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The existing literature suggests a behavioral activation system (BAS) dysregulation in bipolar disorder (BD). This study experimentally investigated whether individuals at elevated risk for BD differently react to BAS-activating success situations in terms of affective (prolonged positive affect) and cognitive (positive attribution bias) response. Fifty participants (BD high-risk group n = 28, control group n = 22) were screened from a large Korean undergraduate sample (N = 1,091) by the Hypomanic Personality Scale. After filling out self-report questionnaires, participants completed an ability-based and a chance-based success task with measures of affective, cognitive response to each task. For each task, a standardized fake success feedback was given to all participants. Results indicated that the BD high-risk group showed stronger positive attribution bias to false success feedback, although positive affect did not last longer. Moreover, this positive attribution bias contributed to the elevated level ...

The interpersonal-psychological theory of suicide proposes that the desire for suicide must be accompanied by the capability to do so in order for an individual to engage in suicidal behavior. The Acquired Capability for Suicide Scale-Fearlessness about Death (ACSS-FAD) measures fearlessness about death, a core component of the capability for suicide. This study aimed to validate a Korean version of the ACSS-FAD in a college student sample. We administered the ACSS-FAD and measures of suicide ideation, fear of suicide, death anxiety, pain anxiety, and depression in a sample of Korean college students (N = 301) and analyzed its reliability, factor structure, invariance across genders, convergent validity, and discriminant validity. The one-factor model achieved satisfactory model fit. Across genders, partial metric invariance and partial scalar invariance were established. The results also revealed that the ACSS-FAD has good internal consistency, convergent validity (positive correlations with fear of suicide, death anxiety, and pain anxiety), and discriminant validity (no relation with depression). The Korean version of the ACSS-FAD presents adequate psychometric properties and may be considered to be a promising instrument for measuring fearlessness about death in college students.

Background The relationship between bipolar disorder (BD) and creativity is well-known; however, relatively little is known about its potential mechanism. We investigated whether heightened behavioral activation system (BAS) sensitivity may mediate such relationship. Methods Korean young adults ( N =543) completed self-report questionnaires that included the Hypomanic Personality Scale (HPS), the Behavioral Activation System(BAS) Scale, the Everyday Creativity Scale (ECS), the Positive Affect and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS), and the Altman Self-Rating Mania Scale (ASRM). Correlational, hierarchical regression and mediation analyses using bootstrap confidence intervals were conducted. Results As predicted, BAS sensitivity was associated with self-reported creativity as well as hypomania risk and symptoms. Even when positive affect was controlled, BAS sensitivity predicted incrementally significant variance in explaining creativity. In mediation analysis, BAS sensitivity partially mediated the relation between hypomania risk and creativity. Limitations Reliance on self-report measures in assessing creativity and usage of non-clinical sample. Conclusions BAS sensitivity was related not only to mood pathology but also to creativity. As a basic affective temperament, BAS sensitivity may help explain incompatible sides of adaptation associated with BD.

This study seeks to empirically identify the emotional characteristics of narcissistic grandiosity and vulnerability using a measure that assesses a wide range of narcissism. In study I, Pathological Narcissism Inventory(PNI), which measures pathological narcissism, was translated into Korean and was validated. Study II was conducted to examine the emotional characteristics of people with narcissistic grandiosity and narcissistic vulnerability. Grandiosity subscales showed positive correlation with positive affect, but showed no significant correlation with depression and negative affect. On the other hand, vulnerability subscales showed positive correlation with depression and negative affect but negative correlation with positive affect. Both narcissistic grandiosity and vulnerability showed positive correlation with trait anger. For further analysis, narcissists were divided into grandiose group and vulnerable group based on their relative levels of PNI’s grandiosity score and vulnerability score. The grandiose group showed more positive affect than the vulnerable group. The vulnerable group showed higher level of depression and negative affect. However, no significant difference in the trait anger score was observed between the vulnerable group and the grandiose group. The finding of this research suggests that emotional characteristics vary according to two factors of narcissism. The implications, limitations and suggestions for future study are discussed.

Objective The Revised Obsessive Intrusion Inventory (ROII) is a 52-item scale that evaluates obsessional intrusive thoughts. The aim of the present study was to validate a short, 20-item Korean version of the ROII (ROII-20). Methods Of the 1125 participants who completed the ROII-20, 895 participants completed the scale to examine the factor structure of the scale. A subgroup of these participants (n=53) completed the scale twice to determine test-retest reliability. To establish external validity, 230 participants completed the scale and other questionnaires. Results Exploratory factor analyses suggested a hierarchical model comprising two higher order factors of autogenous obsessions (resulting from aggressive thoughts and sexual thoughts) and reactive obsessions (resulting from thoughts about contamination, thoughts about accidents, and thoughts about dirt). Confirmatory factor analyses supported this model. The results indicated good internal consistency and test-retest reliability. External validity was supported by relationships with obsessive-compulsive symptoms and general distress. Conclusion The ROII-20 presents good psychometric properties and may be considered as a promising instrument for measuring obsessional intrusions.

본 연구에서는 개인의 대표적인 성격강점을 인식하고 이를 일상생활에 활용함으로써 심리적 증상이 감소하고 안녕감이 증진될 수 있는지를 검증하고자 하였다. 또한 개인의 강점에 기반한 처치를 약점에 기반한 처치와 경험적으로 비교함으로써 정신건강 증진에 보다 효과적인 개입방식을 확인하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 강점인식집단, 강점활용집단, 약점인식집단, 약점보완집단의 네 개 실험집단을 구성하였다. 강점인식집단과 약점인식집단은 자신의 강점 또는 약점 한 가지를 선정하여 이와 관련된 일화나 구체적인 경험을 일주일간 매일 기록하여 보고하도록 처치하였다. 강점활용집단과 약점보완집단은 자신의 강점 또는 약점 한 가지를 일주일 간 매일 일상생활에서 발휘하거나 보완하고 그 실천사항을 구체적으로 보고하도록 하였다. 연구결과, 집단간 차이검증에서 강점집단 종속측정치(삶의 만족도, 행복, 긍정정서) 변화량이 약점집단 종속측정치 변화량보다 통계적으로 유의미하게 크다는 것이 밝혀졌다. 또한 집단내 차이검증에서 강점인식집단과 강점활용집단은 모든 종속측정치에서 사전-사후 측정치 차이가 통계적으로 유의미하게 나타났다. 본 연구의 결과는 개인의 강점에 기반한 개입이 정신장애의 적극적인 예방과 정신건강의 증진에 효과적인 방식임을 시사하는 것이었다. 마지막으로 본 연구의 시사점과 한계 및 후속 연구를 위한 제언을 논의하였다.

It has been suggested that most obsessions are prone to induce negative inferences about the self. We, however, propose that autogenous obsessions are more closely related to negative self-inferences than reactive obsessions are. We examined which type of obsessions is more strongly associated with negative self-inferences using the Intrusion Related Self Inference Scale (IRSIS; Ferrier & Brewin (2005). Behaviour Research and Therapy, 43(10), 1363–1374). We also examined which type of obsessions is more likely to result in guilt, a type of self-conscious emotion that is known to be closely related to negative self-inferences, and to be followed by specific neutralization strategies designed to protect one's self-worth. The results showed that individuals primarily displaying autogenous obsessions scored higher on the IRSIS than those primarily displaying reactive obsessions. Moreover, individuals with autogenous obsessions were found to experience more feelings of guilt over their mental intrusions than those with reactive obsessions, and neutralizations designed to protect their self-worth were mainly reported by those with autogenous obsessions. Our data suggest that autogenous obsessions are more closely associated with negative self-inferences than reactive obsessions are.

This study examines the use of colours in estimating psychological states. Sixteen artworks were produced by two different populations: clients with a psychological condition and psychologically healthy people. Their drawings were presented in pairs on screen either chromatically or achromatically. Two hundred and twenty-four subjects were asked to choose a picture which they thought had been produced by a psychologically unhealthy client. The rate of correct answers was higher for the chromatic condition. When artworks were presented achromatically, errors increased. Analysis of colour factors and post-inquiry indicated that the number of colours used, list of colours, and colour connotation might have affected choices. This study confirms that colour can be effective in estimating psychological states. Its implications and limitations are discussed and suggestions made for future study.

본 연구에서는 사회 불안의 신체적 반응인 얼굴붉어짐·떨림·땀흘림에 대한 두려움에 심리적 수용이 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 하였다. 연구 1에서는 서울 소재 대학생 477명을 대상으로 얼굴붉어짐·떨림·땀흘림 반응과 그에 대한 두려움을 측정하는 질문지를 번안, 타당화하고 그 특성을 살펴보았다. 신체 반응을 통제한 후에도 신체 반응에 대한 두려움은 사회 불안을 유의미하게 설명하였다. 이는 신체 반응에 대한 두려움에 개입이 필요함을 시사한다. 심리적 수용은 모든 불안 지표와 부적인 상관을 보였다. 연구 2에서는 심리적 수용이 발표 동안의 얼굴붉어짐·떨림·땀흘림 두려움에 미치는 영향을 살펴보았다. 얼굴붉어짐·떨림·땀흘림 두려움과 사회적 수행 공포를 기준으로 고불안, 저불안 집단을 각각 42명씩 선발하고 수용 및 억제 조건에 무선 할당하여 교육하고 발표를 녹화한 후 참가자와 비디오를 시청한 관찰자에게 불안 반응 및 심리적 수용에 대해 평정하게 하였다. 참가자 평정에서 고불안 집단이 경험한 얼굴붉어짐·떨림·땀흘림 반응과 전반적 불안이 두 조건에서 유사했으나 얼굴붉어짐·떨림·땀흘림 두려움과 불안 행동은 수용 조건에서 더 낮았으며, 관찰자 평정에서도 불안 행동과 전반적 불안이 수용 조건에서 낮게 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 심리적 수용이 신체 반응에 대한 두려움과 불안 행동을 감소시키는 치료적 효과를 지닐 수 있음을 시사한다.

The factor structure and concurrent validity of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ) were examined in two college student samples in Korea. We demonstrated method effects due to the inclusion of negatively keyed items. Confirmatory factor analyses supported the single-factor model with method factor. This indicates that the Korean version of the PSWQ (K-PSWQ) can be contaminated by method effects and response patterns are different between positively worded and reverse-scored items. Thus, the relevance of negatively worded items in the K-PSWQ is questioned.

Introduction The objective of this study was to examine the relation between affects linked to avoidance/withstanding options and distress tolerance in heavy drinkers. It has been suggested that the expected rewards of taking withstanding options and the expected punishments of taking avoidance options could have an influence on judgment regarding withstanding ongoing distress. However, there are no studies that have tested this hypothesis. Thus, we measured the affects linked to each option and examined their relations with distress tolerance based on the theoretical/empirical evidence that proves that affects reflect the expected rewards and punishments of certain options. We hypothesized that affects linked to avoidance/withstanding options are closely related to distress tolerance in heavy drinkers. Methods Forty heavy drinkers completed a self-report measure that assessed the affective associations of options and took a behavioral task indexing distress tolerance. Results Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that affects linked to avoidance/withstanding options are closely associated with distress tolerance, even after controlling for negative emotional experiences and alcohol use problems. Conclusions Our findings indicate that affects linked to avoidance/withstanding options may have an important influence on distress tolerance and therefore deserve further explorations.

We propose that obsessions are categorized into two subtypes, i.e. autogenous obsessions and reactive obsessions, which are different in terms of identifiability of their evoking stimuli, subjective experiences, contents, and subsequent cognitive processes. Autogenous obsessions tend to come abruptly into consciousness without identifiable evoking stimuli, which are perceived as ego-dystonic and aversive enough to be repelled, and include sexual, aggressive, and immoral thoughts or impulses. On the other hand, reactive obsessions are evoked by identifiable external stimuli, which are perceived as relatively realistic and rational enough to do something toward the stimuli, and include thoughts about contamination, mistake, accident, asymmetry, loss, etc. Through three empirical studies, we confirmed the differences between the two types of obsessional intrusion in their frequency, subjective experiences, subsequent appraisal and control strategy. In particular, autogenous obsessions led to high appraisal on 'control over thought' and 'importance of thought' and frequent use of 'avoidant control strategies', while reactive obsessions linked with high appraisal on 'responsibility' and frequent use of 'confrontational control strategies'. These findings are expected to provide a basis for classifying and explaining the heterogeneous phenomena of obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Objective We aimed to examine the reliability and validity of the Korean Altman Self-Rating Mania Scale (K-ASRM) in a large sample of Korean non-clinical undergraduates. Methods Participants (n=1,091) filled out the K-ASRM with other self-report questionnaires assessing bipolarity, mood symptoms and affect. Reliability test, exploratory factor analysis and correlation analyses were conducted to examine its psychometric properties. Results The reliability of the K-ASRM was adequate (Cronbach’s α=0.73, item-to-total correlation 0.53–0.78) and the exploratory factor analysis yielded one factor of mania. The K-ASRM demonstrated significant associations with measures of hypomanic personality (r=0.33), lifetime history of hypomanic symptoms (r=0.23). Also, the K-ASRM was significantly correlated with positive affect (r=0.53), negative affect (r=-0.17) and depressive symptoms (r=-0.35). Conclusion These results suggest preliminary possibility that the K-ASRM can be utilized as self-rating tool for mania in Korea as well as future directions for further validation.

We attempt to clarify the roles of maladaptive cognitions in depression by making distinctions between two different types of cognition and among three dijferent phases of depression. A stable and deep level of cognition and an unstable and surface level of cognition are distinguished. These two types of cognitions are assumed to play different roles in the development, maintenance, and recovering or treatment phases of depression. Based on these distinctions, Beck's cognitive theory of depression is clarified and elaborated. In addition, on the basis of the existing theoretical and empirical literature, alternative or competing models are outlined and evaluated. Finally, some methodological considerations are suggested for future investigations.

This research tested an integrated model derived form Beck's cognitive theory of depression. The integrated model postulated dysfunctional attitudes as a cognitive moderator and automatic thoughts as a cognitive mediator in the relationship between negative life events and depressive symptoms. In Study 1, 355 undergraduates completed the Life Experiences Survey, the Dysfunctional Attitude Scale, the Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire, and the Beck Depression Inventory. In general, the structural equation analyses confirmed not only the integrated model but also the symptom model, one of the competing models, where negative cognitions are a consequence of depression. Study 2 reexamined the two models with two-wave panel data of 200 undergraduates who completed the four scales twice, with 3 months between testing sessions. The structural equation analyses on these data also confirmed both of the two models. These results were discussed in relation to the possibility of a model with a vicious circle between negative cognitions and depression.

In this study, the psychometric properties of the Korean version of the OCI-R and the effects of order, gender, and culture on the inventory were examined in a nonclinical and in a clinical sample comprised of 702 college students and 91 patients with OCD. As a result, the original six-factor model is supported by the confirmatory factor analysis. The internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and the convergent and divergent validity of the OCI-R total and its subscales were good. Additionally, the receiver operating characteristic analyses showed that the OCI-R is an effective screening tool for OCD. For the negative results, the internal consistency of the neutralizing subscale was poor, and the hoarding and ordering subscale failed to distinguish patients with OCD from college students. Further, the divergent validity of the obsessing subscale appeared to be poor. A minor order effect on the OCI-R total score was observed-the decrease of the score when administered after another OCD symptom measure. No gender effects were found, whereas the cultural differences were found in some of the subscales.

This study examines the factor structure of the Mobility Inventory for Agoraphobia and attempts to validate the inventory, using an Australian sample of agoraphobic patients, by comparison with other scales. One hundred twentyfour panic disorder with agoraphobia patients were studied. Factor analysis showed that a two-factor solution was the most suitable both when subjects were accompanied (“accompanied condition”) and when alone (“alone condition”). Factor I represented public, crowded, or social situations including department stores, supermarkets, restaurants, theaters, and panics and social gatherings. Factor II reflected enclosed or riding situations such as elevators, parking garages, enclosed spaces, and riding in subways or airplanes. These two factors accounted for 46.6% and 44.3% of the variance on the accompanied condition and the alone condition, respectively. The Mobility Inventory was significantly correlated with the Agoraphobia factor of the Fear Questionnaire and the Social Avoidance and Distress scale. These results indicated that the Mobility Inventory is a valid instrument to measure agoraphobic behavior.

This study empirically tested the specificity of the integrated cognitive model (ICM) of depression, which postulates that negative life events interact with dysfunctional attitudes to increase the frequency and severity of automatic thoughts, subsequently affecting depressive symptoms. We also examined the three competing models: the linear mediation model, the alternative etiologies model, and the symptom model. We anticipated that we might examine these models more appropriately using data from a population at an increased risk of developing depressive symptoms. As such, two-wave panel data were obtained from a group of 107 Korean migrants who had been in Australia less than 1 year. Structural equation modeling revealed that the ICM provided an adequate and much better fit than the three competing models. The ICM was also found to support the cognitive specificity theory of depression and anxiety. These findings suggest that dysfunctional attitudes can be a common cognitive moderator of depression and anxiety, whereas automatic thoughts and anxious self-statements can be specific cognitive mediators of anxiety and depression, respectively.

Two independent studies were conducted to examine the autogenous-reactive subtype model of obsessions [Lee and Kwon, 2003]. Study 1 demonstrated that 30 obsessive-compulsive (OCD) patients' responses to autogenous versus reactive obsessions differed significantly with respect to emotional reactions, cognitive appraisals, and control strategies. Study 2 compared OCD patients whose primary obsessions were of the autogenous subtype (n=13) with OCD patients whose primary obsessions were of the reactive subtype (n=14). Results revealed significant differences between these two groups on several OCD-related domains including OCD symptom profiles, perfectionistic personality features, and dysfunctional beliefs. Theoretical and clinical implications are discussed.

We investigated cross-cultural differences in the factor structure and psychometric properties of the 75-item Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form (YSQ-SF). Participants were 833 South Korean and 271 Australian undergraduate students. The South Korean sample was randomly divided into two sub-samples. Sample A was used for Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and sample B was used for Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). EFA for the South Korean sample revealed a 13-factor solution to be the best fit for the data, and CFA on the data from sample B confirmed this result. CFA on the data from the Australian sample also revealed a 13-factor solution. The overall scale of the YSQ-SF demonstrated a high level of internal consistency in the South Korean and Australian groups. Furthermore, adequate internal consistencies for all subscales in the South Korean and Australian samples were demonstrated. In conclusion, the results showed that YSQ-SF with 13 factors has good psychometric properties and reliability for South Korean and Australian University students. Korean samples had significantly higher YSD scores on most of the 13 subscales than the Australian sample. However, limitations of the current study preclude the generalisability of the findings to beyond undergraduate student populations.

We examined the presence of disordered thinking/perception in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Recently, an obsession model has been proposed, which classifies obsessions into two different subtypes: autogenous obsessions and reactive obsessions (Lee & Kwon, 2003). Based on this model, we hypothesized that OCD patients primarily displaying autogenous obsessions as opposed to reactive obsessions would display more severely disordered thinking/perception. We compared 15 OCD patients primarily displaying autogenous obsessions (AOs), 14 OCD patients primarily displaying reactive obsessions (ROs), 32 patients with schizophrenia (SPRs), and 28 patients with other anxiety disorders (OADs) with respect to thought disorders as assessed by the Comprehensive System of the Rorschach Inkblot Test. Results indicated that both AOs and SPRs displayed more severe thought disorders compared to ROs or OADs. Theoretical and clinical implications are discussed.

Employing the autogenous–reactive model of obsessions (Behaviour Research and Therapy 41 (2003) 11–29), this study sought to test a hypothesized continuum where reactive obsessions fall in between autogenous obsessions and worry with respect to several thought characteristics concerning content appraisal, perceived form, and thought triggers. Nonclinical undergraduate students ( n = 435 ) were administered an online packet of questionnaires designed to examine the three different types of thoughts. Main data analyses included only those displaying moderate levels of obsessions or worries ( n = 252 ). According to the most distressing thought, three different groups were formed and compared: autogenous obsession ( n = 34 ), reactive obsession ( n = 76 ), and worry ( n = 142 ). Results revealed that (a) relative to worry, autogenous obsessions were perceived as more bizarre, more unacceptable, more unrealistic, and less likely to occur; (b) autogenous obsessions were more likely to take the form of impulses, urges, or images, whereas worry was more likely to take the form of doubts, apprehensions, or thoughts; and (c) worry was more characterized by awareness and identifiability of thought triggers, with reactive obsessions through these comparisons falling in between. Moreover, reactive obsessions, relative to autogenous obsessions, were more strongly associated with both severity of worry and use of worrying as a thought control strategy. Our data suggest that the reactive subtype represents more worry-like obsessions compared to the autogenous subtype.

The present study attempted to examine the causal relationships among changes in automatic thoughts, dysfunctional attitudes, and depressive symptoms in a 12-week group cognitive behavior therapy (GCBT) program for depression. In all, 35 depressed patients attending the GCBT program were monitored with the Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire, Dysfunctional Attitudes Scale, and Beck Depression Inventory at the pre-treatment, 4th and 8th sessions, and post-treatment. The results were as follows: (1). GCBT reduces negative cognitions; (2). changes in automatic thoughts and dysfunctional attitudes lead to change in depressive symptoms; and (3). automatic thoughts play a mediating role between dysfunctional attitudes and depression. The findings taken as a whole support the Causal Cognition Model of depression.