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Introduction: Congenital heart defects (CHDs) are the most common congenital anomaly of the newborn with high mortality and morbidity rates. Genetic and environmental risk factors have affect on cardiogenesis. NKX2-5 (NK2 homeobox 5) is a homeobox containing gene which is essential for cardiac differentiation. In this study, our aim was to detect NKX2-5 gene variants associated with CHDs in Turkish population and to better understand genotype- phenotype correlations. Materials and Methods: In this study, we designed primers specific for NKX2-5 gene and sequenced the gene in 80 isolated CHD and 50 control group patients. Patients with chromosomal anomalies, DiGeorge syndrome and multiple congenital anomalies were not included. Results: Most common CHDs seen in the patients were ventricular septal defects (VSD) and atrial septal defects (ASD) (20%), atrioventricular septal defects (AVSD) and tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) (8.75%). We have detected NKX2-5 gene variants in 3.75% of the patients. We found A119S, R161P and C270Y changes in TOF; PFO (patent foramen ovale) with transient supraventricular, ventricular arrhythmia; and ASD patient, respectively. Conclusion: This study is designed to contribute to the genetic variations associated with CHD in Turkish population. NKX2-5 gene R161P variant which is on homeobox domain, was previously reported as pathogenic in an individual with thyroid ectopy and PFO. Further studies are needed to evaluate a possible role of these changes. Genetic testing is important in the follow-up and treatment of patients.

Background: The aim of this study is to predict sex with machine learning (ML) algorithms by making morphometric measurements on radiological images of the first and fifth metatarsal and phalanx bones. Materials and methods: In this study, radiologic images of 263 individuals (135 female, 128 male) between the ages of 27 and 60 were analysed retrospectively. The images in digital imaging and communications in medicine (DICOM) format were transferred to personal workstation Radiant DICOM Viewer programme. Length and width measurements of the first and fifth metatarsal and foot phalanx bones were performed on the transferred images. In addition, the ratios of the total length of the first proximal and distal phalanx and length of the first metatarsal and total length of fifth proximal, middle, and distal phalanx and maximum length of fifth metatarsal were calculated. Results: As a result of machine learning algorithms, highest accuracy, specificity, sensitivity, and Matthews correlation coefficient values were found as 0.85, 0.86, 0.85, and 0.71, respectively with decision tree algorithm. It was found that accuracy rates of other algorithms varied between 0.74 and 0.83. Conclusions: As a result of our study, it was found that sex estimation was made with high accuracy rate by using machine learning algorithms on X-ray images of the first and fifth metatarsal and foot phalanx. We think that in cases when pelvis, cranium and long bones are harmed and examination is difficult, bones of the first and fifth metatarsal and foot phalanx can be used for sex estimation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pertuzumab-mediated Cardiotoxicity: A Single Center Study. Objective: Recent clinical trials have shown that adding pertuzumab to trastuzumab improved the cellular response to therapy and provides a survival benefit compared with trastuzumab alone. However, it has raised concerns about additive risk of cardiotoxicity. Real life data on pertuzumab-induced cardiotoxicity are limited. Materials and Methods: Patients a diagnosis of breast cancer who had been treated trastuzumab plus pertuzumab between January 2017 and June 2022 and had undergone regularly transthoracic echocardiography, as a part of control visits, in our medical center were included. We performed descriptive statistical analysis to evaluate the patients’ characteristics and therapies, which could increase the risk of cardiac adverse events. Cardiotoxicity was evaluated by serial left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) measuring by 2D echocardiography at baseline and every three months during pertuzumab therapy and was defined as a decrease in LVEF > 10% to below 55%. Results: There were 118 patients fulfilling the inclusion criteria. The median age of the population was 51 (41-60) years. The median duration of pertuzumab therapy was 15 (9–57) weeks. Pertuzumab therapy was discontinued in two patients because of an allergic reaction and in other two patients due to cardiotoxicity. The reduced LVEF did not recover to baseline values in either patient. Conclusion: The incidence of cardiotoxicity (1.69%) in the current study was no higher than expected for trastuzumab alone. Data from previous studies and the results of this study support that pertuzumab causes no increase in cardiotoxicity. Still, large clinical trials are needed to verify the cardiac safety of pertuzumab in a real-world setting.

Cumhurbaşkanlığı hükümet sistemiyle, Türkiye’de siyasetin çehresinde önemli değişiklikler yaşanmaya başlanmıştır. Bunlardan biri, belki de en önemlisi, 1946 yılından itibaren çok partili siyasal yaşama geçişle başlayan parti temelli siyaset anlayışında yaşanılan değişikliklerdir. Daha önce siyasal hayatın şekillenmesinde çoğunlukla tek belirleyici olarak ortaya çıkan parti temelli siyaset gerek iktidar gerekse muhalefet açısından olsun partiler arası iş birliğine daha çok ihtiyaç duyacak şekilde ittifak siyasetine yönelmiş ve siyasal hayatta bu ilişkiler üzerinden şekillenmeye başlamıştır. Yeni hükümet sistemi ile iktidara gelebilme biçimi; çoğunlukla salt parti temelli bir siyaset anlayışı üzerinden değil de partiler arası iş birliğini teşvik eden ittifak siyaseti üzerinden öne çıkmaya başlamıştır. Bu durum, çok partili yaşama geçişten itibaren oluşan Türkiye’deki siyaset yapma tarzında önemli değişiklikler demektir. Zira daha önce hiçbir zaman bir araya gelemeyeceğini düşündüğümüz; kültür, inanç ve ideolojik vs. anlayışları yönünden oldukça farklı olan partilerin, ittifak siyaseti temelinde iktidara gelebilmek için arayışlar içine girdiği gözlenmektedir. Bu çalışma Türk siyasetinde ortaya çıkan bu değişimleri, olgular üzerinden hareketle ele almakta ve son yıllarda ortaya çıkan yeni siyaset yapma biçimini, geçmiş dönemlerle ilintilendirerek analiz etmeyi amaçlamaktadır.

The purpose of this paper is to introduce and study weak structure on texture spaces. In this context, the notion of weak semi-open sets and weak bicontinuity are defined in weak distructure texture spaces, and is presented some characterization.

Reproductive tract infections pose an immense public health concern worldwide as over 600 million new cases are recorded annually along with several complications, including infertility, ectopic pregnancy, preterm delivery, and neonatal death. Despite improved understanding of the mechanisms of pathogenic invasion, the etiopathogenesis of reproductive tract infections is yet to be completely understood. Recent data has suggested a critical role of bitter taste receptors of the reproductive tract in etiopathogenesis of reproductive tract infections. Here, we review the literature on current etiopathogenesis of reproductive tract infections and the role of bitter taste receptors of the reproductive tract in etiopathogenesis of reproductive tract infections. Emerging evidence suggests a critical role of microbiota disorder of the reproductive tract in reproductive tract infections. Several bacterial, protozoan parasitic, helminthic parasitic and viral pathogens have been identified as causative agents of reproductive tract infections. These pathogens subvert host defenses and activate specific architectural units of the uroepithelium such as Toll-like receptors, which recognize conserved motifs on the pathogens. The activated Toll-like receptors mediate downstream signaling, stimulating nuclear factor-κB, which in turn activates the production of proinflammatory cytokines. This pathway is also associated with recruitment of immunocytes to the site of aggression and release of proteinases, which drive tissue damage in the reproductive tract. Defects in detection of pathogenic components by the bitter taste receptors of the reproductive tract may play a critical role in the etiopathogenesis of reproductive tract infections. This review provides important information for identification of novel frontiers for the treatment of reproductive tract infections.

Making science enjoyable inspires students to learn more. Out-of-class activities such as science fairs and Olympiads, serve as reasonable informal learning environments that demand attention. The association of students’ involvement in these activities with increased student interest in science followed by the selection of science-related careers, should motivate all in-charge stakeholders. In this work, we analysed the outcomes of the Bosnia Science Olympiad (BSO) as the first national Science Olympiad in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH), aiming the improvement of science education and bringing different ethnic groups under the umbrella of science, in a post-conflict area. The two-day endeavour held in Sarajevo includes competition in four sciencerelated categories (Environment, Engineering, Have an Idea, Web Design) and social activities. In this work, the comprehensive data, including participants’ gender, their ethnic background, cities, schools, and supervisors, over five years, was analysed. The number of participating high-school students increased from 78 to 143, of supervisors from 21 to 95, and of schools from 7 to 15, reaching a wide demographic acceptance to cover all ethnic regions in BiH. The relationship between gender and the selection of a category, shows bias of male participants towards Web Design (21%) and Engineering (40%), and of female students towards “Have an Idea” (40%) and Environment (44%) categories. The contribution of BSO choosing a science career, getting socialized without prejudices, and the improvement of students’ self-confidence, were as well addressed. Our work demonstrates a model work to successfully promote science in post-conflict settings.

Objective New anti-cancer drugs promise to increased survival benefits and reduce adverse events. Trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1) is a novel anti-human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 agent that has shown minimal cardiotoxicity in clinical trials. However, data on real-life outcomes are required. Methods A retrospective review of our center’s medical records was performed, including female patients aged ≥18 years with a diagnosis of metastatic breast cancer who were treated with T-DM1. Descriptive statistics were used to investigate clinical features that could increase the risk of cardiotoxicity. Cardiotoxicity was determined by comparing pre and post-T-DM1 echocardiogram results and was defined as a decrease in the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) >10% to below 55%. Results Data from 41 female patients with a mean age of 52 ± 11.5 years were evaluated. A significant LVEF decrease (from 59% to 33%) was observed in one patient during T-DM1 treatment. Further investigation showed that this decrease was due to underlying coronary artery disease, and LVEF recovered to the baseline value after coronary revascularization. Conclusion T-DM1 seems to be safe in terms of cardiotoxicity. Real-life data with a larger sample size are still needed to confirm the cardiac safety of T-DM1.

Examples are an indispensable part of mathematical thinking through analogy, learning and the teaching process. In this study, the strategies that high school students used in example generation activities in mathematics course; operational and conceptual knowledge levels were determined and their effect on example generation ability was examined. The working group of the study was designed as a case study that followed a qualitative research method; the study consisted of 22 students attending high school in the 2016-2017 academic year. As a data collection tool, example generation questions were administered to the students. To analyze students' example generation processes in depth, semi-structured interviews were conducted and data obtained from the interviews were analyzed using a content analysis method. The results showed that the students used trial and error strategy more than transformation strategy while generating examples but no finding of analysis strategy was obtained. Factors affecting the students' example generation skills negatively included the lack of a mathematical equivalent of the concept images related to the topics covered by the questions and their not having a high enough level of concept knowledge. Results also indicated that conceptual knowledge had a positive effect on the ability to generate examples. Keywords: example generation, conceptual knowledge, procedural knowledge

Glucosylceramidase (GCase) is a lysosomal enzyme that catalyzes the cleavage of β-glucosidic linkage of glucocerebroside (GC) into glucose and ceramide; thereby, plays an essential function in the degradation of complex lipids and the turnover of cellular membranes.The growing list of 460 mutations in the gene coding for it—glucosylceramidase beta acid 1 (GBA1)—is reported to abolish its catalytic activity and decrease its enzyme stability, associating it with severe health conditions such as Gaucher disease (GD), Parkinson Disease (PD) and Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB).Although the three-dimensional structure of wild type glucosylceramidase is elucidated, little is known about its features in human cells. Moreover, alternative sources of GCase that prove to be effective in the treatment of diseases with enzyme treatment therapies, impose the need for a simple and cost-effective procedure to study the enzyme behavior. This work, for the first time, shows a well-established, yet simple, cost- and time-efficient protocol for the study of GCase enzyme in human leukocytes by the artificial substrate p-Nitrophenyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (PNPG). Characterization of the enzyme in human leukocytes for activation parameters (optimal pH, Km, and Vmax) and enzyme inhibition was done. The results indicate that the optimum pH of GCase enzyme with PNPG is 5.0. The Km and Vmax values are 12.6mM and 333 U/mg, respectively. Gluconolactone competitively inhibits GCase, with a Ki value of 0.023 mM and IC50 of 0.047 mM. Glucose inhibition is uncompetitive with a Ki of 1.94 mM and IC50 of 55.3 mM. This is the first report for the inhibitory effect of glucose, δ-gluconolactone on human leukocyte GCase activity.

Teknolojideki gelişmeler bireylerin teknolojik araçlara ve uygulamalara olan erişimini arttırma ve bireylerin dijital ortamda faaliyetlerini yerine getirmesine neden olmuştur. Dijital teknolojiler insanları birçok şekilde etkisi altına almış durumdadır. Sağlık ve sağlık hizmetlerini de etkisi altına alan bu teknolojilerin, iş verimliliğini arttırmak, hizmet kalitesini yükseltmek ve güvenli bir hizmet çevresi oluşturmak gibi etkileri bulunmaktadır. Bu teknolojiler veri yönetimi ve analizi, mobil teknolojiler, sosyal ağlar, internet, e-mail, giyilebilir veya vücuda yerleştirilebilir yüksek düzeyli uygulamaları ve araçları kullanarak insan sağlığının geliştirilmesini amaçlamaktadır. Bu teknoloji ve uygulamalar bireyin sağlık durumu hakkında doktora ya da ilgili diğer sağlık çalışanına gerçek zamanlı veriler sağlayarak bireyin sağlık durumunun sürekli kontrol altında tutulmasına imkan sağlamaktadır. Çevresel, davranışsal, psikolojik ve fiziki açıdan bireyin sağlık durumunu izlemeye imkan veren bu teknolojiler daha kontrol edilebilir, verimli ve etkili bir sağlık sisteminin oluşumuna öncülük etmektedir. Çalışmada, günümüz sağlık hizmetlerinde ve sağlık hizmetleri kullanıcıları tarafından kullanılmaya başlanan ve gelecek yıllarda kullanımının yaygınlaşması beklenen dijital sağlık teknolojileri ve uygulamalarından, faydalarından, sakıncalarından ve ülkemizdeki mevcut durumdan bahsedilecektir.

Background and aim: Heavy metals have been recognized as toxins for centuries. Cupping therapy has been shown to aid in the excretion of accumulated fluids and toxins from the interstitial fluid. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of wet cupping therapy on blood levels of heavy metals. Methods: Thirteen healthy male individuals [mean age ± standard deviation, 28.47 ± 6.18] participated in this study. Venous blood samples were collected 5 min before and 30 days after the wet cupping therapy. Five points of the posterior neck and bilateral perispinal areas of the neck and thoracic spine were selected for cupping therapy. The levels of aluminium (Al), zinc (Zn), and cadmium (Cd) were measured using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Results: The levels of heavy metals (Al, Zn, and Cd) after cupping therapy were significantly lower than the levels before therapy. Conclusions: These results suggest that wet cupping therapy has an excretory effect on the kidney. Wet cupping therapy may clear blood from excess heavy metals. Keywords: complementary therapy, cupping, heavy metal, wet cupping therapy

This article deals with the Islamist movement and its ideology throughout the process of modernization and analyzes the political discourse of the Islamists about a world of consumption and the Islamic lifestyle. The article depicts the course of the Islamist political discourse from the beginning. The political discourse of the Islamists showed variations depending on the changing domestic and foreign conjunctions. Developed through a defensive understanding in the final period of the Ottoman State, the discourse of the Islamist movement underwent further changes in the following periods, which was influenced by the internal conditions of the country and developments outside. As the Islamist movement has always adapted to modern political life, political and intellectual changes in the modern period caused the Islamist discourse to change politically and acquire an appropriate language for the new situation.

Textures are point-set setting for fuzzy sets, and they provide a framework for the complement-free mathematical concepts. Further dimetric on textures is a gener- alization of classical metric spaces. The aim of this paper is to give some properties of dimetric texture space by using categorical approach. We prove that the category of clas- sical metric spaces is isomorphic to a full subcategory of dimetric texture spaces, and give a natural transformation from metric topologies to dimetric ditopologies. Further, it is pre- sented a relation between dimetric texture spaces and quasi-pseudo metric spaces in the sense of J. F. Kelly.

This article examines the process of development of the political left since its inception in Turkey in a context when the republic was established as a nation state and 1917 October Revolution. It looks at how the movement has been transformed with the collapse of the Soviet Union and with the changes in domestic politics. The historical process of the Turkish left is divided into three eras: The first from the beginning of the republic to the 1960s; the second from 1960 to 1980; and the third from 1980 to the present day. In this era, the left has not had that organized structure and influence as in the second era.

Amaç: Doku Doppler görüntüleme, sağ ve sol ventrikülün fonksiyonlarının non-invazif değerlendirilmesine olanak verir. Çalışmamızın amacı, hemodiyalizin sağ ve sol ventrikül fonksiyonlarına akut etkisini non-invazif olarak doku Doppler görüntüleme aracılığıyla değerlendirmektir. Yöntem: Çalışmamızda kronik hemodiyaliz proğramına devam eden 30 hasta (ortalama yaş: 45 ± 15 yıl) incelendi. Hemodiyaliz öncesi ve sonrasında farklı kardiyak bölgelerden miyokardiyal (Sm, Em, Am) ve annüler (Ea, Aa) velositeler doku Doppler aracılığıyla ölçüldü. Bulgular: Hemodiyaliz sonrası, Ea anlamlı olarak 10.8 ± 3.4 cm/s"den 9.6 ± 2.4 cm/s" ye düştü (p = 0.029) Ölçüm yapılan tüm kardiyak segmentlerde hemodiyaliz sonrası ölçülen Em değeri anlamlı olarak daha düşük bulundu. Ölçüm yapılan her kardiyak segmentte ayrı ayrı olmak üzere Em/Am oranı hemodiyaliz sonrasında anlamlı derecede düştü. Sağ ventrikül değerlendirmesinde ölçüm yapılan tüm segmentlerde Sm, Em ve Am anlamlı olarak hemodiyaliz sonrası düştü. Ön duvar Em değeri, ultrafiltrasyon volümüyle pozitif ilişkili saptanırken; (r = 0.25, p = 0.006) sağ ventrikül bazal segmentinde Sm değerindeki düşüş diyastolik kan basıncı düşüşüyle korele bulundu. (r=0.23, p

FUNDAMENTO: Tem-se observado que a depressão é preditora de reinternação e mortalidade na insuficiência cardíaca. O hormônio da paratireoide é um biomarcador novo e promissor que pode predizer a internação, a capacidade funcional e a mortalidade na insuficiência cardíaca. OBJETIVO: Nosso objetivo foi investigar a associação da depressão aos níveis séricos de hormônio da paratireoide em pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca sistólica. MÉTODOS: Cem pacientes ambulatoriais consecutivos com IC sistólica com fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo < 40% foram examinados prospectivamente. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos a exames laboratoriais, incluindo análises de peptídeo natriurético cerebral e de hormônio da tireoide. Os pacientes foram convidados a completar o Inventário de Depressão de Beck-II. RESULTADOS: Cinquenta e um pacientes (51%) apresentavam escore de BDI ruim (escore de BDI > 18). Esses pacientes apresentavam níveis de hormônio da paratireoide significativamente mais elevados em comparação com aqueles com bons escores de BDI (133 ± 46 pg/ml versus 71 ± 26 pg/ml, p < 0,001). No modelo de regressão logística multivariada, constatou-se que o nível do hormônio da tireoide (razão de chances (OR) = 1.035, p = 0,003), fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo (OR = 0,854, p = 0,004), classe funcional III / IV (OR = 28,022, p = 0,005), C-reactive protein (CRP) (OR = 1,088, p = 0,020) e presença de edema pré-tibial (OR = 12,341, p = 0,033) constituíam preditores independentes de depressão moderada a importante após o ajuste de outros possíveis fatores de confusão. CONCLUSÃO: Pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca sistólica com depressão moderada a importante apresentavam níveis séricos elevados de hormônio da tireoide e CRP, capacidade funcional ruim e fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo mais baixa. A associação da depressão com esses parâmetros pode explicar a contribuição da depressão para a internação e a mortalidade na insuficiência cardíaca.

Purpose: Doppler tissue imaging (DTI) allows noninvasive assessment of both left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) function. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of hemodialysis (HD) on LV and RV function using DTI. Method: Our study group included 30 patients on chronic HD program (mean age 45 15 years). Myocardial (Sm, Em, Am) and annular velocities (Ea, Aa) were measured in several cardiac territories before and after HD. Results: After HD, Ea significantly reduced from 10.8 3.4 cm/s to 9.6 2.4 cm/s (p = 0.029). Patients exhibited a lower Em following HD in all measured territories. Em/Am ratio was also reduced for each LV wall investigated after HD in all measured territories. At the RV segments, Sm, Em, and Am decreased significantly in all measured territories. Em of the anterior wall was positively related to ultrafiltration volume (r = 0.25, p = 0.006), whereas the decrease of Sm of RV basal segment correlated with a decrease of diastolic blood pressure (r = 0.23, p < 0.01). Conclusion: Our data indicate that a single HD session is associated with acute changes of systolic and diastolic parameters of LV and RV. [Cukurova Med J 2012; 37(4.000): 215-222]

In this study, which investigates the relationship between the levels of stereopsis with eye and hand dominance or interpupillary distance, 120 healthy young volunteers were investigated. Eye dominance was determined by modified Miles technique following a complete eye examination. Handedness was assessed with the Edinburgh handedness inventory. Interpupillary distance was measured with millimetric ruler. Stereoacuity was measured in both contour (Titmus test) and random dot (TNO test) stereograms. The stereopsis scores were evaluated in terms of hand or eye dominance. The correlation between stereopsis score and interpupillary distance was assessed. Main outcome measures were stereopsis scores according to hand and eye dominance. As a result, right- and left-handed individuals showed no differences in terms of stereopsis. No differences were found in stereopsis scores between right- and left-eye dominant people. There was a correlation between interpupillary distance and the depth of stereopsis (r=-0.248,P

Keystone of medical education is Anatomy. On the other hamd, the must of anotomy education is to conduct it over cadavers. Most medicine curriculum depends on cadavers to teach macroscopic anatomy. The shortages experienced in the supply of cadavers is a known fact for the anatomy world. The reason for this is the fall in the number of unclanatomy. However, a way of reversing this situation in our country has emerged recently through plastinated cadavers. Plastination is a method where anatomical samples are freed from fats and water and coated with a polymer substance, that is, tissue fat and water are replaimed cadavers and decrease in cadaver donation and one of the probable solutions is to increase the number of cadaver donation. The question how long medical education can be maintained at our country with insufficient cadavers is asked loudly for a long time in the world of aced by durable polymer. This method was found by Prof. Dr. Gunther von Hagens of Heidelberg University in 1978. In the last 20 years, plastination has become an important tool to protect well dissected species and human parts and organs. To increase the use life of dissected cadavers used for a long time by plastinating them shall provided various benefits by keeping them in more hygienci conditions and away from damages of formaldehyde. Thus, more cleaner and suitable environment may be provided for lectures. We can be released from more difficult traditional cadaver keeping methods and their use in classes through plastinated cadavers. Formalin evaporating from the tissues causes miscellaneous damages on eyes, skin and mucosa. Further, it deteriorates the air in the environment and influences the quality of education. Furthermore, tissues and organs being far from their natural appearance prevents the opportunity of holding them for macroscopic examination. The students lose interest in the course due to these reasons and this causes them to be unsuccessful. In addition, the students and academic staff ask for an odorless, dry, robust medium which lasts longer and is more healthier which they shall be able to use without needing protective equipment such as gloves and masks, and a real educational material. In the last decade, the role of anatomic training has significantly changed in the curriculum for undergraduate education in medicine. Plastination is considered to be the most valid method to increase the storage, protection and use time of the cadavers used as educational material and to introduce the best samples as "ideal educational material". Recently, plastinated cadaver is offered as a revolution to the students for human and veterinary anatomy. While the discussion about the application purposes of and remarks on plastinated cadavers increase, the exhibition of plastinated cadavers and organs attracts the interest of millions of people all around the world. Therefore, ethic rules must also be considered in the plastination process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first modern studies on human anthropometry started to appear in the 18th century. C.F. Jampert (1754), G.L. de Buffon (1749-67), and Philibert Gueneau de Montbeillard (1777) left their marks in this field with the study dealing with the physical development of children, the study revealing the differences between cross-sectional and longitudinal studies, and the first longitudinal study of growth respectively. In the late 1800s, Cesare Lombroso and Eugene Vidocq supported their criminal studies with anthropometry. Quetelet was one of the first people launching the evaluation of anthropometric data via mathematical and statistical methods in the 19th century. In Turkey, the first study involving anthropology and focusing on human being directly was the work of fiemsettin Sami entitled "İnsan [Human Being]" published in the 19th century. The oldest study about the growth and development of Turkish children was carried out by Nafi Atıf Kansu in 1917. Nurettin ırdelp, Neched Eumer, Mouchet, and others who were among the founders of the Turkish Anthropology Research Center conducted the study entitled ½ıstanbul'daki Türk, Rum, Ermeni ve Musevi çocuklarının neşvünemaları üzerine tetkikler [Examinations on the growths of the Turkish, Greek, Armenian, and Jewish children in Istanbul]" between 1926 and 1927 and published it Türk Antropoloji Mecmuası [Turkish Anthropology Journal] in 1927. In the study entitled ½Üsküdar süt ve mektep çocukları dispanseri çalıflmasından; çocuklarda büyüme nispetleri [Growth ratios of children based on the study conducted in Üsküdar Dispensary for nurslings and schoolchildren]" and carried out in 1938, S. B Tümay divided poor, middle class, and rich children into groups and evaluated them. Ş. A. Kansu, N. Gökçül, N. Çınar, K. Kökten, and M. Kınay contributed to the development of anthropometry with their studies in 1939. They were followed by N. ılbars and Z. Yalım in 1940. The studies until Yalım's research found out that height and weight values of the Turkish schoolchildren were much lower than the anthropometric values of their peers in the USA and Europe. Published between 1954 and 1957, the study of E. Y. Bostancı performed 35 anthropometric measurements on 832 male and 847 female schoolchildren in Ankara and evaluated such children in terms of various indices. This study was followed by Çiner who conducted an anthropometric study on 1838 women in the 20 to 40 age group in 1960 and Hertzberg et al. who carried out a study on 915 Turkish soldiers within the scope of a NATO research in the same period (1960-61). The most recent study in this field is the one conducted by Erksin Güleç et al. on 2100 women and men across the country in 2004 to 2005. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the isokinetic knee muscular force ratios of İnönü University School of Physical Education and Sports (SPES) students that had different somatotype characteristics but did not have any symptom. Methods: 179 students from İnönü University SPES that did not have any illness participated in the study. Among the students participating in this study, height and weight values, skinfold thickness in four different places (triceps, subscapular, suprailiac, calf), bone width in two different regions (knee and elbow width), and two circumference values (arm, calf) were calculated. The somatotype characteristics of all participants were calculated through the "Heath-Carter" formula. The knee flexion and extension muscular forces of the participants were measured via the "Biodex System 3" Isokinetic test and the Exerciser (Model: 830-220) at such different angular speeds as 90o/s, 120o/s, and 150o/s. The dominant and the non-dominant knee muscular forces of all participants were tested. The "Kolmogorov Smirnov" test was performed for determining whether or not the data were homogenous. After it was found that the data did not have a homogenous distribution, the "Kruskal Wallis H" test was performed for multiple group comparisons. The data obtained in the study were analyzed via SPSS for Windows 21.0. The research data were presented in terms of arithmetic mean (X), standard deviation (sd), and p<.05 significance level. Results: It was determined that there were 13 different somatotype groups. It was found out that the individuals with the Balanced Mesomorph somatotype had the highest isokinetic knee muscular force ratio at all angular speeds; they were followed by the individuals with the Endomorph Mesomorph somatotype; and the individuals with the Mesomorph Ectomorph somatotype had the third highest isokinetic knee muscular force ratio. No significant difference was found in regard to the other groups. Based on the Kruskal Wallis H-Test analysis, it was seen that the somatotype difference led to a significant difference in dominant and non-dominant knee flexion peak force values at the 90∘ angular speed; in dominant knee flexion and extension peak force values at the 120∘ angular speed; and in dominant flexion and extension peak force values at the 150∘ angular speed. Conclusion: It was understood that the participants having the Balanced Mesomorph somatotype among different somatotype characteristics had higher isokinetic knee muscular force ratios in comparison to the other groups. Thus, it may be accepted as a criterion for selecting athletes for branches that require force in particular. However, there is still a need for research to be conducted on larger sample groups or athletes of different levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the influences of different somatotype characteristics of İnönü University School of Physical Education and Sports (SPES) students that did not have any symptom on their dynamic balance scores. Methods: 179 students from different grades of İnönü University SPES participated in the study. The somatotype characteristics of all participants were calculated through the "Heath-Carter" formula. The dynamic balance scores of the participants were measured through the "Biodex Balance Simulator (Model: 945-302)". Balance measurements were performed as overall balance, anterior/posterior balance, and medial/lateral balance. The first statistical operation performed in the study was the "Kolmogorov Smirnov" test aimed at determining whether or not the data were homogenous. After it was found that the data did not have a homogenous distribution, the "Kruskal Wallis H" test was performed for multiple group comparisons. The data obtained in the study were analyzed via SPSS for Windows 21.0. The research data were presented in terms of arithmetic mean (X), standard deviation (sd), and p<.05 significance level. Results: Based on the measurements performed, 13 different somatotype body types were determined. At the end of the dynamic balance measurements, it was seen that overall balance varied between 1.2 and 12.3 and had an average of 5.0±2.2; anterior/ posterior balance varied between 0.7 and 8.2 and had an average of 3.7±1.6; and finally medial/lateral balance varied between 0.7 and 11.1 and had an average of 3.4±1.9. Furthermore, it was understood that the highest overall balance score was achieved by the individuals with the Mesomorph Endomorph somatotype; the highest anterior/ posterior balance score was achieved by the individuals with the Mesomorph Ectomorph somatotype; and the highest medial/lateral balance score was achieved by the individuals with the Mesomorph Ectomorph somatotype. Conclusion: Based on the p values obtained in the present study, no significance difference was found between overall balance, anterior/posterior balance, and medial/lateral balance performances and somatotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study aimed at retrospectively investigating how such morphometric measures of right bulbus oculi (RBO) and left bulbus oculi (LBO) as camera anterior, lens, vitreous, and total axial length varied among cataract patients by age and gender. Methods: This study employed the camera anterior, lens, vitreous, and total axial length measures obtained from the RBOs and LBOs of the patients coming to Diyarbakır Gazi Yaşargil Training and Research Hospital Eye Diseases Clinic for cataract operation in preop. Based on such measures, the data were subjected to t-test and correlation analysis. IBM SPSS Statistics 22.0 for Windows was used in analyses. Results: The data obtained from 118 subjects 63 (53%) of whom were male, and 55 (47%) of whom were female were included in analysis. While the average age of the males was 70 ±11, that of the females was 70±13. The t-test indicated that vitreous and total axial length obtained from RBO and total axial length obtained from LBO varied significantly by gender, but camera anterior and lens obtained from RBO and LBO and vitreous obtained from LBO did not vary significantly by gender. The correlation analysis demonstrated that camera anterior and vitreous obtained from RBO and LBO had a poor negative relationship with age; and lens obtained from RBO and LBO had a poor positive relationship with age. Conclusion: It was concluded that such RBO and LBO measures as camera anterior, lens, vitreous, and total axial length had a poor relationship with age and gender. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Various studies have showed that physical activity has a positive effect on bone mass during growth and even adolescence. However, details about the nature and size of such relationship are still unclear. This study aimed to investigate the rolling effects of exercises of different frequency and intensity on bone mineral density (BMD) in different anatomic regions of body. Methods: Among the national team athletes who danced halay and played horon (each group consisted of 26 individuals), those who were not in the 20-27 age range were excluded from analyses. In this way, 3 groups (13 horon players 6 of whom were female and 7 of whom were male [average age 22±2.3 years; age range 20-27 years]; 20 halay dancers 11 of whom were female and 9 of whom were male [average age 22±1.8 years; age range 20-26 years]; and 19 individuals 10 of whom were female and 9 of whom were male who were not involved in any folk dancing [average age 22±1.7 years; age range 20-25 years]) were included in the study. The paired-samples t-test, the one-way ANOVA, and the Tukey's test were employed to determine the main effects and combined effects on BMD. Results: There was no significant difference between subjects in terms of age, weight, and height. When the athletes older than 20 who were engaged in sports for 6 to 10 years were considered, no difference was found between the horon players and the halay players in terms of age, weight, height, waist circumference, and right and left calf circumferences (p>0.05). While no difference was found between the horon players and the halay dancers in terms of lumbar and proximal femur values, the horon players were found to have statistically significantly higher forearm BMD values (0.56±0.09) (p: 0.009). The lumbar total BMD was found to be the highest in the group not engaged in sports (1.02±0.10), and it was statistically significant (p:0.004). Conclusion: Twisting forces in exercises affect the modeling and remodeling of bones as well as their strength and tension through imposing more force on bones besides leading to an increase in muscle mass and neural maturation. Thus, incremental loading stimulates bone modeling, and cortical bone shape changes result in increase in trabecular BMD and bone strength. Based on the obtained data, it was found out that exercises of different frequency and impact had different effects on BMD in different anatomic regions of the body. There is a need for more research to determine the optimal dose of physical activity for children and adults in order to optimize bone mass acquisitions. Providing important evidences, these results may contribute to health institutions and organizations in determining the types of exercises to be done for obtaining the peak BMD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To examine the morphometric properties of the vessels forming the Willis polygon (WP) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and hypertension (HT) and compare them with healthy individuals., Material and Methods: Cranial Tomography Angiography (CTA) of 168 individuals were analyzed retrospectively. The individuals included in the study were divided into four groups according to the diagnosis. Group 1 included 40 individuals who were diagnosed with HT, Group 2 included 43 individuals who were diagnosed with DM, Group 3 included 42 individuals who were diagnosed with DM and HT, and Group 4 was the control group and included 43 individuals. The diameter and length measurements of the vessels forming the WP were included in our study., Results: According to the results of the Kruskal Wallis H test, in female patients statistically significant differences were detected in the diameter measurements of the right and left A1 segment of the ACA, the diameter measurement of the left A2 segment, the diameter measurements of the right and left P1 and P2 segments of the ACP, the diameter measurements of the right and left AComP. (p < 0.05), in male patients statistically significant differences were found in the diameter of the right A1 segment of the ACA, the diameter and segment length measurements of the right and left P1 segments of the ACP, of the right and left P2 diameter measurements, and segment length measurements of the left AComP (p < 0.05)., Conclusion: We also found that the vessel diameters were similar in the HT, DM and HT+DM groups, and smaller than the control group. In addition, we think that knowing WP morphometric measurements will both guide the radio-anatomical evaluations to be made and increase the level of microanatomical knowledge in surgical treatment.

Aim: This multi-centered, longitudinal, and prospective study aims to identify women's sexual functions, sexual quality of life, and depression and their relationships with each other in the pregnancy and postpartum periods., Methods: The participating pregnant women (n = 113) were interviewed six times: once in each trimester, and once in the eighth week third month, and sixth month postpartum. This study was conducted in three regions of Turkey including Marmara, Mediterranean, and Central Anatolia regions. Data were collected through the "Socio-demographic Form," "Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI)," Sexual Quality of Life-Female Questionnaire (SQLQ-F), and "Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D)." While the first interviews were administered face to face, successive ones were administered via phone., Results: The sexual dysfunction rates of the participants were found to be high in the pregnancy and postpartum periods, and their sexual quality of life, which decreased as the pregnancy months progressed, was found to increase significantly with the progress in the postpartum period. The sexual dysfunction increased and sexual quality of life decreased significantly with the increase in depression symptoms in the pregnancy and postpartum periods. When the depressive symptoms decreased especially in the sixth month postpartum, sexual quality of life was also found to increase., Conclusions: As a result, in the pregnancy and postpartum periods, it is highly important to provide women with diagnosis through a holistic approach by creating available environments to assess their psychological health and sexual functions and refer them to the related physicians when necessary., (© 2022 Japan Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology.)

Objectives: This descriptive, cross-sectional study was performed to examine the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on women's reproductive health protective attitudes., Methods: The study sample included 306 women and data were collected through a web-based, online questionnaire. The data were collected using the Personal Information Form, Determination of Married Women's Reproductive Health Protective Attitudes Scale. Descriptive statistics, independent samples t-test, ANOVA test were used to assess the data., Results: The mean scores for Determination of Married Women's Reproductive Health Protective Attitudes Scale significantly differed in terms of education, employment status, income, health insurance and perceived health status (p < 0.05). A total of 69.3% of women had their first pregnancy at the agerange of 21-34 years, 17.6% of the women had four or more pregnancies, 55.6% of the women gave birth 1-3 times, 13.4% of the women gave birth at home and 57.8% of the women did not use modern family planning methods. A total of 23.2% of women experienced a problem with their reproductive organs during the pandemic, 70.6% of them did not present to a health center for their problems and 74.5% of these women did not present to a health center to avoid the risk of COVID-19 transmission. A total of 40.2% of women used the methods they already know at home to relieve their problems and 16.0% of the women used them edications previously prescribed by their doctors., Conclusion: The pandemic negatively affects there productive health of women. In the COVID-19 pandemic, health policies should be planned in accordance with the continuation of reproductive health and sexual health services., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

The aim of this study is to test whether sex prediction can be made by using machine learning algorithms (ML) with parameters taken from computerized tomography (CT) images of cranium and mandible skeleton which are known to be dimorphic. CT images of the cranium skeletons of 150 men and 150 women were included in the study. 25 parameters determined were tested with different ML algorithms. Accuracy (Acc), Specificity (Spe), Sensitivity (Sen), F1 score (F1), Matthews correlation coefficient (Mcc) values were included as performance criteria and Minitab 17 package program was used in descriptive statistical analyses. p ≤ 0.05 value was considered as statistically significant. In ML algorithms, the highest prediction was found with 0.90 Acc, 0.80 Mcc, 0.90 Spe, 0.90 Sen, 0.90 F1 values as a result of LR algorithms. As a result of confusion matrix, it was found that 27 of 30 males and 27 of 30 females were predicted correctly. Acc ratios of other MLs were found to be between 0.81 and 0.88. It has been concluded that the LR algorithm to be applied to the parameters obtained from CT images of the cranium skeleton will predict sex with high accuracy., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Aim: The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between the morphological features of A.carotis interna (ICA) and symptoms affecting cerebral blood circulation including type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and hypertension (HT)., Material and Methods: In this study, retrospective morphometric analysis of ICA measurements from 100 patients (45-60 years old) was performed on Computed Tomographic Angiography (CTA) images. The images were divided into four groups: patients with HT (group 1), patients with T2DM (group 2), patients with HT and T2DM (group 3), and healthy control group (group 4). Length and diameter measurements of the cervical, petrous, cavernous and terminal segments of the ICA were made by using 3D CTA images and recorded. The measurements of the male and female patients were compared by Mann Whitney-U test and the the groups were compared by using Kruskall Wallis H test., Results: It was found that, there were statistically significant differences between male and female patients in terms of right and left petrous, cavernous and terminal segments of the ICA in Group 1, right and left cervical left cavernous in Group 3, left cervical, right and left petrous, cavernous and right cavernous in Group 4 (p 0.05). According to the Kruskall Wallis H test analysis results, it was determined that there was no statistically significant difference between the patients in 4 groups for all segment measurements (p 0.05)., Conclusion: As a result; It was determined that ICA was more affected by hypertension than diabetes. In addition, we think that being knowledgeable of morphometric measurements of ICA will guide the radio-anatomical evaluations and increase the level of microanatomical knowledge in surgical treatment.

Background: Lumbar radiculopathy is characterized by a significant amount of backache causing loss of workforce and is a significant health problem frequently seen in the general population., Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of conventional physiotherapy (CT) and proprioception exercises (PE) on ankle proprioception and lumbar pain between patients with lumbar radiculopathy and a healthy control group., Methods: In this randomized clinical trial, 89 patients referred to the Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation outpatient clinic were selected through convenience sampling. They were randomly assigned to three groups: CT (n= 27), PE (n= 31), CT&PE (n= 31). Thirty healthy volunteers were included in the study as the control group. Proprioception measurements were made with an isokinetic dynamometer at 10∘ dorsiflexion (DF), 11∘, and 25∘ plantarflexion (PF) angles. Lumbar pain was assessed by using the Numerical Pain Rating Scale (NPRS). The data were analyzed by IBM SPSS Statistics version 22.0 via the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests., Results: There was a statistically significant difference between the groups in terms of ankle proprioception and NPRS measurements in post-treatment evaluations (p< 0.05). Statistically significant differences were found between CT and PE groups and CT&PE and control groups. There was no statistically significant difference in comparing CT and PE groups and CT&PE and control groups within themselves (p> 0.05)., Conclusion: The combined use of CT and PE is an effective method that can be used in the clinic to reduce angular differences in ankle proprioception which is one of the primary factors of balance and coordination and lumbar pain.

Objective: Herniated cervical intervertebral disc (cervical disc herniation [CDH]) with radiculopathy is known to occur in seven or eight out of 100 people worldwide. This disease causes movement limitation, loss of strength, and pain of upper extremity. The aim of this study is the effect of conventional physiotherapy agents on predetermined parameters in patients with cervical radiculopathy and to compare the results with healthy controls., Methods: A total of 102 patients with CDH with radiculopathy and 98 healthy controls were included in the study. Visual reaction time (VRT) and auditory reaction time (ART) measurements were evaluated with reaction timer, while the pain was assessed with visual analog scale (VAS) and handgrip strength (HGS) assessed with hand dynamometer, respectively. Conventional physiotherapy (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, hot pack application, and therapeutic ultrasound) agents were applied 5 days/week for 3 weeks as treatment protocol., Results: As a result, VAS, VRT, and ART scores were significantly decreased, and HGS scores increased significantly in both female and male patients post-treatment measures (p<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference between patient group and control group measurements in post-treatment evaluations (p>0.05)., Conclusion: This study presents the conclusion to literature that conventional physiotherapy agents have the effect of decreasing pain and regaining motor function and also a therapeutic effect on VRT and ART in the treatment of patients with CDH with radiculopathy., Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest: No conflict of interest was declared by the authors., (Copyright © by by Istanbul Provincial Directorate of Health - Available online at www.northclinist.com.)

Objectives: The aim of the study was to compare the hippocampus sizes of healthy medical faculty students, who were exposed to an intense data input and who underwent serious learning activity and those of healthy sport faculty students who did sports regularly by using MR images and to examine the relationship between a hippocampus size and intelligence., Methods: We made the study with 58 healthy young males (27 sport sciences faculty students and 31 medical faculty students). R. B. Cattell 3A Culture Fair Intelligence Test was administered to the volunteers. Following this, we got MR images of our volunteers., Results: We could not find a statistically significant difference between medical faculty students and sport sciences faculty students in terms of hippocampus volumes. We could not find a correlation between IQ values and hippocampus volumes. Also, we could not find a significant difference between a right and left hippocampus., Conclusion: While doing sport, blood flow increases in the hippocampus, as in all areas of the body. This increased blood flow creates a stimulating effect on neurogenesis. Neurons, which develop as the result of neurogenesis, mean an increase in volume (Tab. 4, Ref. 54).

Objective: Stress is a condition caused by various factors and characterized by imbalance in body functioning, impair in nervous system, and tension. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of cortisol level, which increases in healthy young individuals due to stress, on dynamic and static balance scores as well as to present the results caused by high levels of stress., Methods: In this study, 107 healthy medicine faculty students in their second year (who will take the same committee exam) aged between 19 and 23 years were included. The first balance measurements and saliva samples were taken 40 days before the committee exam, and this period was acknowledged as the relaxed period. The same students were considered for balance measurements again on the day of committee exam; saliva samples were collected, and cortisol concentration was determined. This period was acknowledged as the stressful period. The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) was given to the participants in their relaxed and stressful periods. Dynamic balance scores were measured with Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT). Static balance scores were measured with One Leg Standing Balance Test (OLSBT)., Results: The mean cortisol level was found to increase approximately 9 times in stressful periods compared with that in relaxed periods. STAI, which shows state anxiety, showed an increase supporting this increase. In stressful periods, dynamic balance scores showed obvious decrease in all directions. In addition, in stressful periods, an obvious decrease was observed in static balance scores compared with those in relaxed periods., Conclusion: This study showed that stress negatively affected dynamic and static balance, even for short periods of time. We believe that our study will form a positive source and basis when correlated with long terms stress and balance measurements., Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Cataract is considered to be the primary reason for curable blindness that is caused by progressive loss of lens transparency and affects millions of people around the world. This study aims to analyze the changes in morphometric qualities of bulbus oculi (BO) as well as its morphometric measurements such as anterior chamber depth (ACD), lens thickness (LT), vitreous length (VL), axial length (AL), etc. depending on age and gender in cataract patients through comparison with healthy eyes. 200 eyes with cataract were separately analyzed in five different categories of ages for males and females at the ages of 40-89. Biometric measurements of a total of 128 eyes (64 males and 64 females) were used as the control group. The study revealed a strong negative relation between age and ACD and a strong positive relation between age and LT in males and females for healthy eyes and eyes with cataract (P < 0.05). No significant relation was found for VL and AL in either gender (P > 0.05). A significant decrease was observed in ACD with aging while a positive correlation with age was detected in LT. We believe that the data obtained from this study will serve as a guide for BO interventions, diagnose and treatment stages and training of physician assistants. Anat Rec, 299:1308-1312, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., (© 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)

Oligo-2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde (OHNA) was synthesized by oxidative polycondensation using H2O2 (35%, aqueous solution), air O2 and NaOCl (34%, aqueous solution) by Kaya and Senol and the products were characterized by spectral techniques. Antimicrobial activities of the first and second fractions of OHNA were tested against Corynobacterium xerosis CCM 2824, Proteus vulgaris ATCC 6897, Staphylococcus epidermidis NRRL B-4877, S. aureus ATCC 6538, Enterobacter aerogenes ATCC 13048, Salmonella thyphimurium CCM 5445, Pseudomonas aeroginosa ATCC 27853, Escherichia coli ATCC 11230, E. coli ATCC 23998, Bacillus cereus ATCC 7064, B. cereus ATCC 99, B. subtilis ATCC 6633, Yersinia spp., Neisseria canis, Rhodotorula rubra, Kluyveromyces fragilis NRRL 2415, Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC 9763, S. ovarum, Debaryomyces hensenii, Hansenula anamola, Candida albicans, C. utilis, Aspergillus niger, A. fumigates, A. versicolor, A. flavus, A. parasiticus, Penicillium granulatum, P. chrysogenum, and P. herque. OHNA demonstrated antimicrobial activity against various bacteria and yeast, but did not affect filamentous fungi.