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Food Traceability 4.0 refers to the application of fourth industrial revolution (or Industry 4.0) technologies to ensure food authenticity, safety, and high food quality. Growing interest in food traceability has led to the development of a wide range of chemical, biomolecular, isotopic, chromatographic, and spectroscopic methods with varied performance and success rates. This review will give an update on the application of Traceability 4.0 in the fruits and vegetables sector, focusing on relevant Industry 4.0 enablers, especially Artificial Intelligence, the Internet of Things, blockchain, and Big Data. The results show that the Traceability 4.0 has significant potential to improve quality and safety of many fruits and vegetables, enhance transparency, reduce the costs of food recalls, and decrease waste and loss. However, due to their high implementation costs and lack of adaptability to industrial environments, most of these advanced technologies have not yet gone beyond the laboratory scale. Therefore, further research is anticipated to overcome current limitations for large-scale applications.

Plants of the genus Brassica occupy the top place among vegetables in the world. This genus, which contains a group of six related species of a global economic significance, three of which are diploid: Brassica nigra (L.) K. Koch, Brassica oleracea L., and Brassica rapa L. and three are amphidiploid species: Brassica carinata A. Braun, Brassica juncea (L.) Czern., and Brassica napus L. These varieties are divided into oily, fodder, spice, and vegetable based on their morphological structure, chemical composition, and usefulness of plant organs. The present review provides information about habitat, phytochemical composition, and the bioactive potential of Brassica plants, mainly antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer activities, and clinical studies in human. Brassica vegetables are of great economic importance around the world. At present, Brassica plants are grown together with cereals and form the basis of global food supplies. They are distinguished by high nutritional properties from other vegetable plants, such as low fat and protein content and high value of vitamins, fibers along with minerals. In addition, they possess several phenolic compounds and have a unique type of compounds namely glucosinolates that differentiate these crops from other vegetables. These compounds are also responsible for numerous biological activities to the genus Brassica as described in this review.

Medicinal applications of turmeric-derived curcumin have been known to mankind for long ages. Its potential in managing "cystic fibrosis" has also been evaluated. This autosomal recessive genetic disease is caused by mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) which involves an impaired secretion of chloride ions and leads to hypersecretion of thick and sticky mucus and serious complications including airway obstruction, chronic lung infection, and inflammatory reactions. This narrative review aims to highlight the available evidence for the efficacy of curcumin nanoformulations in its potential treatment of cystic fibrosis. Recent research has shown that curcumin acts on the localized mutant CFTR ion channel at the plasma membrane. Preclinical studies have also shown that curcumin nanoformulations have promising effects in the treatment of cystic fibrosis. In this context, the purpose of this narrative review is to highlight the general bioactivity of curcumin, the types of formulations and related studies, thus opening new therapeutic perspectives for CF.

Emodin (1,3,8-trihydroxy-6-methylanthraquinone) is a bioactive compound, a natural anthraquinone aglycone, present mainly in herbaceous species of the families Fabaceae, Polygonaceae and Rhamnaceae, with a physiological role in protection against abiotic stress in vegetative tissues. Emodin is mainly used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat sore throats, carbuncles, sores, blood stasis, and damp-heat jaundice. Pharmacological research in the last decade has revealed other potential therapeutic applications such as anticancer, neuroprotective, antidiabetic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory. The present study aimed to summarize recent studies on bioavailability, preclinical pharmacological effects with evidence of molecular mechanisms, clinical trials and clinical pitfalls, respectively the therapeutic limitations of emodin. For this purpose, extensive searches were performed using the PubMed/Medline, Scopus, Google scholar, TRIP database, Springer link, Wiley and SciFinder databases as a search engines. The in vitro and in vivo studies included in this updated review highlighted the signaling pathways and molecular mechanisms of emodin. Because its bioavailability is low, there are limitations in clinical therapeutic use. In conclusion, for an increase in pharmacotherapeutic efficacy, future studies with carrier molecules to the target, thus opening up new therapeutic perspectives.

Recently, the interest in the application of cell viability assays has been increasing in various fields. Cell viability assays may be broadly classified as (a) dye exclusion assays, (b) colorimetric assays, (c) fluorometric assays, (d) luminometric assays, and (e) flow cytometric assays. Dye exclusion assays include trypan blue, eosin, congo red, and erythrosine B stain assays, whereas 3‐[4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl]‐2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT), 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐5‐(3‐carboxymethoxyphenyl)‐2‐(4‐sulfophenyl)‐2H‐tetrazolium (MTS), 2,3‐bis‐(2‐methoxy‐4‐nitro‐5‐sulfophenyl)‐2H‐tetrazolium‐5‐carboxanilide (XTT), 2‐(4‐iodophenyl)‐3‐(4‐nitrophenyl)‐5‐(2,4‐disulfophenyl)‐2H tetrazolium, monosodium salt (WST‐1), 2‐(2‐methoxy‐4‐nitrophenyl)‐3‐(4‐nitrophenyl)‐5‐(2,4‐disulfophenyl)‐2H‐tetrazolium, monosodium salt (WST‐8), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), sulforhodamine B (SRB), neutral red uptake (NRU), and crystal violet stain (CVS) assays are among the colorimetric assays. Similarly, resazurin and 5‐carboxyfluorescein diacetate acetoxymethyl ester (5‐CFDA‐AM) assays are based on fluorometric measurements, whereas luminometric assays comprise adenosine triphosphate and real‐time viability assays. Major flow cytometric assays include membrane asymmetry, membrane permeability, and mitochondria assays. In this guideline, the mechanisms and the practice of assessment of the most common cell viability assays applied in research labs are discussed in detail. An ideal cell viability assay should be safe, rapid, reliable, efficient, and time‐ and cost‐effective, and should not interfere with the test compound. Overall, it can be concluded that more than one cell viability assay should be applied in order to obtain reliable results.

BACKGROUND Spinach is well recognized as a functional food owing to its diverse nutritional composition, including polyphenols. Freezing is an efficient preservation method that is used to maintain the physical and nutritional characteristics and extend the shelf life of spinach. The aim of this study was to determine the changes in polyphenols in the samples taken from various production steps of the industrial freezing process of spinach, and to evaluate the bioaccessibility of these bioactive compounds for raw material, by-product, and frozen product using the standardized in vitro digestion model simulating the digestion in the mouth, stomach, and intestine. RESULTS Ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry and high-performance liquid chromatography equipped with photodiode array detection analysis of spinach samples led to the identification of eight flavonoids and two phenolic acids. The changes occurring in flavonoids after blanching, chopping, and freezing steps were statistically not significant compared with the raw material (P > 0.05). On the other hand, by-product was found to contain significantly lower amounts of flavonoids (98% in total) and phenolic acids (90% in total) (P

The current increased industrial food production has led to a significant rise in the amount of food waste generated. These food wastes, especially fruit and vegetable byproducts, are good sources of natural pigments, such as anthocyanins, betalains, carotenoids, and chlorophylls, with both coloring and health-related properties. Therefore, recovery of natural pigments from food wastes is important for both economic and environmental reasons. Conventional methods that are used to extract natural pigments from food wastes are time-consuming, expensive, and unsustainable. In addition, natural pigments are sensitive to high temperatures and prolonged processing times that are applied during conventional treatments. In this sense, the present review provides an elucidation of the latest research on the extraction of pigments from the agri-food industry and how their consumption may improve human health.

In this study, terebinth coffee formulations were prepared with whole or skimmed milk with or without sugar/sweetener in order to study the matrix effect on the bioaccessibility of terebinth polyphenols. Quercetin glycosides and catechin were the major flavonoids identified in the terebinth formulations, whereas gallic, protocatechuic, syringic and ellagic acids were determined as the non-flavonoid compounds. The in vitro gastrointestinal digestion model results revealed that addition of whole milk to terebinth coffee increased the total bioaccessible flavonoids significantly (45%) (p 0.05), whereas skim milk addition did not result in any significant change. Furthermore, antioxidant capacity results measured with CUPRAC assay showed that addition of milk alone or together with sugar/sweetener increases the bioaccessibility of terebinth coffee antioxidants (36-70%) (p 0.05). Overall, terebinth coffee + whole milk + sugar formulation was found to contain the highest amount of bioaccessible flavonoid and non-flavonoid compounds (42.71-47.07 mg/100 g).

Taze fasulye (Phaseolus vulgaris) fenolik bileşen içeriği yüksek olan bir sebze olup, antioksidan içeriği ve aktivitesi bakımından zengin olan ve yaygın tüketilen sebzeler içerisinde sınıflandırılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada taze fasulyenin endüstriyel dondurulma işlemi sırasında çeşitli üretim basamaklardan alınan numunelerde toplam fenolik maddede, toplam flavonoid maddede ve toplam antioksidan kapasitede meydana gelen değişimleri belirlemek ve hammadde, atık ve dondurulmuş ürün için sırasıyla ağız, mide ve bağırsak sindirimi aşamalarından oluşan standartlaştırılmış in vitro gastrointestinal sindirim modeli kullanılarak fenoliklerin, flavonoidlerin ve antioksidan kapasitenin biyoerişilebilirliklerinin değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Toplam fenolik madde, toplam flavonoid madde ve toplam antioksidan kapasitedeki değişimler spektrofotometrik yöntemlerle tespit edilmiş olup, toplam antioksidan kapasitenin belirlenmesinde ABTS, CUPRAC, DPPH ve FRAP olmak üzere 4 farklı metot kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlar endüstriyel dondurma işleminin taze fasulyenin toplam fenolik ve flavonoid madde içeriğini korunduğunu ve atık olarak ayrılan yan ürünün toplam flavonoid madde içeriğinin ve antioksidan kapasitesinin hammaddeden yüksek olduğunu göstermiştir (sırasıyla %117 ve %97’ye kadar) (p

Elma taze tüketilebildiği gibi dondurulmuş elma gibi çeşitli formlara işlenerek de tüketilebilmektedir. Elma işleme sonucu posa olarak adlandırılan biyoaktif bileşenler açısından zengin bir atık ürün oluşmaktadır. Bu çalışmada taze ve dondurulmuş elmalarda ve elma posasında bulunan polifenollerin biyoerişilebilirliklerinin in vitro gastrointestinal sindirim modeli kullanılarak değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Toplam fenolik madde, toplam flavonoid madde ve toplam antioksidan kapasiteki değişimler spektrofotometrik yöntemlerle tespit edilmiş olup, polifenolik bileşiklerin miktarının tespiti yüksek performanslı sıvı kromatografisi–fotodiyot dizi dedektörü (HPLC–PDA) kullanılarak kromatografik yöntemle yapılmıştır. İn vitro gastrointestinal sindirim simülasyonu sonrasında HPLC–PDA ile belirlenen toplam biyoerişilebilir polifenol miktarları göz önüne alındığında, dondurulmuş elma ve elma posasının taze elmalara kıyasla %11–16 kadar daha fazla biyoerişilebilir polifenole sahip olduğu görülmüştür. Sonuç olarak, bu çalışmada elde edilen bulgular gıda işlemenin sindirim sırasında polifenollerin matriksten salınımını etkilediğini göstermiş olup, sindirilmemiş örnekler için tespit edilen değerlerin biyoerişilebilirlik değerlerinden farklı olabileceğine dikkat çekmiştir.

Nowadays, consumers expect to be sure that a food product complies with its label and demand further information regarding the geographical origin of the product. Beverages are among the most likely foods to be the target of food fraud. Adulteration through practices including, among the others, mixing or substituting the original material with other materials or useless parts of the same materials, which do not conform to the official standards and the food label, originate non-authentic beverages. For the determination of beverage authenticity, chemical, biomolecular and isotopic approaches could be applied depending on the level in the structure of the matter for obtaining the target information. This review highlights the recent key studies and related analytical approaches on authentication of beverages including fruit juices, coffee and tea, and wine and other alcoholic beverages.

Bioactive compounds including polyphenols, carotenoids, vitamins, omega-3 fatty acids, organic acids, nucleosides and nucleotides, and phytosterols have attracted great attention due to their role in prevention of several chronic diseases. Accordingly, the methods that are used to analyze these compounds are of interest. Many attempts have been made to provide sensitive and selective analytical methods for the determination and characterization of the bioactive compounds. In this chapter, spectrophotometric, fluorometric, chromatographic, enzymatic, and electrophoretic methods that are used to analyze bioactive compounds among others are presented along with the required pretreatments. In addition, the advantages and disadvantages of the existing analysis methods are highlighted.

Prediction of retention times (RTs) is increasingly considered in untargeted metabolomics to complement MS/MS matching for annotation of unidentified peaks. We tested the performance of PredRet (http://predret.org/) to predict RTs for plant food bioactive metabolites in a data sharing initiative containing entry sets of 29–103 compounds (totalling 467 compounds, >30 families) across 24 chromatographic systems (CSs). Between 27 and 667 predictions were obtained with a median prediction error of 0.03–0.76 min and interval width of 0.33–8.78 min. An external validation test of eight CSs showed high prediction accuracy. RT prediction was dependent on shape and type of LC gradient, and number of commonly measured compounds. Our study highlights PredRet’s accuracy and ability to transpose RT data acquired from one CS to another CS. We recommend extensive RT data sharing in PredRet by the community interested in plant food bioactive metabolites to achieve a powerful community-driven open-access tool for metabolomics annotation., The authors acknowledge networking support by the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) Action FA 1403 POSITIVe (Interindividual Variation in Response to Consumption of Plant Food Bioactives and Determinants Involved). Dorrain Low has received the support of EU H2020 in the framework of the FP7-Marie Curie-COFUND People Programme, through award of the AgreenSkills+ Fellowship (grant number 609398) and Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, through award of the Presidential Postdoctoral Fellowship (grant number 001991-00001). The MetaboHUB French infrastructure has supported the INRAE platform (PFEM, MetaboHUB-Clermont) involved in this work (grant number ANR-INBS-0010). Kateřina Valentová and Lucie Petrásková acknowledge financial support from the Czech Science Foundation (grant number 19-00043S). The Faculty of Pharmacy of Lisbon University acknowledges FUNDAÇÃO PARA A CIÊNCIA E TECNOLOGIA and PORTUGAL 2020 for financial support of the Portuguese Mass Spectrometry Network (grant number LISBOA-01-0145-FEDER-402-022125). Kati Hanhineva and Ville Koistinen have received funding from the Academy of Finland (grant numbers 277986 and 312550), Lantmännen Foundation and EU H2020 FP7-Marie Curie-COFUND MoRE Programme (grant number 754412). Biocenter Finland has financially supported the LC-MS metabolomics unit of University of Eastern Finland. Cristina Andres-Lacueva and Raúl González-Domínguez thank CIBERFES and ISCIII projects AC19/00111 and AC19/00096 (co-funded by FEDER Program from EU, “A way to make Europe”), Generalitat de Catalunya’s Agency AGAUR (grant number 2017SGR1546), “Juan de la Cierva” program from MINECO (grant number IJC2019-041867-I) and ICREA Academia award 2018. Francisco A. Tomás-Barberán has received financial support from the Spanish National Research program (grant numbers AGL-2015-73107-EXP/AEI, CSIC 201870E014) and Fundación Seneca Región de Murcia (grant number 19900/GERM/15). Gesine Schmidt acknowledges support through the Norwegian Agriculture and Food Industry Research Funds (grant number 262300). Lars Dragsted and Jan Stanstrup thank the Carlsberg Foundation for a Semper Ardens grant to support this work. László Abrankó acknowledges the Hungarian Academy of Sciences for the János Bolyai Scholarship, and support of the EU and ESF co-financed project of SZIU (grant number EFOP-3.6.3-VEKOP-16-2017-00005). Sonia de Pascual-Teresa thanks the Spanish MINECO for financial support (grant number AGL2016-76832-R). Dilip K. Rai acknowledges Teagasc for the financial support through the Walsh Fellowship (grant number 2016038).

Black carrots represent a valuable source of polyphenols, in particular anthocyanins and phenolic acids, and has attracted the attention of the scientific community especially due to the unique profile of anthocyanin compounds, which are well distinguished for their role in health promotion and prevention of chronic diseases. Black carrots are often not consumed as such, instead they are processed into other products. In general, processed products of black carrot are stored for long term and the polyphenols are susceptible to degradation during storage. In addition, it is also important to determine how the digestion process affects polyphenols as this will, in turn, affect their bioavailability. Accordingly, the potential health-promoting effects of black carrot polyphenols depend on their processing history and their stability during storage as well as their absorption in the gastrointestinal tract. In this perspective, this review provides an overview of the findings on the effects of processing, storage and digestion on black carrot polyphenols.

Black carrot pomace (BCP), an industrial by-product of juice processing, is a promising source of polyphenols, in particular anthocyanins. In the present study, we investigated the digestive stability of polyphenols from BCP enriched cakes and monitored changes in their antioxidant capacity using a standardized static in vitro digestion model. Results showed that although enrichment of cake flour with BCP at levels of 50 g/kg, 100 g/kg and 150 g/kg caused a dose-dependent increase in anthocyanins (72–267 μg/g dw), phenolic acids (49–148 μg/g dw), total phenolics (54–202 mg GAE/100 g dw) and total antioxidant capacity (21–129 to 153–478 mg TE/100 g dw) for undigested samples, there was no statistical difference between the 100 g/kg and 150 g/kg BCP enriched sample ( p > 0.05) after digestion. During the simulated bucal and gastric digestion the amount of anthocyanins and phenolic acids were reduced significantly (46–74% and 35–65%, respectively) ( p

The bioactivity of trans-resveratrol (RSV), an important wine polyphenol, and of its metabolites was investigated in a more relevant setup comprising an in vitro coculture cell model that combines intestinal absorption and conjugation with changes in endothelial function, which is primarily affected in cardiovascular diseases. Caco-2 and endothelial EA.hy926 cells were grown in a coculture, and Caco-2 cells were treated with RSV in the coculture and in two different sequential setups for 4 h and 24 h. Transported metabolites were investigated by UPLC-MS/MSE, and the effects on NO production, ROS inhibition and secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), interleukin-8 (IL-8) and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) were evaluated in TNF-α-activated and nonactivated endothelial cells. RSV and four conjugated metabolites, two sulfates and two glucuronides, were identified after intestinal transport. In both coculture and sequential systems, RSV at 20 μM strongly induced NO production. Changes in ROS and NO levels demonstrated a clear effect of crosstalk between cells in the coculture. The secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and VEGF was largely increased by treatment with TNF-α (inflammatory condition). The polyphenol intervention significantly reduced the levels of VEGF, ROS, IL-8 and ICAM-1, with a more pronounced effect in TNF-α-activated endothelial cells. In conclusion, RSV and its metabolites showed accentuated bioactivity on TNF-α-induced inflammation, and the metabolism of endothelial cells as a biological target was not only influenced by these phenolics but also by the communication between distinct cell lines, showing a new perspective for investigations on polyphenol intervention and its biological outcomes.

GrannySmith elmalar taze olarak tüketilebildiği gibi donmuş gıda sanayinde de yaygınolarak kullanılmaktadırlar. Gıdaların üretim basamakları sırasında polifenoliçeriğinde meydana gelen değişimlerin incelenmesi son ürünün besin değeriniartırmak açısından önemlidir. Bu konu dikkate alınarak, bu çalışmada GrannySmith elmaların bireysel hızlı dondurma (IQF) işlemi sırasında çeşitli üretim basamaklardanalınan numunelerin polifenol içeriğinde meydana gelen değişimlerin değerlendirilmesiamaçlanmıştır. Toplam fenolik ve flavonoid madde ile toplam antioksidankapasitedeki değişimler spektrofotometrik yöntemlerle tespit edilmiş olup,polifenolik bileşiklerin tayini yüksek performanslı sıvıkromatografisi–fotodiyot dizi dedektörü (HPLC–PDA) kullanılarak kromatografikyöntemle yapılmıştır. HPLC–PDA ile yapılan analizler sonucunda hammaddede flavanoller,dihidrokalkonlar, fenolik asitler ve flavonoller dahil 4 gruba ait toplam 10adet polifenolik bileşen tespit edilmiştir. Atık olarak ayrılan ürünlerindihidrokalkonlar ve flavonoller açısından hammaddeden daha zengin olduğugörülmüştür (%140–378) (p0.05). Bu sonuçlar IQF Granny Smithelmaların da taze elmalar gibi iyi bir polifenol kaynağı olduğuna işaretetmiştir., GrannySmith apples can be consumed as fresh or they are widely used in the frozenfood industry. Determining the changes in polyphenol content during theproduction steps of foods is important for the nutritional value of the finalproduct. The aim of this study was to determine the changes in the polyphenolcontent of Granny Smith apples taken from various steps of the individual quickfreezing (IQF) treatment. Total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, andtotal antioxidant capacity were determined using spectrophotometric methodswhereas the quantification of polyphenols were carried out by a chromatographicmethod using high performance liquid chromatography–photodiode array detector(HPLC–PDA). As a result of HPLC–PDA analysis, a total of 10 polyphenoliccompounds belonging to 4 groups including flavanols, dihydrochalcones, phenolicacids and flavonols were identified in the raw material. Waste product wasricher in dihydrochalcones and flavonols compared to raw material (140-378%) (p0.05). These results indicated that IQF Granny Smithapples are good sources of polyphenols, just as fresh apples.

Cucurbita genus has received a renowned interest in the last years. This plant species, native to the Americas, has served worldwide folk medicine for treating gastrointestinal diseases and intestinal parasites, among other clinical conditions. These pharmacological effects have been increasingly correlated with their nutritional and phytochemical composition. Among those chemical constituents, carotenoids, tocopherols, phenols, terpenoids, saponins, sterols, fatty acids, and functional carbohydrates and polysaccharides are those occurring in higher abundance. However, more recently, a huge interest in a class of triterpenoids, cucurbitacins, has been stated, given its renowned biological attributes. In this sense, the present review aims to provide a detailed overview to the folk medicinal uses of Cucurbita plants, and even an in-depth insight on the latest advances with regards to its antimicrobial, antioxidant and anticancer effects. A special emphasis was also given to its clinical effectiveness in humans, specifically in blood glucose levels control in diabetic patients and pharmacotherapeutic effects in low urinary tract diseases. This work was supported by CONICYT PIA/APOYO CCTE AFB170007. N. Martins would like to thank the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT-Portugal) for the Strategic project ref. UID/BIM/04293/2013 and “NORTE2020—Northern Regional Operational Program” (NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000012) and C.F.R. for the project UID/EQU/00511/2019—Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology, and Energy—LEPABE funded by national funds through FCT/MCTES (PIDDAC).

Polyphenols and carotenoids are known for their positive effects on health, including the prevention of several chronic diseases, and many food materials have been studied so far in order to investigate the content of polyphenols and carotenoids. However, the in vivo effects of these compounds depend not only on their concentrations, but also on their digestion, bioaccessibility and bioavailability after ingestion. Even though the exact amount of bioactive compounds that is absorbed and utilized cannot be predicted, in vitro methods are being utilized widely to understand the fate of these compounds instead of in vivo methods, which have ethical and economical limitations. As a result, several different models have been developed to evaluate the digestion and absorption of polyphenols and carotenoids. Within this chapter, frequently employed models used for studying the digestion, bioaccessibility and colonic fermentation of polyphenols and carotenoids are evaluated. These in vitro models include gastrointestinal digestion (static and dynamic models), cell culture (Caco-2 cell line, HT29 cell line and co-culture models), intestinal tissue (everted sac, Ussing chamber and 3D cultures) and colonic fermentation (SHIME®, TIM-2 and SIMGI®) models. Specific applications for the study of the metabolic fate of non-extractable polyphenols are discussed.

The role of antioxidants in human nutrition has gained increased interest, especially due to their associated health beneficial effects for a number of chronic diseases, including cardiovascular diseases and certain types of cancer. Fruits and vegetables are perishable and difficult to preserve as fresh products. Dried fruits and vegetables can be easily stored, transported at relatively low cost, have reduced packing costs, and their low water content delays microbial spoilage. Air-, freeze-, microwave- and sun-drying are among the most thoroughly studied drying methods. This review provides an overview of recent findings on the effects of different drying techniques on major antioxidants of fruits and vegetables. In particular, changes in ascorbic acid, carotenoids, flavonoids, phenolic acids, total phenolics, and antioxidant activity are discussed in detail.

The number of dietary fibre enriched food products introduced to the food market has been increased due to several beneficial effects of dietary fibres, mainly on the digestive system. In recent years, there has been a trend towards finding new sources of dietary fibre, such as agronomic by-products. Dietary fibres produced from by-products of antioxidant rich foodstuffs comprise important and healthy antioxidants such as polyphenols and carotenoids. This brings along the antioxidant dietary fibre (ADF) concept, which combines beneficial effects of both dietary fibres and antioxidants. This review focuses on the present knowledge in the literature about the sources and potential applications of ADFs as functional ingredients in the food industry. Also it is aimed to attract the attention of producers to the economic importance of converting those food processing by-products into healthy value-added products.

Black carrot is indicated to play an important role in nutrition, as it comprises a variety of health-promoting components, including polyphenols. The objective of the present study was to monitor the stability of total phenolics, antioxidant capacity and phenolic acids in black carrot jams and marmalades after processing, storage and in vitro gastrointestinal digestion. Total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity were determined using spectrophotometric methods, whereas phenolic acids were identified using HPLC-PDA. Jam and marmalade processing significantly decreased total phenolics (89.2-90.5%), antioxidant capacity (83.3-91.3%) and phenolic acids (49.5-96.7%) (p < 0.05). After 20 weeks of storage, the percent decrease in total phenolics in samples stored at 25 °C (26.4-48.0%) was slightly higher than the samples stored at 4 °C (21.0-42.5%). In addition, jam and marmalade processing led to increases in the percent recovery of bioaccessible total phenolics (7.2-12.6%) and phenolic acids (4.7-31.5%), as well as antioxidant capacity (1.4-8.1%). In conclusion, current study highlighted black carrot jams and marmalades as good sources of polyphenols, with high bioaccessibility levels.