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A method for analysis of five artificial sweetners (sodium saccharin, aspartame, acesulfame-K, sucralose, cyclamate) in beverage samples was developed using high-performance liquid chromatography/triple qua- drupole mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS/MS). The method uses a single-step dilution for sample preperation. Sepera- tion was achieved on a C18 column (2.1 × 150 mm, 3.5 µm) with A- 2% methanol (1 mM ammonium acetate), B-95% methanol (1 mM ammonium acetate) as mobile phase with gradient mode. The quantitation of target compounds was performed by external calibration in selected reaction monitorning (SRM) mode. The coefficient of determination of calibration curve for sodium saccharin, aspartame, acesulfame-K, sucralose and cyclamate were 0.9957, 0.9991, 0.9943, 0.9982 and 0.9948, respectively. The limits of detection (LODs) and limits of quantitation (LOQs) were in the range of 0.001~0.022 mg/L and 0.004~0.073 mg/L, repectively. Recoveries for beverage samples were in the range of 92.76~113.50% with RSD < 10.91%. The method has applied to the determination of the five sweetners in 102 bev- erage samples. Three artificial sweetners-aspartame, acesulfame-K, sucralose were detected from 42 samples. Sodium saccharin and cyclamate were not detected in all samples.

This study was done to analyze the contents of minerals and to investigate the ratio of measured values to labeled values and to analyze the ratio of calcium to other minerals in 68 specimen with minerals - fortified commercial beverages, noodles, cereals and grain products. Content of calcium, iron and zinc in samples after micro- wave digestion was analyzed with an ICP-OES. The measured values of calcium were ranged 82.2~293.1% of the labeled values in 38 samples composed calcium - fortified commercial beverages, noodles, cereals and grain products. The measured values of iron and zinc were ranged 83.3~301.0%, 90.1~314.1% of the labeled values in minerals - for- tified commercial beverages, noodles, cereals and grain products, 42, 24 samples. The Ca : Fe ratios were 90.55 (50.55~220.64) in fruit & vegetable juice, 850.41 in fruit & vegetable beverage, 553.49 in blended beverage, 179.07 (118.37~238.01) in soy milk, 204.39(41.64~397.52) in noodle, 296.97(121.64~868.88) in fried noodle, 30.89(15.69~ 62.05) in cereal and 7.73(0.22~49.92) in grain product. The Ca : P ratios were 1.44(0.96~1.98) in fruit & vegetable juice, 1.92 in fruit & vegetable beverage, 1.66 in blended beverage, 4.23(2.25~7.72) in soy milk, 1.14(0.28~1.97) in noodle, 1.88(1.17~2.42) in fried noodle, 1.29(0.87~2.92) in cereal and 0.30(0.06~1.57) in grain product. The Ca : Mg ratios were 1.85(0.87~5.04) in fruit & vegetable juice, 28.72 in fruit & vegetable beverage, 2.97 in blended beverage, 5.27(2.93~9.36) in soy milk, 3.97(1.34~7.57) in noodle, 6.77(4.63~10.78) in fried noodle, 4.40(2.30~12.55) in cereal and 1.17(0.23~7.48) in grain product. These results suggest calcium contents and the ratio of calcium contents to other minerals in calcium-fortified food products should be strictly controlled. Moreover, to avoid problems with Excessive nutrition, there must be initiatives for better understanding on food labelling and nutrition for fortified food.

This study was carried out to assess the safety of cereals and their products (20 species, 205 sam- ples) distributed in Gyeonggi province by analyzing contamination levels such as exposure frequency of Aflatoxins and Deoxynivalenol (DON). Aflatoxins were detected in 16 (8%) samples in total with a range of 0.01~27.88 µg/kg, including 3 of 9 bake flour (33%), 2 of 6 dried corn (33%), 3 of 12 frying flour (25%) and 2 of 11 sorghum (18%). DON was found in 56 (27%) samples including 11 of 13 adlay (85%), 6 of 8 wheat (75%), 6 of 10 processed corn for popcorn (60%), 6 of 11 sorghum (55%) and 7 of 16 barley (44%) with a range of 2.2~754.4 µg/kg. In particular, both Aflatoxins and DON were detected in 8 samples (2 millet, 2 wheat, 1 sorghum, 1 adlay, 1 dried corn, 1 bake flour) simultaneously. As a result of this study, we found that an adult is exposed to Aflatoxins of 0.80 (×) 10 �3 µg/kg b.w./ day and DON of 0.18 µg/kg b.w./day. The quantity of exposure to DON amounted to 18.5 percentage level compared with PMTDI 1 µg/kg b.w./day suggested on JECFA, therefore we can assess that the possibility of health risks by intake cereals distributed in Gyeonggi province is low. However the concentration of Aflatoxins in one dried corn was 27.88 µg/kg which was over the maximum residue limits (MRL) suggested on internal and external level, the moni- toring about mycotoxin should be conducted on continuously.

The present paper has been accomplished to elucidate the characteristics of temperature change in a car washer heater system for removal of frost formed at the surface of a car. The previous studies had used a simplified mathematical modeling to analyse the temperature change characteristics for a car washer heater system. In the present study, an unsteady computational fluid flow and heat transfer analysis for a washer heater system has been done by using computational fluid dynamic analysis method. From the present CFD analysis, the time dependent temperature change in a car washer heater system has been analysed and derived the heating time and ejection temperature of the washer liquid to establish the optimal design basis for a washer heater system. Key Words : Washer heater system, Frost, Temperature distribution, Ejection temperature, Heating time, Thermistor * Corresponding Author : Ji-Soo Ha(Keimyung Univ.)Tel: +82-53-580-5919 email: jisooha@kmu.ac.krReceived December 14, 2012 Revised February 5, 2013 Accepted March 7, 2013

Purpose This paper examines the statistical relationship between outbound Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and firm performance. We focus on how the link is influenced by sector-specific differences and geographical factors. Methodology We compile a time-series cross-sectional dataset that includes financial variables and FDI activities of South Korean firms between 2005 and 2008 from the DART, a financial statement database. Then, we fit our data against the linear regression models that we designed to identify FDI-performance relationship in different subsamples. Our measurement of firm performance is specifically constructed to reflect excess returns in the stock market. Findings We found compelling differences in the degree of FDI-performance relationships across different industries. In manufacturing sectors, the flow of direct investment is more heavily associated with firm performances than accumulated stock of direct investment, and vice versa in the service sector. The impact of China factors toward performance aspects of Korea’s outbound FDI which also differs across sectors as well. Value Although there have been extensive research efforts on this subject in general, our paper addresses an increasingly significant class of FDIs that have received relatively less attention, that is, direct investment originating from developing economies. Also, our analysis adds a sectoral dimension that contributes to more comprehensive understanding of a multinational-performance relationship.

There is an ongoing debate on whether benefits of foreign direct investment (FDI) differ depending on the modes of FDI entry. This paper examines this debate using firm-level data on FDI in Korea. The paper adopts a new, more accurate classification scheme than the current official classification system and finds that there is little difference in firm-level performance according to FDI mode of entry. The paper thus argues against any provision of preferential incentives based on modes of entry.

"Electronic Commerce" means that people sell and buy commodity, labor service and information through internet and now is mainly be used in commercial intercourse. The core of the international research related to Electronic Commerce is a tax-exemption, land tax, liberalization of encrypted technology and privacy protection policy, etc. Meanwhile, intellectual property, consumer protection and limitation of packing specification are also researched together with the business activeness. The reason why questions related to Electronic Commerce are in the back of the spotlight is that US and major countries in EU lead the international research to maximize their own benefits. These researches are related to rectify legal system framework for protecting development of Electronic Commerce and to work out international standards. Also, enlarging Electronic Commerce on online resources is also regarded as the core issue by OECD, APEC and other international organization and it is inevitable to have multilateral negotiation regarding this issue. Based on the opinion above mentioned, we collect all the problems brought by Electronic Commerce Activeness in each area in this paper and try to find out corresponding solutions to face these problems.

Russian overseas direct investment (ODI) has been increasing rapidly in recent years, thanks to the continuous high oil prices phenomenon in the world and political stability in the nation since the early 2000s. Naturally, Russian ODI began to exhibit an upward trend since the early 2000s and rose more steeply from the mid-2000s. The 2008 global financial crisis could not stop the Russian ODI. Rather, it continued with large amount and is expected to keep the trend in the future. The total volume of Russian ODI in stock recorded $362.1 billion at year-end 2011, ranking 15th place in the world. The volume grew more than 18 times of that in 2000. From 2007 to 2011, Russia invested more than $1 billion on the average to 12 countries and $100 million to $1 billion on the average to other 17 countries annually.

최근 러시아의 해외직접투자가 급속히 증가하고 있다. 러시아의 해외직접투자는 2000년대에 접어들면서 점차 증가하기 시작했으나, 다양한 러시아 기업들에 의한 대규모 해외직접투자는 2000년대 중반부터 본격적으로 이루어지기 시작하였다. 이러한 사실은 2000년에서 2005년까지 연평균 약 76억 달러였던 러시아의 해외직접투자가 2006년에서 2011년까지 연평균 528억 달러로 대폭 확대되었다는 점에서 잘 알 수 있다. 특히 2011년에 러시아는 중국을 제치고 세계 제8위 해외투자국으로 올라섰다. 2011년 말 기준 러시아의 해외직접투자 누적총액은 3,621억 달러로 세계 15위를 차지하였는바, 이는 2000년에 비해 18배나 증가한 수치다. 이처럼 러시아의 해외직접투자가 급증한 것은 주로 러시아가 2000년 이후 정치적 안정을 회복하고 지속적으로 상승한 국제유가를 바탕으로 연평균 약 7%의 높은 경제성장률을 기록하면서 비축한 풍부한 자본력에서 비롯되었다. 그러나 지금까지 러시아의 한국에 대한 직접투자는 매우 미미한 실정이다. 2011년 말 기준 러시아의 대한국 직접투자 누적금액은 5,457만 달러로, 한국의 대러시아 직접투자 누적금액의 3%에 불과한 실정이다. 이는 한국이 아직 러시아 기업들의 투자대상지로 커다란 관심을 끌지 못하고 있음을 의미한다. 따라서 향후 양국간 수평적 투자협력을 확대할 필요가 있다. 즉 한국의 일방적인 대러시아 직접투자뿐만 아니라 러시아의 대한국 직접투자 확대가 동시에 이루어져야 한다. 한국의 러시아 투자 유치 확대는 비단 경제적 측면뿐만 아니라 한반도의 안정과 평화를 정착하기 위해 러시아의 전폭적인 지지를 받을 수 있는 외교안보적 측면에서도 대단히 중요한 과제이다. 그러므로 본 연구의 목적은 러시아의 해외직접투자 현황과 투자전략을 심층적으로 분석함으로써 향후 한국이 러시아 기업의 직접투자를 유치․확대할 수 있는 구체적인 정책방안을 제시하는 데 있다. 이를 위해 본 연구는 문헌조사, 통계분석 외에도 연구의 객관성과 현실성을 보다 제고하기 위해 러시아 기업들을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였으며, 전문가 면담 및 정성분석 등 다양한 방법을 활용하여 수행되었다. 서론에 이어 제2장에서는 러시아의 해외직접투자에 대한 이론적 설명과 더불어 해외직접투자의 시기별 변화와 내용을 파악하고, 2000년대 중반 이후 급증하고 있는 러시아의 해외직접투자 현황과 특징을 중심으로 살펴보았다. 우선 러시아의 해외직접투자 동기는 전통적인 동기와 더불어 러시아적인 특수한 동기가 결합되어 나타나고 있음을 알 수 있다. 또한 러시아가 이미 수십 년 전에 국제화를 위한 경제잠재력이 있었음에도 불구하고 타 개도국들에 비해 늦게 세계경제에 편입된 주된 이유는 계획경제체제의 폐쇄성에 기인한다. 그러나 최근 러시아의 강력한 다국적기업들이 출현한 것은 큰 내수시장과 함께 구소련지역이 존재했기 때문에 가능할 수 있었다. 러시아 중앙은행의 통계에 따르면 세계 금융위기 속에서도 러시아의 다국적기업은 막대한 규모의 해외직접투자를 실행하였다. 2007~11년 동안 러시아는 12개국에 대해서는 연평균 10억 달러 이상, 그 외 27개국에 대해서는 연평균 최소 1억 달러에서 최대 10억 달러의 해외직접투자를 실행하였다. 흥미로운 점은 러시아 해외직접투자 총액의 2/5가 키프로스에 집중되어 있으며, 버진아일랜드(영국령), 룩셈부르크, 버뮤다군도, 바하마제도 등의 조세피난처들도 주요 투자지로 나타난다는 점이다. 그러나 이들은 최종 투자지가 아니며 러시아 본국 또는 제3국으로 해외직접투자를 실행하기 위한 일종의 ‘환승지점(trans-shipping)’으로, 바로 이 점이 러시아 해외직접투자의 주요 특징 중 하나인 ‘왕복투자(round-tripping)’를 설명해준다.러시아 해외직접투자의 실질적인 투자지역을 분석하면, ‘이웃효과’가 뚜렷하게 나타나는 것을 알 수 있다. 즉 투자지가 러시아의 문화․민족적 친밀성, 역사적 연관성과 밀접한 관련이 있다는 것이다. 러시아의 해외투자에서 특히 벨라루스, 우크라이나, 몰도바, 아르메니아, 우즈베키스탄, 타지키스탄, 키르기스스탄 등의 CIS 지역과 문화적으로 가까운 몬테네그로가 10%를 상회한다. 이 중에서도 우크라이나가 단연 선두자리를 차지하고 있다. 우크라이나의 지리 및 문화적 근접성, 생산네트워크 잠재력 등이 러시아 기업들에 투자하기 편한 곳으로 인식되기 때문이다.현재 러시아의 석유가스기업들이 가장 활발한 해외직접투자활동을 벌이고 있으며, 금속기업이 그 뒤를 잇고 있다. 이들은 러시아의 해외직접투자가 시작된 초기인 1990년대부터 해외시장으로 진출했다. 한편 러시아 다국적기업들 중에서 금속기업들이 선진국에서 말하는 전통적인 다국적기업에 가장 가깝다고 할 수 있다. 이들은 한 국가에서 생산된 원자재를 다른 국가에서 가공작업을 거치는 실질적인 국경간 생산네트워크를 구축하였으며, 생산된 반제품은 그다음 제3국으로 옮겨가는 구조를 취하고 있다. 한편 러시아 제조기업들은 해외에서 인수한 기업으로부터 차입한 기술을 통해 러시아의 생산 선진화를 도모하고 있다. 이들은 RD namely country, region and industry base. After an in-depth analysis of Russian overseas direct investment, the study will provide specific measures for attracting and expanding Russian direct investment to South Korea. The study focuses on patterns and recent condition of the increasing Russian ODI since 2000, and Korea’s investment promotion policy toward Russia and its achievements. The study is conducted with many methods including document research, statistical analysis, survey on Russian businesses and experts interviews. The study consists of five chapters. In the second chapter following introduction, theoretical and statistical analyses on Russian ODI will be presented, with Russian direct investment since 2000 being the main focus. The study also attempts to demonstrate the main features of Russian overseas direct investment by highlighting Russia’s motives for overseas direct investment. After reviewing changes and trends of Russian ODI, the authors selected regions and industries of greatest interest to Russian investors and added useful information for Korea’s investment promotion policy. In chapter three, motivations and strategies of Russian ODI is analyzed. The authors carried out a survey of Russian businesses about their sectors and regions of interest for investment and possibilities for investment in Korea. With the result of the survey, we suggest promising investment sectors for Russian investors and desirable directions for Korea’s investment policy toward Russia. In chapter four, Korea’s current foreign direct investment and its major features are reviewed. Then, the focus is narrowed to Russia’s recent direct investment trends in Korea, and the reasons for the lack of progress in Russia’s direct investment in Korea is discussed. Based on these, Korea’s investment promotion policy is evaluated. In the last chapter, attractive sectors for Russian investors and measures for increasing Russia’s investment to Korea is suggested.

This paper analyzes new outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) patterns, OFDI performance after the financial crisis in Korea, and the anticipated impact of these changes in OFDI on the Korean economy. This paper examines current trends in Korean OFDI activities from various viewpoints, including the geographical distribution of investments, industry, size, and investors’ equity share. This paper also verifies the relationship between OFDI and the Korean economy through an in-depth analysis of motives, performance, and prospects of Korean OFDI. Finally, two emerging issues regarding Korean OFDI are discussed.

This paper attempted to empirically test the proposition that unlike the typical concern against M&A, there is little difference in firm performance by modes of FDI entry. If this is the case, there is no reason to prefer other modes of entry over M&A. The major contribution of this paper is that it calls into question the current classification scheme of mode of FDI entry, on which government tax incentives are based. This paper corrects for this, reclassifying the modes of entry through detailed analysis of each investment case to reflect as much as possible actual complexity of the cross border investment deal. The empirical part of this paper confirms, even after reclassifying the mode of entry into three groups, that there are indeed no significant differences between greenfield, M&A and P&A in terms of corporate performance (measured by various profitability measures) and subsequent investment behavior (measured by changes in total assets). As shown through the case studies, the main reason behind this result is that at the time of entry, investing multinationals and target domestic companies employ complex deals, mixing various modes within a single investment case. Therefore, when the impact analysis is made at the level of the firm, which is a reasonable thing to do, it is not surprising to find that there are no differences between the various modes. Further, sequential investment may take different forms from the original mode of entry, making it difficult to alienate economic impact of each part of a single investment deal over time. An important policy implication of this result is that there is no logical foundation to provide tax incentives on the basis of mode of FDI entry, which assumes that different modes of entry will have differential economic impact on the host country. The tax incentives for FDI, which are granted for the FDI of an acquisition of newly issued stocks, should be changed. Especially, the tax incentives for the FDI in the mode of P&A should be abolished, because there is no difference between the modes of P&A and M&A in terms of economic substance.

The paper describes bit-string interpretation of ROBDDs (Reduced Order BDDs). ROBDDs are viewed as recursively defined periodic bit-strings and BDD operations as recursively defined bitwise operations. Using the periodicity of bit-strings, we prove that the ROBDDs generated by rotating the bit-string of a ROBDD are mutually different. It implies not only the exponential BDD size but also more compact BDD representation. Also the interpretation can explain the hidden ideas of variable ordering.