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The principle of inclusive education has been increasingly recognised over recent decades and most countries officially support schooling of children with disabilities in mainstream settings. The SPARCLE study offers the opportunity to report on the schooling practices for children with cerebral palsy according to the nature and severity of their impairments and the schooling policy in European regions. The aim of this paper is to describe the type of schooling of children with cerebral palsy in various European regions after controlling for relevant individual factors. Children aged 8-12 years with cerebral palsy from 9 European regions and their families were interviewed. Our findings support the hypothesis that between-region variations in the type of schooling are still significant after adjustment for individual factors; and that motor function and intellectual ability have different effects on inclusion in mainstream school, depending on the region. (Contains 3 tables and 1 figure.)

Objective To estimate prevalence of suicidal ideation and suicidal ideation with a plan in each Surveyed country and to examine cross-national differences in associated risk factors. Methods We analysed data of students aged 13-17 years who participated in the 2003-2012 Global School-based Health Surveys in 32 countries, of which 29 are low- and middle-income. We used random effects meta-analysis to generate regional and overall pooled estimates. Multivariable logistic regression was used to estimate risk ratios for the associated risk factors. Population attributable fractions were estimated based on adjusted risk ratios and the prevalence of the determinants within each exposure level. Findings Across all countries, the pooled 12-month prevalence of suicide ideation were 16.2% (95% confidence Interval, CI: 15.6 to 16.7) among females and 12.2% (95% CI: 11.7 to 12.7) among males and ideation with a plan were 8.3% (95% CI: 7.9 to 8.7) among females and 5.8% (95% CI: 5.5 to 6.1) among males. Suicide Ideation In the WHO Region of the Americas was higher in females than males, with an estimated prevalence ratio of 1.70 (95% CI: 1.60 to 1.81), while this ratio was 1.04 (95% CI: 0.98 to 1.10) in the WHO African Region. Factors associated with suicidal ideation in most countries Included experiences of bullying and physical violence, loneliness, limited parental support and alcohol and tobacco use. Conclusion The prevalence of adolescent suicidal behaviours varies across countries, yet a consistent set of risk factors of suicidal behaviours emerged across all regions and most countries. Objectif Estimer la prevalence de l'ideation suicidaire et de l'ideation suicidaire avec un plan dans chacun des pays etudies et examiner les differences entre les pays concernant les facteurs de risque associes. Methodes Nous avons analyse des donnees recueillies aupres d'eleves ages de 13 a 17 ans ayant participe aux Enquetes mondiales realisees en milieu scolaire sur la sante des eleves entre 2003 et 2012 dans 32 pays, dont 29 a revenu faible et intermediaire. Nous avons utilise une metaanalyse a effets randomises pour produire des estimations globales au niveau regional et general. Une regression logistique multivariee a ete utilisee pour estimer les risques relatifs pour les facteurs de risque associes. Des fractions attribuables en population ont ete estimees a partir des risques relatifs ajustes et de la prevalence des determinants pour chaque niveau d'exposition. Resultats Dans tous les pays, la prevalence globale de l'ideation suicidaire sur 12 mois etait de 16,2% (intervalle de confiance, IC, a 95%: 15,6-16,7) pour les filles et de 12,2% (IC a 95%: 11,7-12,7) pour les garcons et la prevalence de l'ideation avec un plan etait de 8,3% (IC a 95%: 7,9-8,7) pour les filles et de 5,8% (IC a 95%: 5,5-6,1) pour les garcons. Dans la Region OMS des Ameriques, l'ideation suicidaire etait plus importante chez les filles que chez les garcons, le taux de prevalence etant estime a 1,70 (IC a 95%: 1,60-1,81) dans cette region contre 1,04 (IC a 95%: 0,98-1,10) dans la Region OMS de l'Afrique. Dans la plupart des pays, les facteurs associes a l'ideation suicidaire incluaient des cas de harcelement et de violence physique, la solitude, un soutien parental limite et une consommation d'alcool et de tabac. Conclusion Si la prevalence des comportements suicidaires des adolescents varie selon les pays, un ensemble coherent de facteurs de risque associes aux comportements suicidaires est ressorti dans toutes les regions et dans la plupart des pays. Objetivo Estimar la prevalencia de pensamientos suicidas y de pensamientos suicidas con un plan en los paises encuestados y analizar las diferencias transversales de los factores de riesgo relacionados. Metodos Se analizaron datos de estudiantes de edades comprendidas entre los 13 y 17 anos que participaron en las Encuestas Mundiales de Salud a Escolares de 2003-2012 en 32 paises, de los cuales 29 tienen ingresos bajos y medios. Se utilizo un metaanalisis de efectos aleatorios para generar estimaciones agrupadas generales y regionales. Se uso una regresion logistica multivariable para calcular los coeficientes de riesgo relacionados con los factores de riesgo. Se calcularon fracciones atribuibles a la poblacion segun los coeficientes de riesgo ajustados y la prevalencia de los determinantes de cada nivel de exposicion. Resultados En todos los paises, los resultados de la recopilacion durante 12 meses de datos sobre la prevalencia de pensamientos suicidas fueron del 16,2% (intervalo de confianza, IC, del 95%: 15,6 a 16,7) entre las mujeres y del 12,2% (IC del 95%: 11,7 a 12,7) entre los hombres, y las cifras de pensamientos suicidas con un plan fueron del 8,3% (IC del 95%: 7,9 a 8,7) entre las mujeres y del 5,8% (IC del 95%: 5,5 a 6,1) entre los hombres. En la region de America de la OMS, las cifras de pensamientos suicidas eran mayores en mujeres que en hombres, con un coeficiente de prevalencia calculado del 1,70 (IC del 95%: 1,60 a 1,81), mientras que el mismo coeficiente fue del 1,04 (IC del 95%: 0,98 a 1,10) en la region africana de la OMS. En la mayoria delos paises, los factores relacionados con los pensamientos suicidas incluian experiencias de acoso y violencia fisica, soledad, escaso apoyo de los padres y consumo de alcohol y tabaco. Conclusion La prevalencia de las conductas suicidas de los adolescentes es diferente segun el pais, aunque ha surgido un conjunto de factores de riesgo de conducta suicida similares en todas las regiones y en la mayoria de los paises., Introduction Worldwide, suicide accounts for an estimated 6% of all deaths among young people. (1) As the second leading cause of mortality among females and the third leading cause among [...]

Aim: Although inclusive education of disabled children is now an accepted practice, it is often challenged by negative peer attitudes. We undertook an interventional study aimed at improving students' attitudes towards their disabled peers. Method: The participants were students from the 7th grade of twelve paired schools (1509 students from 62 classes; age 12-13y), randomly allocated to an intervention group (205 males, 285 females) or a control group (132 males, 165 females). The intervention consisted of a mandatory comprehensive educational project on disability. The Chedoke-McMaster Attitudes Towards Children with Handicaps Scale (CATCH) was used to assess children's attitudes before (T0) and after (T1) intervention. The hierarchical structure of the data was taken into account by adjusting standard deviations and using linear multilevel models. Results: Seven hundred and eighty-four students had at least one score on the three domains (cognitive, affective, behavioural) of the CATCH at T0 and T1. The final scores were higher than baseline scores (total scores, intervention group: baseline score 25.6 (SD=5.4), final score 26.8 (5.9), p less than 0.001; Control group: baseline 25.2 (5.4), final 26.0 (5.7), p less than 0.009) with no significant difference between the intervention and control groups. Individual score changes over time were associated with baseline score (p less than 0.001 for total and all sub-scores). Lower improvement in attitudes was found in students from schools with special units for their peers with cognitive impairment for total (p=0.013), affective (p less than 0.001), and behavioural (p=0.001) scores, while higher improvement existed for the cognitive domain (p=0.029). Interpretation: Although we found no effect of our intervention, we found an improvement in attitudes in the intervention and control groups that could be a result of the nature of the scales and questionnaires the students had to complete before the intervention.

Aim: To explore factors associated with students' attitudes towards their peers with disabilities. Method: All 7th grade students (aged 12-13y) from 12 schools in the Toulouse area were invited to participate (n = 1509). Attitudes were measured using the Chedoke-McMaster Attitudes Towards Children with Handicaps (CATCH) questionnaire (affective, behavioural, cognitive, and total scores). Personal characteristics, including KIDSCREEN quality of life scores, were recorded. Data regarding information about disabilities received from parents and the media and acquaintance with people with disabilities constituted the 'disability knowledge' factors. The characteristics of the schools were obtained from the local education authority. Multivariate multilevel linear regression analyses were conducted to explore the associations between CATCH scores and these three groups of factors. Results: Responses from 1135 students (612 females, 523 males; mean age 12y 8mo SD 7mo; age range 10y 8mo-15y) were studied (75.2% of the students approached). Factors independently associated with more positive attitudes were being a female, having a good quality of life, being friends with a child with disabilities, or having received information about disabilities from parents and the media. Presence in the school of a special class for children with cognitive disabilities was independently associated with more negative attitudes. Interpretation: This cross-sectional study identified different personal and environmental factors upon which interventions aimed at improving students' attitudes towards their peers with disabilities could be based.

Background: Meta-analyses of studies on very preterm (VPT) birth and childhood cognition select primary studies using gestational age inclusion criteria only, while others also include birthweight criteria. The consequences of this choice are unknown.Objective: The objective of this study was to describe the gestational age (GA) and birthweight (BW) criteria used in studies of VPT birth and cognition and to investigate whether meta-analysis results differ based on these criteria.Data Sources: Five systematic reviews on VPT birth and childhood IQ.Study Selection and Data Extraction: Country, birth years, GA-BW selection criteria and participant IQ were extracted from 156 studies representing 103 birth cohorts.Synthesis: Pooled standardised mean differences (SMD) in IQ between children born VPT and term-born controls were estimated by sub-group based on GA-BW criteria (GA, BW and GA-BW combined) and degree of preterm birth-low birthweight combinations: extremely preterm (EPT, <28 weeks) and extremely low BW (ELBW, <1000 g); VPT (<32 weeks) and very low BW (VLBW, <1500 g); and moderately MPT (<34 weeks) and moderately low BW (MLBW, <1800 g).Results: Cohorts used 27 distinct GA-BW inclusion criteria. Most common criteria were BW <1500 g (24 cohorts), BW <1000 g (12), GA <32 weeks (12) and GA <33 weeks (12); 23 studies used GA-BW combinations. BW-only criteria were more frequent in North America than Europe (63% versus 24%) and for cohorts before than after 1990 (67% vs 26%). Pooled SMD in IQ varied: SMDEPT/ELBW -0.94, 95% confidence interval [CI] -1.07, -0.82; SMDVPT/VLBW -0.78, 95% CI -0.85, -0.71; SMDMPT/MLBW -0.68, 95% CI -0.79, -0.57; however, there was no difference in SMD across cohorts using BW compared to GA criteria after adjustment on risk group.Conclusions: These findings support the inclusion of studies using GA and/or BW criteria in meta-analyses on VPT birth and cognition to increase the geographical and temporal generalisability of the results and to allow investigation of the impact of the heterogeneous inclusion criteria in this literature on outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Physical activity (PA) is an important health-promoting behavior from which adolescents with long-term illnesses or disabilities (LTID) can benefit. It is important to monitor differences across countries in adherence with PA recommendations for health. The aim of this study was to compare PA levels among 15 European countries after disaggregating data by disability. Data from pupils (mean age= 13.6 years, SD = 1.64) participating in the 2013/2014 Health Behavior in School-aged Children study were analyzed to compare adolescents without LTID, with LTID, and with LTID that affects their participation (affected LTID). Logistic regression models adjusted for age and family affluence, stratified by gender and country group with PA recommendations for health as the outcome variable. With the data pooled, 15% (n = 9,372) of adolescents reported having LTID and 4% (n = 2,566) having affected LTID. Overall, fewer boys with LTID met PA recommendations for health than boys without LTID, although it was not statistically significant either at the national levels or for girls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To examine the evolution of child-parent discrepancy in reporting quality of life (QoL) between childhood and adolescence in children with cerebral palsy (CP) and to investigate potential factors associated with such a discrepancy.Method: We used data from the SPARCLE (Study of PARticipation of Children with CP Living in Europe) study, a population-based cohort study of children with CP, aged 8 to 12 years at baseline (in 2004-2005), in nine European centres, who were followed up at the age of 13 to 17 years. The KIDSCREEN-52 Quality of Life measure was used at baseline and follow-up; 354 child-parent dyads out of 500 eligible dyads were followed up (201 males, 153 females). We used intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) to examine agreement between parent proxy-reports and self-reported QoL. We used linear regression to examine factors associated with child-parent discrepancy in QoL reporting.Results: Agreement was low to moderate (ICC=0.16-0.48) in childhood and in adolescence across all QoL domains. In four domains (moods and emotions, self-perception, relationship with parents and home life, and social support and peers), the extent of the discrepancy increased significantly between childhood and adolescence. Parenting stress, child pain, and child behaviour problems influenced parent proxy-reports during both childhood and adolescence.Interpretation: The points of view of the child and their parents should be treated as complementary to obtain better knowledge regarding the QoL of children and adolescents with CP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the discussion on photography education program on Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) among other outcomes in children and adolescents. Topics include measured by parental stress and poor adjustment to the child's chronic condition especially mothers often involved in daily care; and improving feelings of self-confidence, self-esteem, fairness, and socialization with a potential impact on psychological, emotional, and social well-being.

Aim: To examine key outcomes in the education of young people with and without neurodisabilities, and to investigate additional disparities in educational achievement in relation to socio-economic background.Method: Data were collected on 2488 Canadian children (age range 10-11y) in 1994 and 1995 from the National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth whom were followed for 14 years. We performed separate, discrete-time survival analysis to investigate the effects of having a neurodisability on high school completion, enrolment in post-secondary education (PSE), and PSE completion.Results: The baseline prevalence of neurodisabilities was 12%. Fewer children with neurodisabilities completed high school or enrolled in PSE, compared to children without neurodisabilities, irrespective of parental education. The likelihood that students with neurodisabilities completed PSE differed according to their parents' education: students with neurodisabilities living in less-educated families were about half as likely to complete PSE themselves.Interpretation: Children with neurodisabilities receive less education than children without neurodisabilities. Children from families with low educational attainment appear to be particularly vulnerable.What This Paper Adds: Twelve per cent of children in Canada aged 10 years to 11 years have a neurodisability. High school completion rate was 70% for children with neurodisabilities versus 94% for children without neurodisabilities. Children with neurodisabilities from less-educated families are particularly vulnerable to lower educational achievement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]