assess the potential of various instruments and platforms to meet the SWOT Cal/Val requirement. These instruments include two GPS buoys, two bottom pressure recorders (BPR), three moorings with fixed conductivity–temperature–depth (CTD) and CTD profilers, and a glider. The observations demonstrated that 1) the SSH (hydrostatic) equation can be closed with 1–3 cm RMS residual using BPR, CTD mooring and GPS SSH, and 2) using the upper-ocean steric height derived from CTD moorings enable subcentimeter accuracy in the California Current region during the 2019/20 winter. Given that the three moorings are separated at 10–20–30 km distance, the observations provide valuable information about the small-scale SSH variability associated with the ocean circulation at frequencies ranging from hourly to monthly in the region. The combined analysis sheds light on the design of the SWOT mission postlaunch Cal/Val field campaign., The research was carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (80NM0018D0004). All authors are supported by the SWOT project. J. T. Farrar was partially supported by NASA NNX16AH76G., 2022-11-01

Published
2022

20. Bay of Bengal intraseasonal oscillations and the 2018 monsoon onset

Author

Shroyer, Emily L., Tandon, Amit, Sengupta, Debasis, Fernando, Harindra J. S., Lucas, Andrew J., Farrar, J. Thomas, Chattopadhyay, Rajib, de Szoeke, Simon P., Flatau, Maria, Rydbeck, Adam, Wijesekera, Hemantha W., McPhaden, Michael J., Seo, Hyodae, Subramanian, Aneesh C., Venkatesan, Ramasamy, Joseph, Jossia K., Ramsundaram, S., Gordon, Arnold L., Bohman, Shannon M., Pérez, Jaynise, Simoes-Sousa, Iury T., Jayne, Steven R., Todd, Robert E., Bhat, G. S., Lankhorst, Matthias, Schlosser, Tamara L., Adams, Katherine, Jinadasa, S. U. P., Mathur, Manikandan, Mohapatra, Mrutyunjay, Rama Rao, E. Pattabhi, Sahai, Atul Kumar, Sharma, Rashmi, Lee, Craig, Rainville, Luc, Cherian, Deepak A., Cullen, Kerstin, Centurioni, Luca R., Hormann, Verena, MacKinnon, Jennifer A., Send, Uwe, Anutaliya, Arachaporn, Waterhouse, Amy F., Black, Garrett S., Dehart, Jeremy A., Woods, Kaitlyn M., Creegan, Edward, Levy, Gad, Kantha, Lakshmi, Subrahmanyam, Bulusu, Shroyer, Emily L., Tandon, Amit, Sengupta, Debasis, Fernando, Harindra J. S., Lucas, Andrew J., Farrar, J. Thomas, Chattopadhyay, Rajib, de Szoeke, Simon P., Flatau, Maria, Rydbeck, Adam, Wijesekera, Hemantha W., McPhaden, Michael J., Seo, Hyodae, Subramanian, Aneesh C., Venkatesan, Ramasamy, Joseph, Jossia K., Ramsundaram, S., Gordon, Arnold L., Bohman, Shannon M., Pérez, Jaynise, Simoes-Sousa, Iury T., Jayne, Steven R., Todd, Robert E., Bhat, G. S., Lankhorst, Matthias, Schlosser, Tamara L., Adams, Katherine, Jinadasa, S. U. P., Mathur, Manikandan, Mohapatra, Mrutyunjay, Rama Rao, E. Pattabhi, Sahai, Atul Kumar, Sharma, Rashmi, Lee, Craig, Rainville, Luc, Cherian, Deepak A., Cullen, Kerstin, Centurioni, Luca R., Hormann, Verena, MacKinnon, Jennifer A., Send, Uwe, Anutaliya, Arachaporn, Waterhouse, Amy F., Black, Garrett S., Dehart, Jeremy A., Woods, Kaitlyn M., Creegan, Edward, Levy, Gad, Kantha, Lakshmi, and Subrahmanyam, Bulusu

Abstract

Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2021. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 102(10), (2021): E1936–E1951, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-20-0113.1., In the Bay of Bengal, the warm, dry boreal spring concludes with the onset of the summer monsoon and accompanying southwesterly winds, heavy rains, and variable air–sea fluxes. Here, we summarize the 2018 monsoon onset using observations collected through the multinational Monsoon Intraseasonal Oscillations in the Bay of Bengal (MISO-BoB) program between the United States, India, and Sri Lanka. MISO-BoB aims to improve understanding of monsoon intraseasonal variability, and the 2018 field effort captured the coupled air–sea response during a transition from active-to-break conditions in the central BoB. The active phase of the ∼20-day research cruise was characterized by warm sea surface temperature (SST > 30°C), cold atmospheric outflows with intermittent heavy rainfall, and increasing winds (from 2 to 15 m s−1). Accumulated rainfall exceeded 200 mm with 90% of precipitation occurring during the first week. The following break period was both dry and clear, with persistent 10–12 m s−1 wind and evaporation of 0.2 mm h−1. The evolving environmental state included a deepening ocean mixed layer (from ∼20 to 50 m), cooling SST (by ∼1°C), and warming/drying of the lower to midtroposphere. Local atmospheric development was consistent with phasing of the large-scale intraseasonal oscillation. The upper ocean stores significant heat in the BoB, enough to maintain SST above 29°C despite cooling by surface fluxes and ocean mixing. Comparison with reanalysis indicates biases in air–sea fluxes, which may be related to overly cool prescribed SST. Resolution of such biases offers a path toward improved forecasting of transition periods in the monsoon., This work was supported through the U.S. Office of Naval Research’s Departmental Research Initiative: Monsoon Intraseasonal Oscillations in the Bay of Bengal, the Indian Ministry of Earth Science’s Ocean Mixing and Monsoons Program, and the Sri Lankan National Aquatic Resources Research and Development Agency. We thank the Captain and crew of the R/V Thompson for their help in data collection. Surface atmospheric fields included fluxes were quality controlled and processed by the Boundary Layer Observations and Processes Team within the NOAA Physical Sciences Laboratory. Forecast analysis was completed by India Meteorological Department. Drone image was taken by Shreyas Kamat with annotations by Gualtiero Spiro Jaeger. We also recognize the numerous researchers who supported cruise- and land-based measurements. This work represents Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory contribution number 8503, and PMEL contribution number 5193., 2022-04-01

Published
2022

21. The NASA EPIC/DSCOVR Ocean PAR Product

Author

Frouin, Robert, Tan, Jing, Compiègne, Mathieu, Ramon, Didier, Sutton, Marshall, Murakami, Hiroshi, Antoine, David, Send, Uwe, Sevadjian, Jeff, Vellucci, Vincenzo, Frouin, Robert, Tan, Jing, Compiègne, Mathieu, Ramon, Didier, Sutton, Marshall, Murakami, Hiroshi, Antoine, David, Send, Uwe, Sevadjian, Jeff, and Vellucci, Vincenzo

Abstract

The EPIC/DSCOVR observations of the Earth’s surface lit by the Sun made from the first Lagrange point several times during the day in spectral bands centered on 443, 551, and 680 nm are used to estimate daily mean photosynthetically available radiation (PAR) at the ice-free ocean surface. The PAR algorithm uses a budget approach, in which the solar irradiance reaching the surface is obtained by subtracting from the irradiance arriving at the top of the atmosphere (known), the irradiance reflected to space (estimated from the EPIC Level 1b radiance data), taking account of atmospheric transmission and surface albedo (modeled). Clear and cloudy regions within a pixel do not need to be distinguished, which dismisses the need for often-arbitrary assumptions about cloudiness distribution within a pixel and is therefore adapted to the relatively large EPIC pixels. A daily mean PAR is estimated on the source grid for each EPIC instantaneous daytime observation, assuming no cloudiness changes during the day, and the individual estimates are remapped and weight-averaged using the cosine of the Sun zenith angle. In the computations, wind speed, surface pressure, and water vapor amount are extracted from NCEP Reanalysis 2 data, aerosol optical thickness and Angström coefficient from MERRA-2 data, and ozone amount from EPIC Level 2 data. Areas contaminated by Sun glint are excluded using a threshold on Sun glint reflectance calculated using wind data. Ice masking is based on NSIDC near-real-time ice fraction data. The product is evaluated against in situ measurements at various locations and compared with estimates from sensors in polar and geostationary orbits (MODIS, AHI). Unlike with MODIS, the EPIC PAR product does not exhibit gaps at low and middle latitudes. Accuracy is satisfactory for long-term studies of aquatic photosynthesis, especially given the much larger uncertainties on the fraction of PAR absorbed by live algae and the quantum yield of carbon fixation. The EPIC

Published
2022
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22. On the Development of SWOT In Situ Calibration/Validation for Short-Wavelength Ocean Topography

Author

Wang, Jinbo, primary, Fu, Lee-Lueng, additional, Haines, Bruce, additional, Lankhorst, Matthias, additional, Lucas, Andrew J., additional, Farrar, J. Thomas, additional, Send, Uwe, additional, Meinig, Christian, additional, Schofield, Oscar, additional, Ray, Richard, additional, Archer, Matthew, additional, Aragon, David, additional, Bigorre, Sebastien, additional, Chao, Yi, additional, Kerfoot, John, additional, Pinkel, Robert, additional, Sandwell, David, additional, and Stalin, Scott, additional

Published
2022
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23. The NASA EPIC/DSCOVR Ocean PAR Product

Author

Frouin, Robert, primary, Tan, Jing, additional, Compiègne, Mathieu, additional, Ramon, Didier, additional, Sutton, Marshall, additional, Murakami, Hiroshi, additional, Antoine, David, additional, Send, Uwe, additional, Sevadjian, Jeff, additional, and Vellucci, Vincenzo, additional

Published
2022
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26. Bay of Bengal Intraseasonal Oscillations and the 2018 Monsoon Onset

Author

Shroyer, Emily, primary, Tandon, Amit, additional, Sengupta, Debasis, additional, Fernando, Harindra J. S., additional, Lucas, Andrew J., additional, Farrar, J. Thomas, additional, Chattopadhyay, Rajib, additional, de Szoeke, Simon, additional, Flatau, Maria, additional, Rydbeck, Adam, additional, Wijesekera, Hemantha, additional, McPhaden, Michael, additional, Seo, Hyodae, additional, Subramanian, Aneesh, additional, Venkatesan, R, additional, Joseph, Jossia, additional, Ramsundaram, S., additional, Gordon, Arnold L., additional, Bohman, Shannon M., additional, Pérez, Jaynise, additional, Simoes-Sousa, Iury T., additional, Jayne, Steven R., additional, Todd, Robert E., additional, Bhat, G. S., additional, Lankhorst, Matthias, additional, Schlosser, Tamara, additional, Adams, Katherine, additional, Jinadasa, S. U. P, additional, Mathur, Manikandan, additional, Mohapatra, M., additional, Rama Rao, E. Pattabhi, additional, Sahai, A. K., additional, Sharma, Rashmi, additional, Lee, Craig, additional, Rainville, Luc, additional, Cherian, Deepak, additional, Cullen, Kerstin, additional, Centurioni, Luca R., additional, Hormann, Verena, additional, MacKinnon, Jennifer, additional, Send, Uwe, additional, Anutaliya, Arachaporn, additional, Waterhouse, Amy, additional, Black, Garrett S., additional, Dehart, Jeremy A., additional, Woods, Kaitlyn M., additional, Creegan, Edward, additional, Levy, Gad, additional, Kantha, Lakshmi H., additional, and Subrahmanyam, Bulusu, additional

Published
2021
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28. Satellite detection of dinoflagellate blooms off California by UV reflectance ratios

Author

Kahru, Mati, Anderson, Clarissa, Barton, Andrew D., Carter, Melissa L., Catlett, Dylan, Send, Uwe, Sosik, Heidi M., Weiss, Elliot L., Mitchell, B. Gregory, Kahru, Mati, Anderson, Clarissa, Barton, Andrew D., Carter, Melissa L., Catlett, Dylan, Send, Uwe, Sosik, Heidi M., Weiss, Elliot L., and Mitchell, B. Gregory

Abstract

© The Author(s), 2021. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Kahru, M., Anderson, C., Barton, A. D., Carter, M. L., Catlett, D., Send, U., Sosik, H. M., Weiss, E. L., & Mitchell, B. G. Satellite detection of dinoflagellate blooms off California by UV reflectance ratios. Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene, 9(1), (2021): 00157, https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2020.00157., As harmful algae blooms are increasing in frequency and magnitude, one goal of a new generation of higher spectral resolution satellite missions is to improve the potential of satellite optical data to monitor these events. A satellite-based algorithm proposed over two decades ago was used for the first time to monitor the extent and temporal evolution of a massive bloom of the dinoflagellate Lingulodinium polyedra off Southern California during April and May 2020. The algorithm uses ultraviolet (UV) data that have only recently become available from the single ocean color sensor on the Japanese GCOM-C satellite. Dinoflagellates contain high concentrations of mycosporine-like amino acids and release colored dissolved organic matter, both of which absorb strongly in the UV part of the spectrum. Ratios <1 of remote sensing reflectance of the UV band at 380 nm to that of the blue band at 443 nm were used as an indicator of the dinoflagellate bloom. The satellite data indicated that an observed, long, and narrow nearshore band of elevated chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentrations, extending from northern Baja to Santa Monica Bay, was dominated by L. polyedra. In other high Chl-a regions, the ratios were >1, consistent with historical observations showing a sharp transition from dinoflagellate- to diatom-dominated waters in these areas. UV bands are thus potentially useful in the remote sensing of phytoplankton blooms but are currently available only from a single ocean color sensor. As several new satellites such as the NASA Plankton, Aerosol, Cloud, and marine Ecosystem mission will include UV bands, new algorithms using these bands are needed to enable better monitoring of blooms, especially potentially harmful algal blooms, across large spatiotemporal scales., Part of this work was funded by National Science Foundation (NSF) grants to the CCE-LTER Program, most recently OCE-1637632. Processing of Second-Generation Global Imager satellite data was funded by Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency. Data shown in Figure 1 were collected by BGM and MK with support from the NASA SIMBIOS project. DC was supported by the NASA Biodiversity and Ecological Forecasting Program (Grant NNX14AR62A), the Bureau of Ocean and Energy Management Ecosystem Studies Program (BOEM award MC15AC00006), and the NOAA through the Santa Barbara Channel Marine Biodiversity Observation Network. HMS was supported by NSF (Grant OCE-1810927) and the Simons Foundation (Grant 561126). ELW was supported by NSF GRFP (Grant DGE-1650112). Funding for Scripps and Santa Monica Piers sampling was through the Southern California Coastal Ocean Observing Harmful Algal Bloom Monitoring Program by NOAA NA16NOS0120022.

Published
2021

31. CALYPSO 2019 Cruise Report: field campaign in the Mediterranean

Author

Mahadevan, Amala, D'Asaro, Eric A., Allen, John T., Almaraz García, Pablo, Alou-Font, Eva, Aravind, Harilal Meenambika, Balaguer, Pau, Caballero, Isabel, Calafat, Noemi, Carbornero, Andrea, Casas, Benjamin, Castilla, Carlos, Centurioni, Luca R., Conley, Margaret, Cristofano, Gino, Cutolo, Eugenio, Dever, Mathieu, Enrique Navarro, Angélica, Falcieri, Francesco, Freilich, Mara, Goodwin, Evan, Graham, Raymond, Guigand, Cedric, Hodges, Benjamin A., Huntley, Helga, Johnston, Shaun, Lankhorst, Matthias, Lermusiaux, Pierre F. J., Lizaran, Irene, Mirabito, Chris, Miralles, A., Mourre, Baptiste, Navarro, Gabriel, Ohmart, Michael, Ouala, Said, Ozgokmen, Tamay M., Pascual, Ananda, Pou, Joan Mateu Horrach, Poulain, Pierre Marie, Ren, Alice, Rodriguez Tarry, Daniel, Rudnick, Daniel L., Rubio, M., Ruiz, Simon, Rypina, Irina I., Tintore, Joaquin, Send, Uwe, Shcherbina, Andrey Y., Torner, Marc, Salvador-Vieira, Guilherme, Wirth, Nikolaus, Zarokanellos, Nikolaos, Mahadevan, Amala, D'Asaro, Eric A., Allen, John T., Almaraz García, Pablo, Alou-Font, Eva, Aravind, Harilal Meenambika, Balaguer, Pau, Caballero, Isabel, Calafat, Noemi, Carbornero, Andrea, Casas, Benjamin, Castilla, Carlos, Centurioni, Luca R., Conley, Margaret, Cristofano, Gino, Cutolo, Eugenio, Dever, Mathieu, Enrique Navarro, Angélica, Falcieri, Francesco, Freilich, Mara, Goodwin, Evan, Graham, Raymond, Guigand, Cedric, Hodges, Benjamin A., Huntley, Helga, Johnston, Shaun, Lankhorst, Matthias, Lermusiaux, Pierre F. J., Lizaran, Irene, Mirabito, Chris, Miralles, A., Mourre, Baptiste, Navarro, Gabriel, Ohmart, Michael, Ouala, Said, Ozgokmen, Tamay M., Pascual, Ananda, Pou, Joan Mateu Horrach, Poulain, Pierre Marie, Ren, Alice, Rodriguez Tarry, Daniel, Rudnick, Daniel L., Rubio, M., Ruiz, Simon, Rypina, Irina I., Tintore, Joaquin, Send, Uwe, Shcherbina, Andrey Y., Torner, Marc, Salvador-Vieira, Guilherme, Wirth, Nikolaus, and Zarokanellos, Nikolaos

Abstract

This cruise aimed to identify transport pathways from the surface into the interior ocean during the late winter in the Alborán sea between the Strait of Gibraltar (5°40’W) and the prime meridian. Theory and previous observations indicated that these pathways likely originated at strong fronts, such as the one that separates salty Mediterranean water and the fresher water in owing from the Atlantic. Our goal was to map such pathways and quantify their transport. Since the outcropping isopycnals at the front extend to the deepest depths during the late winter, we planned the cruise at the end of the Spring, prior to the onset of thermal stratification of the surface mixed layer., Funding was provided by the Office of Naval Research under Contract No. N000141613130.

Published
2020

32. Global Oceans

Author

Lumpkin, Rick, Baringer, Molly, Bif, Mariana B., Boyer, Tim, Bushinsky, Seth M., Carter, Brendan R., Cetinić, Ivona, Chambers, Don P., Cheng, Lijing, Chiba, Sanai, Dai, Minhan, Domingues, Catia M., Dong, Shenfu, Fassbender, Andrea J., Feely, Richard A., Frajka-Williams, Eleanor, Franz, Bryan A., Gilson, John, Goni, Gustavo, Hamlington, Benjamin D., Hu, Zeng-Zhen, Huang, Boyin, Ishii, Masayoshi, Jevrejeva, Svetlana, Johns, William E., Johnson, Gregory C., Johnson, Kenneth S., Kennedy, John, Kersalé, Marion, Killick, Rachel E., Landschützer, Peter, Lankhorst, Matthias, Lee, Tong, Leuliette, Eric, Li, Feili, Lindstrom, Eric, Locarnini, Ricardo, Lozier, Susan, Lyman, John M., Marra, John J., Meinen, Christopher S., Merrifield, Mark A., Mitchum, Gary T., Moat, Ben, Monselesan, Didier, Nerem, R. Steven, Perez, Renellys C., Purkey, Sarah G., Rayner, Darren, Reagan, James, Rome, Nicholas, Sanchez-Franks, Alejandra, Schmid, Claudia, Scott, Joel P., Send, Uwe, Siegel, David A., Smeed, David A., Speich, Sabrina, Stackhouse, Paul W., Sweet, William, Takeshita, Yuichiro, Thompson, Philip R., Triñanes, Joaquin A., Visbeck, Martin, Volkov, Denis L., Wanninkhof, Rik, Weller, Robert A., Westberry, Toby K., Widlansky, Matthew J., Wijffels, Susan E., Wilber, Anne C., Yu, Lisan, Yu, Weidong, Zhang, Huai-Min, Lumpkin, Rick, Baringer, Molly, Bif, Mariana B., Boyer, Tim, Bushinsky, Seth M., Carter, Brendan R., Cetinić, Ivona, Chambers, Don P., Cheng, Lijing, Chiba, Sanai, Dai, Minhan, Domingues, Catia M., Dong, Shenfu, Fassbender, Andrea J., Feely, Richard A., Frajka-Williams, Eleanor, Franz, Bryan A., Gilson, John, Goni, Gustavo, Hamlington, Benjamin D., Hu, Zeng-Zhen, Huang, Boyin, Ishii, Masayoshi, Jevrejeva, Svetlana, Johns, William E., Johnson, Gregory C., Johnson, Kenneth S., Kennedy, John, Kersalé, Marion, Killick, Rachel E., Landschützer, Peter, Lankhorst, Matthias, Lee, Tong, Leuliette, Eric, Li, Feili, Lindstrom, Eric, Locarnini, Ricardo, Lozier, Susan, Lyman, John M., Marra, John J., Meinen, Christopher S., Merrifield, Mark A., Mitchum, Gary T., Moat, Ben, Monselesan, Didier, Nerem, R. Steven, Perez, Renellys C., Purkey, Sarah G., Rayner, Darren, Reagan, James, Rome, Nicholas, Sanchez-Franks, Alejandra, Schmid, Claudia, Scott, Joel P., Send, Uwe, Siegel, David A., Smeed, David A., Speich, Sabrina, Stackhouse, Paul W., Sweet, William, Takeshita, Yuichiro, Thompson, Philip R., Triñanes, Joaquin A., Visbeck, Martin, Volkov, Denis L., Wanninkhof, Rik, Weller, Robert A., Westberry, Toby K., Widlansky, Matthew J., Wijffels, Susan E., Wilber, Anne C., Yu, Lisan, Yu, Weidong, and Zhang, Huai-Min

Abstract

Global Oceans is one chapter from the State of the Climate in 2019 annual report and is avail-able from https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-20-0105.1. Compiled by NOAA’s National Centers for Environmental Information, State of the Climate in 2019 is based on contr1ibutions from scien-tists from around the world. It provides a detailed update on global climate indicators, notable weather events, and other data collected by environmental monitoring stations and instru-ments located on land, water, ice, and in space. The full report is available from https://doi.org /10.1175/2020BAMSStateoftheClimate.1.

Published
2020

33. Monitoring the integrated deep meridional flow in the tropical North Atlantic: Long-term performance of a geostrophic array

Author

Kanzow, Torsten, Send, Uwe, Zenk, Walter, Chave, Alan D., and Rhein, Monika

Subjects
Geology, Oceanography, Earth sciences
Abstract

To link to full-text access for this article, visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2005.12.007 Byline: Torsten Kanzow (a)(b), Uwe Send (a)(c), Walter Zenk (a), Alan D. Chave (d), Monika Rhein (e) Keywords: Geostrophic transport; Time series; Bottom pressure; Density; Meridional overturning circulation Abstract: As a component of the meridional overturning variability experiment in the tropical North Atlantic, a four-year-long time series of meridional transport of North Atlantic deep water has been obtained from moored end point measurements of density and bottom pressure. This study presents a quality assessment of the measurement elements. Rigorous pre- and post- deployment in situ calibration of the density sensors and subsequent data processing establish an accuracy of O(1.5Sv) in internal transport in the 1200-5000dbar range at subinertial time scales. A similar accuracy is reached in the bottom pressure-derived external transport fluctuations. However, for pressure, variability with periods longer than a deployment's duration (presently about one year) is not measurable. This effect is demonstrated using numerical simulations and a possible solution for detecting long-term external transport changes is presented. Author Affiliation: (a) Leibniz-Institut fur Meereswissenschaften, Dusternbrooker Weg 20, 24105 Kiel, Germany (b) National Oceanography Centre, Empress Dock, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, UK (c) Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0230, USA (d) Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA (e) Institut fur Umweltphysik, Otto Hahn Allee NW1, 28334 Bremen, Germany Article History: Received 7 September 2004; Revised 1 November 2005; Accepted 27 December 2005

Published
2006

35. Global Oceans

Author

Baringer, Molly, additional, Bif, Mariana B., additional, Boyer, Tim, additional, Bushinsky, Seth M., additional, Carter, Brendan R., additional, Cetinić, Ivona, additional, Chambers, Don P., additional, Cheng, Lijing, additional, Chiba, Sanai, additional, Dai, Minhan, additional, Domingues, Catia M., additional, Dong, Shenfu, additional, Fassbender, Andrea J., additional, Feely, Richard A., additional, Frajka-Williams, Eleanor, additional, Franz, Bryan A., additional, Gilson, John, additional, Goni, Gustavo, additional, Hamlington, Benjamin D., additional, Hu, Zeng-Zhen, additional, Huang, Boyin, additional, Ishii, Masayoshi, additional, Jevrejeva, Svetlana, additional, Johns, William E., additional, Johnson, Gregory C., additional, Johnson, Kenneth S., additional, Kennedy, John, additional, Kersalé, Marion, additional, Killick, Rachel E., additional, Landschützer, Peter, additional, Lankhorst, Matthias, additional, Lee, Tong, additional, Leuliette, Eric, additional, Li, Feili, additional, Lindstrom, Eric, additional, Locarnini, Ricardo, additional, Lozier, Susan, additional, Lyman, John M., additional, Marra, John J., additional, Meinen, Christopher S., additional, Merrifield, Mark A., additional, Mitchum, Gary T., additional, Moat, Ben, additional, Monselesan, Didier, additional, Nerem, R. Steven, additional, Perez, Renellys C., additional, Purkey, Sarah G., additional, Rayner, Darren, additional, Reagan, James, additional, Rome, Nicholas, additional, Sanchez-Franks, Alejandra, additional, Schmid, Claudia, additional, Scott, Joel P., additional, Send, Uwe, additional, Siegel, David A., additional, Smeed, David A., additional, Speich, Sabrina, additional, Stackhouse, Paul W., additional, Sweet, William, additional, Takeshita, Yuichiro, additional, Thompson, Philip R., additional, Triñanes, Joaquin A., additional, Visbeck, Martin, additional, Volkov, Denis L., additional, Wanninkhof, Rik, additional, Weller, Robert A., additional, Westberry, Toby K., additional, Widlansky, Matthew J., additional, Wijffels, Susan E., additional, Wilber, Anne C., additional, Yu, Lisan, additional, Yu, Weidong, additional, and Zhang, Huai-Min, additional

Published
2020
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36. CALYPSO 2019 Cruise Report: field campaign in the Mediterranean

Author

Mahadevan, Amala, primary, D'Asaro, Eric A., additional, Allen, John T., additional, Almaraz García, Pablo, additional, Alou-Font, Eva, additional, Aravind, Harilal Meenambika, additional, Balaguer, Pau, additional, Caballero, Isabel, additional, Calafat, Noemi, additional, Carbornero, Andrea, additional, Casas, Benjamin, additional, Castilla, Carlos, additional, Centurioni, Luca R., additional, Conley, Margaret, additional, Cristofano, Gino, additional, Cutolo, Eugenio, additional, Dever, Mathieu, additional, Enrique Navarro, Angélica, additional, Falcieri, Francesco, additional, Freilich, Mara, additional, Goodwin, Evan, additional, Graham, Raymond, additional, Guigand, Cedric, additional, Hodges, Benjamin A., additional, Huntley, Helga, additional, Johnston, Shaun, additional, Lankhorst, Matthias, additional, Lermusiaux, Pierre F. J., additional, Lizaran, Irene, additional, Mirabito, Chris, additional, Miralles, A., additional, Mourre, Baptiste, additional, Navarro, Gabriel, additional, Ohmart, Michael, additional, Ouala, Said, additional, Ozgokmen, Tamay M., additional, Pascual, Ananda, additional, Pou, Joan Mateu Horrach, additional, Poulain, Pierre Marie, additional, Ren, Alice, additional, Rodriguez Tarry, Daniel, additional, Rudnick, Daniel L., additional, Rubio, M., additional, Ruiz, Simon, additional, Rypina, Irina I., additional, Tintore, Joaquin, additional, Send, Uwe, additional, Shcherbina, Andrey Y., additional, Torner, Marc, additional, Salvador-Vieira, Guilherme, additional, Wirth, Nikolaus, additional, and Zarokanellos, Nikolaos, additional

Published
2020
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37. Autonomous seawater pCO2 and pH time series from 40 surface buoys and the emergence of anthropogenic trends

Author

Sutton, Adrienne J., Feely, Richard A., Maenner-Jones, Stacy, Musielwicz, Sylvia, Osborne, John, Dietrich, Colin, Monacci, Natalie, Cross, Jessica, Bott, Randy, Kozyr, Alex, Andersson, Andreas J., Bates, Nicholas R., Cai, Wei-Jun, Cronin, Meghan F., Carlo, Eric H. De, Hales, Burke, Howden, Stephan D., Lee, Charity M., Manzello, Derek P., McPhaden, Michael J., Meléndez, Melissa, Mickett, John B., Newton, Jan A., Noakes, Scott E., Noh, Jae Hoon, Olafsdottir, Solveig R., Salisbury, Joseph E., Send, Uwe, Trull, Thomas W., Vandemark, Douglas C., and Weller, Robert A.

Abstract

Ship-based time series, some now approaching over 3 decades long, are critical climate records that have dramatically improved our ability to characterize natural and anthropogenic drivers of ocean carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) uptake and biogeochemical processes. Advancements in autonomous marine carbon sensors and technologies over the last 2 decades have led to the expansion of observations at fixed time series sites, thereby improving the capability of characterizing sub-seasonal variability in the ocean. Here, we present a data product of 40 individual autonomous moored surface ocean pCO 2 (partial pressure of CO 2 ) time series established between 2004 and 2013, 17 also include autonomous pH measurements. These time series characterize a wide range of surface ocean carbonate conditions in different oceanic (17 sites), coastal (13 sites), and coral reef (10 sites) regimes. A time of trend emergence (ToE) methodology applied to the time series that exhibit well-constrained daily to interannual variability and an estimate of decadal variability indicates that the length of sustained observations necessary to detect statistically significant anthropogenic trends varies by marine environment. The ToE estimates for seawater pCO 2 and pH range from 8 to 15 years at the open ocean sites, 16 to 41 years at the coastal sites, and 9 to 22 years at the coral reef sites. Only two open ocean pCO 2 time series, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Hawaii Ocean Time-series Station (WHOTS) in the subtropical North Pacific and Stratus in the South Pacific gyre, have been deployed longer than the estimated trend detection time and, for these, deseasoned monthly means show estimated anthropogenic trends of 1.9±0.3 and 1.6±0.3μatm yr -1 , respectively. In the future, it is possible that updates to this product will allow for the estimation of anthropogenic trends at more sites; however, the product currently provides a valuable tool in an accessible format for evaluating climatology and natural variability of surface ocean carbonate chemistry in a variety of regions. Data are available at https://doi.org/10.7289/V5DB8043 and https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/ocads/oceans/Moorings/ndp097.html (Sutton et al., 2018).

Published
2019

38. Basin-scale ocean circulation from combined altimetric, tomographic and model data

Author

Menemenlis, Dimitris, Webb, Tony, Wunsch, Carl, Send, Uwe, and Hill, Chris

Subjects
Mediterranean Sea -- Research, Ocean circulation -- Research, Mathematical models -- Usage, Environmental issues, Science and technology, Zoology and wildlife conservation
Abstract

Modelling alone cannot provide a comprehensive understanding of ocean circulation and its transport properties. High-quality acoustic-tomographic and altimetric data can be used to test the combined power of satellite altimetry and acoustic tomography for estimating oceanic flows. A detailed spatio-temporal record of flow over basin-scale volumes of fluid can be recovered from acoustic-tomographic and altimetric data using state-of-the-art numerical models.

Published
1997

39. Comparison of XCTD/CTD data

Author

Alberola, Corinne, Millot, Claude, Send, Uwe, Mertens, Christian, and Fuda, Jean-Luc

Subjects
Probes (Electronic instruments) -- Testing, Oceanographic instruments -- Testing, Earth sciences
Abstract

Tests are conducted to determine the comparative performance and accuracy of Sippican Inc.'s eXpendable Conductivity Temperature Depth (XCTD) probes as opposed to CTD sondes. As previously seen in the THETIS-I experiment, errors that occurred due to experimental conditions are segregated from errors caused by the equipment. Results show the relative accuracy of XCTD sensors based on the manufacturer's specifications.

Published
1996

40. Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation: Observed Transport and Variability

Author

Frajka-williams, Eleanor, Ansorge, Isabelle J., Baehr, Johanna, Bryden, Harry L., Chidichimo, Maria Paz, Cunningham, Stuart A., Danabasoglu, Gokhan, Dong, Shenfu, Donohue, Kathleen A., Elipot, Shane, Heimbach, Patrick, Holliday, N. Penny, Hummels, Rebecca, Jackson, Laura C., Karstensen, Johannes, Lankhorst, Matthias, Le Bras, Isabela A., Lozier, M. Susan, Mcdonagh, Elaine L., Meinen, Christopher S., Mercier, Herle, Moat, Bengamin I., Perez, Renellys C, Piecuch, Christopher G., Rhein, Monika, Srokosz, Meric A., Trenberth, Kevin E., Bacon, Sheldon, Forget, Gael, Goni, Gustavo, Kieke, Dagmar, Koelling, Jannes, Lamont, Tarron, Mccarthy, Gerard D., Mertens, Christian, Send, Uwe, Smeed, David A., Speich, Sabrina, Van Den Berg, Marcel, Volkov, Denis, Wilson, Chris, Frajka-williams, Eleanor, Ansorge, Isabelle J., Baehr, Johanna, Bryden, Harry L., Chidichimo, Maria Paz, Cunningham, Stuart A., Danabasoglu, Gokhan, Dong, Shenfu, Donohue, Kathleen A., Elipot, Shane, Heimbach, Patrick, Holliday, N. Penny, Hummels, Rebecca, Jackson, Laura C., Karstensen, Johannes, Lankhorst, Matthias, Le Bras, Isabela A., Lozier, M. Susan, Mcdonagh, Elaine L., Meinen, Christopher S., Mercier, Herle, Moat, Bengamin I., Perez, Renellys C, Piecuch, Christopher G., Rhein, Monika, Srokosz, Meric A., Trenberth, Kevin E., Bacon, Sheldon, Forget, Gael, Goni, Gustavo, Kieke, Dagmar, Koelling, Jannes, Lamont, Tarron, Mccarthy, Gerard D., Mertens, Christian, Send, Uwe, Smeed, David A., Speich, Sabrina, Van Den Berg, Marcel, Volkov, Denis, and Wilson, Chris

Abstract

The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) extends from the Southern Ocean to the northern North Atlantic, transporting heat northwards throughout the South and North Atlantic, and sinking carbon and nutrients into the deep ocean. Climate models indicate that changes to the AMOC both herald and drive climate shifts. Intensive trans-basin AMOC observational systems have been put in place to continuously monitor meridional volume transport variability, and in some cases, heat, freshwater and carbon transport. These observational programs have been used to diagnose the magnitude and origins of transport variability, and to investigate impacts of variability on essential climate variables such as sea surface temperature, ocean heat content and coastal sea level. AMOC observing approaches vary between the different systems, ranging from trans-basin arrays (OSNAP, RAPID 26°N, 11°S, SAMBA 34.5°S) to arrays concentrating on western boundaries (e.g., RAPID WAVE, MOVE 16°N). In this paper, we outline the different approaches (aims, strengths and limitations) and summarize the key results to date. We also discuss alternate approaches for capturing AMOC variability including direct estimates (e.g., using sea level, bottom pressure, and hydrography from autonomous profiling floats), indirect estimates applying budgetary approaches, state estimates or ocean reanalyses, and proxies. Based on the existing observations and their results, and the potential of new observational and formal synthesis approaches, we make suggestions as to how to evaluate a comprehensive, future-proof observational network of the AMOC to deepen our understanding of the AMOC and its role in global climate.

Published
2019
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44. State of the climate in 2017

Author

Abernethy, R., Ackerman, Steven A., Adler, R., Albanil Encarnación, Adelina, Aldeco, Laura S., Alfaro, Eric J., Aliaga-Nestares, Vannia, Allan, Richard P., Allan, Rob, Alves, Lincoln M., Amador, Jorge A., Anderson, John, Andreassen, L. M., Argüez, Anthony, Armitage, C., Arndt, Derek S., Avalos, Grinia, Azorin-Molina, César, Báez, Julián, Bardin, M. Yu, Barichivich, Jonathan, Baringer, Molly O., Barreira, Sandra, Baxter, Stephen, Beck, H. E., Becker, Andreas, Bedka, Kristopher M., Behe, Carolina, Bell, Gerald D., Bellouin, Nicolas, Belmont, M., Benedetti, Angela, Bernhard, G. H., Berrisford, Paul, Berry, David I., Bhatt, U. S., Bissolli, Peter, Bjerke, J., Blake, Eric S., Blenkinsop, Stephen, Blunden, Jessica, Bolmgren, K., Bosilovich, Michael G., Boucher, Olivier, Bouchon, Marilú, Box, J. E., Boyer, Tim, Braathen, Geir O., Bromwich, David H., Brown, R., Buehler, S., Bulygina, Olga N., Burgess, D., Calderón, Blanca, Camargo, Suzana J., Campbell, Ethan C., Campbell, Jayaka D., Cappelen, J., Carrea, Laura, Carter, Brendan R., Castro, Anabel, Chambers, Don P., Cheng, Lijing, Christiansen, Hanne H., Christy, John R., Chung, E. S., Clem, Kyle R., Coelho, Caio A.S., Coldewey-Egbers, Melanie, Colwell, Steve, Cooper, Owen R., Copland, L., Costanza, Carol, Covey, Curt, Coy, Lawrence, Cronin, T., Crouch, Jake, Cruzado, Luis, Daniel, Raychelle, Davis, Sean M., Davletshin, S. G., De Eyto, Elvira, De Jeu, Richard A.M., De La Cour, Jacqueline L., De Laat, Jos, De Gasperi, Curtis L., Degenstein, Doug, Deline, P., Demircan, Mesut, Derksen, C., Dewitte, Boris, Dhurmea, R., Di Girolamo, Larry, Diamond, Howard J., Dickerson, C., Dlugokencky, Ed J., Dohan, Kathleen, Dokulil, Martin T., Dolman, A. Johannes, Domingues, Catia M., Domingues, Ricardo, Donat, Markus G., Dong, Shenfu, Dorigo, Wouter A., Drozdov, D. S., Dunn, Robert J.H., Durre, Imke, Dutton, Geoff S., Eakin, C. Mark, El Kharrim, M., Elkins, James W., Epstein, H. E., Espinoza, Jhan C., Famiglietti, James S., Farmer, J., Farrell, S., Fauchald, P., Fausto, R. S., Feely, Richard A., Feng, Z., Fenimore, Chris, Fettweis, X., Fioletov, Vitali E., Flemming, Johannes, Fogt, Ryan L., Folland, Chris, Forbes, B. C., Foster, Michael J., Francis, S. D., Franz, Bryan A., Frey, Richard A., Frith, Stacey M., Froidevaux, Lucien, Ganter, Catherine, Geiger, Erick F., Gerland, S., Gilson, John, Gobron, Nadine, Goldenberg, Stanley B., Gomez, Andrea M., Goni, Gustavo, Grooß, Jens Uwe, Gruber, Alexander, Guard, Charles P., Gugliemin, Mario, Gupta, S. K., Gutiérrez, Dimitri, Haas, C., Hagos, S., Hahn, Sebastian, Haimberger, Leo, Hall, Brad D., Halpert, Michael S., Hamlington, Benjamin D., Hanna, E., Hansen, K., Hanssen-Bauer, L., Harris, Ian, Hartfield, Gail, Heidinger, Andrew K., Heim, Richard R., Helfrich, S., Hemming, D. L., Hendricks, S., Hernández, Rafael, Hernández, Sosa Marieta, Heron, Scott F., Heuzé, C., Hidalgo, Hugo G., Ho, Shu Peng, Hobbs, William R., Horstkotte, T., Huang, Boyin, Hubert, Daan, Hueuzé, Céline, Hurst, Dale F., Ialongo, Iolanda, Ibrahim, M. M., Ijampy, J. A., Inness, Antje, Isaac, Victor, Isaksen, K., Ishii, Masayoshi, Jacobs, Stephanie J., Jeffries, Martin O., Jevrejeva, Svetlana, Jiménez, C., Jin, Xiangze, John, Viju, Johns, William E., Johnsen, Bjørn, Johnson, Bryan, Johnson, Gregory C., Johnson, Kenneth S., Jones, Philip D., Jumaux, Guillaume, Kabidi, Khadija, Kaiser, J. W., Karaköylü, Erdem M., Kato, Seiji, Kazemi, A., Keller, Linda M., Kennedy, John, Kerr, Kenneth, Khan, M. S., Kholodov, A. L., Khoshkam, Mahbobeh, Killick, Rachel, Kim, Hyungjun, Kim, S. J., Klotzbach, Philip J., Knaff, John A., Kohler, J., Korhonen, Johanna, Korshunova, Natalia N., Kramarova, Natalya, Kratz, D. P., Kruger, Andries, Kruk, Michael C., Krumpen, T., Ladd, C., Lakatos, Mónika, Lakkala, Kaisa, Lander, Mark A., Landschützer, Peter, Landsea, Chris W., Lankhorst, Matthias, Lavado-Casimiro, Waldo, Lazzara, Matthew A., Lee, S. E., Lee, T. C., Leuliette, Eric, L'Heureux, Michelle, Li, Tim, Lieser, Jan L., Lin, I. I., Mears, Carl A., Liu, Gang, Li, Bailing, Liu, Hongxing, Locarnini, Ricardo, Loeb, Norman G., Long, Craig S., López, Luis A., Lorrey, Andrew M., Loyola, Diego, Lumpkin, Rick, Luo, Jing Jia, Luojus, K., Luthcke, S., Macias-Fauria, M., Malkova, G. V., Manney, Gloria L., Marcellin, Vernie, Marchenko, S. S., Marengo, José A., Marín, Dora, Marra, John J., Marszelewski, Wlodzimierz, Martens, B., Martin, A., Martínez, Alejandra G., Martínez-Güingla, Rodney, Martínez-Sánchez, Odalys, Marsh, Benjamin L., Lyman, John M., Massom, Robert A., May, Linda, Mayer, Michael, Mazloff, Matthew, McBride, Charlotte, McCabe, M. F., McCarthy, Mark, Meier, W., Meijers, Andrew J.S., Mekonnen, Ademe, Mengistu Tsidu, G., Menzel, W. Paul, Merchant, Christopher J., Meredith, Michael P., Merrifield, Mark A., Miller, Ben, Miralles, Diego G., Mitchum, Gary T., Mitro, Sukarni, Moat, Ben, Mochizuki, Y., Monselesan, Didier, Montzka, Stephen A., Mora, Natalie, Morice, Colin, Mosquera-Vásquez, Kobi, Mostafa, Awatif E., Mote, T., Mudryk, L., Mühle, Jens, Mullan, A. Brett, Müller, Rolf, Myneni, R., Nash, Eric R., Nerem, R. Steven, Newman, L., Newman, Paul A., Nielsen-Gammon, John W., Nieto, Juan José, Noetzli, Jeannette, Noll, Ben E., O'Neel, S., Osborn, Tim J., Osborne, Emily, Overland, J., Oyunjargal, Lamjav, Park, T., Pasch, Richard J., Pascual-Ramírez, Reynaldo, Pastor Saavedra, Maria Asuncion, Paterson, Andrew M., Paulik, Christoph, Pearce, Petra R., Peltier, Alexandre, Pelto, Mauri S., Peng, Liang, Perkins-Kirkpatrick, Sarah E., Perovich, Don, Petropavlovskikh, Irina, Pezza, Alexandre B., Phillips, C., Phillips, David, Phoenix, G., Pinty, Bernard, Pinzon, J., Po-Chedley, S., Polashenski, C., Purkey, Sarah G., Quispe, Nelson, Rajeevan, Madhavan, Rakotoarimalala, C., Rayner, Darren, Raynolds, M. K., Reagan, James, Reid, Phillip, Reimer, Christoph, Rémy, Samuel, Revadekar, Jayashree V., Richardson, A. D., Richter-Menge, Jacqueline, Ricker, R., Rimmer, Alon, Robinson, David A., Rodell, Matthew, Rodriguez Camino, Ernesto, Romanovsky, Vladimir E., Ronchail, Josyane, Rosenlof, Karen H., Rösner, Benjamin, Roth, Chris, Roth, David Mark, Rusak, James A., Rutishäuser, T., Sallée, Jean Bapiste, Sánchez-Lugo, Ahira, Santee, Michelle L., Sasgen, L., Sawaengphokhai, P., Sayad, T. A., Sayouri, Amal, Scambos, Ted A., Scanlon, T., Schenzinger, Verena, Schladow, S. Geoffrey, Schmid, Claudia, Schmid, Martin, Schreck, Carl J., Selkirk, H. B., Send, Uwe, Sensoy, Serhat, Sharp, M., Shi, Lei, Shiklomanov, Nikolai I., Shimaraeva, Svetlana V., Siegel, David A., Silow, Eugene, Sima, Fatou, Simmons, Adrian J., Skirving, William J., Smeed, David A., Smeets, C. J.P.P., Smith, Adam, Smith, Sharon L., Soden, B., Sofieva, Viktoria, Sparks, T. H., Spence, Jacqueline M., Spillane, Sandra, Srivastava, A. K., Stackhouse, Paul W., Stammerjohn, Sharon, Stanitski, Diane M., Steinbrecht, Wolfgang, Stella, José L., Stengel, M., Stephenson, Kimberly, Stephenson, Tannecia S., Strahan, Susan, Streletskiy, Dimitri A., Strong, Alan E., Sun-Mack, Sunny, Sutton, Adrienne J., Swart, Sebastiaan, Sweet, William, Takahashi, Kenneth S., Tamar, Gerard, Taylor, Michael A., Tedesco, M., Thackeray, S. J., Thoman, R. L., Thompson, Philip, Thomson, L., Thorsteinsson, T., Timbal, Bertrand, Timmermans, M. L., TImofeyev, Maxim A., Tirak, Kyle V., Tobin, Skie, Togawa, H., Tømmervik, H., Tourpali, Kleareti, Trachte, Katja, Trewin, Blair C., Triñanes, Joaquin A., Trotman, Adrian R., Tschudi, M., Tucker, C. J., Tye, Mari R., Van As, D., Van De Wal, R. S.W., Van Der Ronald, J. A., Van Der Schalie, Robin, Van Der Schrier, Gerard, Van Der Werf, Guido R., Van Meerbeeck, Cedric J., Velden, Christopher S., Velicogna, I., Verburg, Piet, Vickers, H., Vincent, Lucie A., Vömel, Holger, Vose, Russell S., Wagner, Wolfgang, Walker, D. A., Walsh, J., Wang, Bin, Wang, Junhong, Wang, Lei, Wang, M., Wang, Ray, Wang, Sheng Hung, Wanninkhof, Rik, Watanabe, Shohei, Weber, Mark, Webster, M., Weller, Robert A., Westberry, Toby K., Weyhenmeyer, Gesa A., Whitewood, Robert, Widlansky, Matthew J., Wiese, David N., Wijffels, Susan E., Wilber, Anne C., Wild, Jeanette D., Willett, Kate M., Willis, Josh K., Wolken, G., Wong, Takmeng, Wood, E. F., Wood, K., Woolway, R. Iestyn, Wouters, B., Xue, Yan, Yin, Xungang, Yoon, Huang, York, A., Yu, Lisan, Zambrano, Eduardo, Zhang, Huai Min, Zhang, Peiqun, Zhao, Guanguo, Zhao, Lin, Zhu, Zhiwei, Ziel, R., Ziemke, Jerry R., Ziese, Markus G., Griffin, Jessicca, Hammer, Gregory, Love-Brotak, S. Elizabeth, Misch, Deborah J., Riddle, Deborah B., Slagle, Mary, Sprain, Mara, Veasey, Sara W., McVicar, Tim R., Sub Dynamics Meteorology, Sub Soft Condensed Matter, LS Religiewetenschap, Sub Atmospheric physics and chemistry, Zonder bezoldiging NED, LS Taalverwerving, Leerstoel Tubergen, Afd Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Hafd Faculteitsbureau GW, Afd Pharmacology, Dep IRAS, Marine and Atmospheric Research, and OFR - Religious Studies

Subjects
Atmospheric Science
Abstract

In 2017, the dominant greenhouse gases released into Earth's atmosphere-carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide-reached new record highs. The annual global average carbon dioxide concentration at Earth's surface for 2017 was 405.0 ± 0.1 ppm, 2.2 ppm greater than for 2016 and the highest in the modern atmospheric measurement record and in ice core records dating back as far as 800 000 years. The global growth rate of CO2 has nearly quadrupled since the early 1960s. With ENSO-neutral conditions present in the central and eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean during most of the year and weak La Niña conditions notable at the start and end, the global temperature across land and ocean surfaces ranked as the second or third highest, depending on the dataset, since records began in the mid-to-late 1800s. Notably, it was the warmest non-El Niño year in the instrumental record. Above Earth's surface, the annual lower tropospheric temperature was also either second or third highest according to all datasets analyzed. The lower stratospheric temperature was about 0.2°C higher than the record cold temperature of 2016 according to most of the in situ and satellite datasets. Several countries, including Argentina, Uruguay, Spain, and Bulgaria, reported record high annual temperatures. Mexico broke its annual record for the fourth consecutive year. On 27 January, the temperature reached 43.4°C at Puerto Madryn, Argentina-the highest temperature recorded so far south (43°S) anywhere in the world. On 28 May in Turbat, western Pakistan, the high of 53.5°C tied Pakistan's all-time highest temperature and became the world-record highest temperature for May. In the Arctic, the 2017 land surface temperature was 1.6°C above the 1981-2010 average, the second highest since the record began in 1900, behind only 2016. The five highest annual Arctic temperatures have all occurred since 2007. Exceptionally high temperatures were observed in the permafrost across the Arctic, with record values reported in much of Alaska and northwestern Canada. In August, high sea surface temperature (SST) records were broken for the Chukchi Sea, with some regions as warm as +11°C, or 3° to 4°C warmer than the longterm mean (1982-present). According to paleoclimate studies, today's abnormally warm Arctic air and SSTs have not been observed in the last 2000 years. The increasing temperatures have led to decreasing Arctic sea ice extent and thickness. On 7 March, sea ice extent at the end of the growth season saw its lowest maximum in the 37-year satellite record, covering 8% less area than the 1981-2010 average. The Arctic sea ice minimum on 13 September was the eighth lowest on record and covered 25% less area than the long-term mean. Preliminary data indicate that glaciers across the world lost mass for the 38th consecutive year on record; the declines are remarkably consistent from region to region. Cumulatively since 1980, this loss is equivalent to slicing 22 meters off the top of the average glacier. Antarctic sea ice extent remained below average for all of 2017, with record lows during the first four months. Over the continent, the austral summer seasonal melt extent and melt index were the second highest since 2005, mostly due to strong positive anomalies of air temperature over most of the West Antarctic coast. In contrast, the East Antarctic Plateau saw record low mean temperatures in March. The year was also distinguished by the second smallest Antarctic ozone hole observed since 1988. Across the global oceans, the overall long-term SST warming trend remained strong. Although SST cooled slightly from 2016 to 2017, the last three years produced the three highest annual values observed; these high anomalies have been associated with widespread coral bleaching. The most recent global coral bleaching lasted three full years, June 2014 to May 2017, and was the longest, most widespread, and almost certainly most destructive such event on record. Global integrals of 0-700-m and 0-2000-m ocean heat content reached record highs in 2017, and global mean sea level during the year became the highest annual average in the 25-year satellite altimetry record, rising to 77 mm above the 1993 average. In the tropics, 2017 saw 85 named tropical storms, slightly above the 1981-2010 average of 82. The North Atlantic basin was the only basin that featured an above-normal season, its seventh most active in the 164-year record. Three hurricanes in the basin were especially notable. Harvey produced record rainfall totals in areas of Texas and Louisiana, including a storm total of 1538.7 mm near Beaumont, Texas, which far exceeds the previous known U.S. tropical cyclone record of 1320.8 mm. Irma was the strongest tropical cyclone globally in 2017 and the strongest Atlantic hurricane outside of the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean on record with maximum winds of 295 km h-1. Maria caused catastrophic destruction across the Caribbean Islands, including devastating wind damage and flooding across Puerto Rico. Elsewhere, the western North Pacific, South Indian, and Australian basins were all particularly quiet. Precipitation over global land areas in 2017 was clearly above the long-term average. Among noteworthy regional precipitation records in 2017, Russia reported its second wettest year on record (after 2013) and Norway experienced its sixth wettest year since records began in 1900. Across India, heavy rain and flood-related incidents during the monsoon season claimed around 800 lives. In August and September, above-normal precipitation triggered the most devastating floods in more than a decade in the Venezuelan states of Bolívar and Delta Amacuro. In Nigeria, heavy rain during August and September caused the Niger and Benue Rivers to overflow, bringing floods that displaced more than 100 000 people. Global fire activity was the lowest since at least 2003; however, high activity occurred in parts of North America, South America, and Europe, with an unusually long season in Spain and Portugal, which had their second and third driest years on record, respectively. Devastating fires impacted British Columbia, destroying 1.2 million hectares of timber, bush, and grassland, due in part to the region's driest summer on record. In the United States, an extreme western wildfire season burned over 4 million hectares; the total costs of $18 billion tripled the previous U.S. annual wildfire cost record set in 1991.

Published
2018

45. Alliance for Coastal Technologies Workshop Proceedings: National Coastal Ecosystem Moorings Workshop. University of Washington 20-21 March 2018

Author

McManus, Margaret, Bailey, Kathleen, Send, Uwe, Burt, Richard, Newton, Jan, Schar, Daniel, Morrison, Ru, Doucette, Gregory, Allee, Rebecca, Berchok, Catherine, Buschang, Steve, Butler, Richard, Canonico Hyde, Gabrielle, Chavez, Francisco, Colbert, Steve, Crawford, Jim, Danielson, Seth, Dever, Edward Paul, Dorton, Jennifer, Esteves, Rene, Green, Rebecca, Grissom, Karen, Hall, Candice, Harvey, Chris, Janzen, Carol, McArthur, Shannon, Melzian, Brian, Mickett, John, Mudge, Todd, Muller-Karger, Frank, Netburn, Amanda, Nosal, Eva-Marie, O'Donnell, James, Quintrell, Josie, Ruberg, Steven, Sabine, Christopher, Tamburri, Mario, Todd, James, Verhamme, Ed, Walsh, Ian, and Wilson, William Douglas

Abstract

The Alliance for Coastal Technologies (ACT, www.act-us.info) convened the "National Coastal Ecosystem Moorings Workshop" in Seattle, Washington at the University of Washington on 20 and 21 March 2018. The primary objectives of this workshop were to: 1) Provide a synthesis of stakeholder information requirements, 2) Explore current and emerging sensors to meet those requirements, 3) Provide a summary of technical needs inclusive of power and telemetry, 4) Provide a summary of deployment logistics, operation and maintenance, 5) Identify tiers/options for ecosystem moorings configurations, dependent on the regions and costs, and to 6) Discuss integration (data management, communications, infrastructure) with other observing systems. The participants were from various sectors including research scientists, technology developers, industry providers, and technology users. U.S. IOOS Published Refereed Current

Published
2018

48. Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation: Observed Transport and Variability

Author

Frajka-Williams, Eleanor, primary, Ansorge, Isabelle J., additional, Baehr, Johanna, additional, Bryden, Harry L., additional, Chidichimo, Maria Paz, additional, Cunningham, Stuart A., additional, Danabasoglu, Gokhan, additional, Dong, Shenfu, additional, Donohue, Kathleen A., additional, Elipot, Shane, additional, Heimbach, Patrick, additional, Holliday, N. Penny, additional, Hummels, Rebecca, additional, Jackson, Laura C., additional, Karstensen, Johannes, additional, Lankhorst, Matthias, additional, Le Bras, Isabela A., additional, Lozier, M. Susan, additional, McDonagh, Elaine L., additional, Meinen, Christopher S., additional, Mercier, Herlé, additional, Moat, Bengamin I., additional, Perez, Renellys C., additional, Piecuch, Christopher G., additional, Rhein, Monika, additional, Srokosz, Meric A., additional, Trenberth, Kevin E., additional, Bacon, Sheldon, additional, Forget, Gael, additional, Goni, Gustavo, additional, Kieke, Dagmar, additional, Koelling, Jannes, additional, Lamont, Tarron, additional, McCarthy, Gerard D., additional, Mertens, Christian, additional, Send, Uwe, additional, Smeed, David A., additional, Speich, Sabrina, additional, van den Berg, Marcel, additional, Volkov, Denis, additional, and Wilson, Chris, additional

Published
2019
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49. Autonomous seawater &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt;CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and pH time series from 40 surface buoys and the emergence of anthropogenic trends

Author

Sutton, Adrienne J., primary, Feely, Richard A., additional, Maenner-Jones, Stacy, additional, Musielwicz, Sylvia, additional, Osborne, John, additional, Dietrich, Colin, additional, Monacci, Natalie, additional, Cross, Jessica, additional, Bott, Randy, additional, Kozyr, Alex, additional, Andersson, Andreas J., additional, Bates, Nicholas R., additional, Cai, Wei-Jun, additional, Cronin, Meghan F., additional, De Carlo, Eric H., additional, Hales, Burke, additional, Howden, Stephan D., additional, Lee, Charity M., additional, Manzello, Derek P., additional, McPhaden, Michael J., additional, Meléndez, Melissa, additional, Mickett, John B., additional, Newton, Jan A., additional, Noakes, Scott E., additional, Noh, Jae Hoon, additional, Olafsdottir, Solveig R., additional, Salisbury, Joseph E., additional, Send, Uwe, additional, Trull, Thomas W., additional, Vandemark, Douglas C., additional, and Weller, Robert A., additional

Published
2019
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50. State of the Climate in 2017

Author

Arndt, D. S., Blunden, J., Hartfield, G., Ackerman, Steven A., Adler, Robert, Alfaro, Eric J., Allan, Richard P., Allan, Rob, Alves, Lincoln M., Amador, Jorge A., Andreassen, L. M., Argueez, Anthony, Arndt, Derek S., Azorin-molina, Cesar, Baez, Julian, Bardin, M. U., Barichivich, Jonathan, Baringer, Molly O., Barreira, Sandra, Baxter, Stephen, Beck, H. E., Becker, Andreas, Bedka, Kristopher M., Bell, Gerald D., Belmont, M., Benedetti, Angela, Berrisford, Paul, Berry, David I., Bhatt, U. S., Bissolli, Peter, Bjerke, J., Blake, Eric S., Bosilovich, Michael G., Boucher, Olivier, Box, J. E., Boyer, Tim, Braathen, Geir O., Bromwich, David H., Brown, R., Buehler, S., Bulygina, Olga N., Burgess, D., Calderon, Blanca, Camargo, Suzana J., Campbell, Jayaka D., Cappelen, J., Carrea, Laura, Carter, Brendan R., Chambers, Don P., Cheng, Ming-dean, Christiansen, Hanne H., Christy, John R., Chung, E. -s., Clem, Kyle R., Coelho, Caio A. S., Coldewey-egbers, Melanie, Colwell, Steve, Cooper, Owen R., Copland, L., Crouch, Jake, Davis, Sean M., De Eyto, Elvira, De Jeu, Richard A. M., De Laat, Jos, Degasperi, Curtis L., Degenstein, Doug, Demircan, M., Derksen, C., Di Girolamo, Larry, Diamond, Howard J., Dlugokencky, Ed J., Dohan, Kathleen, Dokulil, Martin T., Dolman, A. Johannes, Domingues, Catia M., Donat, Markus G., Dong, Shenfu, Dorigo, Wouter A., Drozdov, D. S., Dunn, Robert J. H., Dutton, Geoff S., Elkharrim, M., Elkins, James W., Epstein, H. E., Espinoza, Jhan C., Famiglietti, James S., Farrell, S., Fausto, R. S., Feely, Richard A., Feng, Z., Fenimore, Chris, Fettweis, X., Fioletov, Vitali E., Flemming, Johannes, Fogt, Ryan L., Folland, Chris, Forbes, B. C., Foster, Michael J., Francis, S. D., Franz, Bryan A., Frey, Richard A., Frith, Stacey M., Froidevaux, Lucien, Ganter, Catherine, Gerland, S., Gilson, John, Gobron, Nadine, Goldenberg, Stanley B., Goni, Gustavo, Grooss, J. -u., Gruber, Alexander, Guard, Charles, Gupta, S. K., Gutierrez, J. M., Haas, C., Hagos, S., Hahn, Sebastian, Haimberger, Leo, Hall, Brad D., Halpert, Michael S., Hamlington, Benjamin D., Hanna, E., Hanssen-bauer, I, Harris, Ian, Heidinger, Andrew K., Heim, Richard R., Jr., Hendricks, S., Hernandez, Marieta, Hernandez, Rafael, Hidalgo, Hugo G., Ho, Shu-peng, Hobbs, William R., Huang, Boyin, Hurst, Dale F., Ialongo, I., Ijampy, J. A., Inness, Antje, Isaksen, K., Ishii, Masayoshi, Jevrejeva, Svetlana, Jimenez, C., Jin Xiangze, John, Viju, Johns, William E., Johnsen, B., Johnson, Bryan, Johnson, Gregory C., Johnson, Kenneth S., Jones, Philip D., Jumaux, Guillaume, Kabidi, Khadija, Kaiser, J. W., Kato, Seiji, Kazemi, A., Keller, Linda M., Kennedy, John, Kerr, Kenneth, Kholodov, A. L., Khoshkam, Mahbobeh, Killick, Rachel, Kim, Hyungjun, Kim, S. -j., Klotzbach, Philip J., Knaff, John A., Kohler, J., Korhonen, Johanna, Korshunova, Natalia N., Kramarova, Natalya, Kratz, D. P., Kruger, Andries, Kruk, Michael C., Krumpen, T., Lakatos, M., Lakkala, K., Lander, Mark A., Landschuetzer, Peter, Landsea, Chris W., Lankhorst, Matthias, Lazzara, Matthew A., Leuliette, Eric, L'Heureux, Michelle, Lieser, Jan L., Lin, I-i, Liu, Hongxing, Liu, Yinghui, Locarnini, Ricardo, Loeb, Norman G., Long, Craig S., Lorrey, Andrew M., Loyola, Diego, Lumpkin, Rick, Luo, Jing-jia, Luojus, K., Lyman, John M., Macias-fauria, M., Malkova, G. V., Manney, G., Marchenko, S. S., Marengo, Jose A., Marra, John J., Marszelewski, Wlodzimierz, Martens, B., Martinez-gueingla, Rodney, Massom, Robert A., May, Linda, Mayer, Michael, Mazloff, Matthew, Mcbride, Charlotte, Mccabe, M. F., Mccarthy, M., Mcvicar, Tim R., Mears, Carl A., Meier, W., Mekonnen, A., Mengistu Tsidu, G., Menzel, W. Paul, Merchant, Christopher J., Meredith, Michael P., Merrifield, Mark A., Miralles, Diego G., Mitchum, Gary T., Mitro, Srkani, Monselesan, Didier, Montzka, Stephen A., Mora, Natalie, Morice, Colin, Mote, T., Mudryk, L., Muehle, Jens, Mullan, A. Brett, Mueller, R., Nash, Eric R., Nerem, R. Steven, Newman, Louise, Newman, Paul A., Nieto, Juan Jose, Noetzli, Jeannette, O'Neel, S., Osborn, Tim J., Overland, J., Oyunjargal, Lamjav, Park, E-hyung, Pasch, Richard J., Pascual-ramirez, Reynaldo, Paterson, Andrew M., Pearce, Petra R., Pelto, Mauri S., Perkins-kirkpatrick, Sarah E., Perovich, D., Petropavlovskikh, Irina, Pezza, Alexandre B., Phillips, C., Phillips, David, Phoenix, G., Pinty, Bernard, Rajeevan, Madhavan, Rayner, Darren, Raynolds, M. K., Reagan, James, Reid, Phillip, Reimer, Christoph, Remy, Samuel, Revadekar, Jayashree V., Richter-menge, J., Rimmer, Alon, Robinson, David A., Rodell, Matthew, Romanovsky, Vladimir E., Ronchail, Josyane, Rosenlof, Karen H., Roth, Chris, Rusak, James A., Sallee, Jean-bapiste, Sanchez-lugo, Ahira, Santee, Michelle L., Sawaengphokhai, P., Sayouri, Amal, Scambos, Ted A., Schladow, S. Geoffrey, Schmid, Claudia, Schmid, Martin, Schreck, Carl J., Iii, Schuur, Ted, Selkirk, H. B., Send, Uwe, Sensoy, Serhat, Sharp, M., Shi, Lei, Shiklomanov, Nikolai I., Shimaraeva, Svetlana V., Siegel, David A., Signorini, Sergio R., Sima, Fatou, Simmons, Adrian J., Smeed, David A., Smeets, C. J. P. P., Smith, Adam, Smith, Sharon L., Soden, B., Spence, Jaqueline M., Srivastava, A. K., Stackhouse, Paul W., Jr., Stammerjohn, Sharon, Steinbrecht, Wolfgang, Stella, Jose L., Stephenson, Tannecia S., Strahan, Susan, Streletskiy, Dimitri A., Sun-mack, Sunny, Swart, Sebastiaan, Sweet, William, Tamar, Gerard, Taylor, Michael A., Tedesco, M., Thoman, R. L., Thompson, L., Thompson, Philip R., Timmermans, M. -l., Tobin, Skie, Trachte, Katja, Trewin, Blair C., Trotman, Adrian R., Tschudi, M., Van As, D., Van De Wal, R. S. W., Van Der Schalie, Robin, Van Der Schrier, Gerard, Van Der Werf, Guido R., Van Meerbeeck, Cedric J., Velicogna, I., Verburg, Piet, Vincent, Lucie A., Voemel, Holger, Vose, Russell S., Wagner, Wolfgang, Walker, D. A., Walsh, J., Wang, Bin, Wang, Chunzai, Wang, Junhong, Wang, Lei, Wang, M., Wang, Sheng-hung, Wanninkhof, Rik, Watanabe, Shohei, Weber, Mark, Weller, Robert A., Weyhenmeyer, Gesa A., Whitewood, Robert, Wiese, David N., Wijffels, Susan E., Wilber, Anne C., Wild, Jeanette D., Willett, Kate M., Willis, Josh K., Wolken, G., Wong, Takmeng, Wood, E. 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J., Tye, Mari R., Van Der A, Ronald J., Velden, Christopher S., Vickers, H., Webster, M., Westberry, Toby K., Widlansky, Matthew J., Wood, K., Yoon, Huang, York, A., Zhu, Zhiwei, Ziel, R., and Ziese, Markus G.

Abstract

In 2017, the dominant greenhouse gases released into Earth’s atmosphere—carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide— reached new record highs. The annual global average carbon dioxide concentration at Earth’s surface for 2017 was 405.0 ± 0.1 ppm, 2.2 ppm greater than for 2016 and the highest in the modern atmospheric measurement record and in ice core records dating back as far as 800 000 years. The global growth rate of CO2 has nearly quadrupled since the early 1960s. With ENSO-neutral conditions present in the central and eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean during most of the year and weak La Niña conditions notable at the start and end, the global temperature across land and ocean surfaces ranked as the second or third highest, depending on the dataset, since records began in the mid-to-late 1800s. Notably, it was the warmest non-El Niño year in the instrumental record. Above Earth’s surface, the annual lower tropospheric temperature was also either second or third highest according to all datasets analyzed. The lower stratospheric temperature was about 0.2°C higher than the record cold temperature of 2016 according to most of the in situ and satellite datasets. Several countries, including Argentina, Uruguay, Spain, and Bulgaria, reported record high annual temperatures. Mexico broke its annual record for the fourth consecutive year. On 27 January, the temperature reached 43.4°C at Puerto Madryn, Argentina—the highest temperature recorded so far south (43°S) anywhere in the world. On 28 May in Turbat, western Pakistan, the high of 53.5°C tied Pakistan’s all-time highest temperature and became the world-record highest temperature for May. In the Arctic, the 2017 land surface temperature was 1.6°C above the 1981–2010 average, the second highest since the record began in 1900, behind only 2016. The five highest annual Arctic temperatures have all occurred since 2007. Exceptionally high temperatures were observed in the permafrost across the Arctic, with record values r

Published
2018
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